How to take care of your clothes (what to do when your clothes get dirty - step by step)
your attitude towards fashion (your preferences, items you like wearing, what clothes you are wearing today)
How to get an item of latest fashion (buying clothes - hand out sheet)
weather and climate and their influence on what people wear
ready-made clothes (konfekčné oblečenie) vs tailored clothes (zákazkové šitie) - advantages,disadvantages, why people go to tailors
materials clothes are made of, patterns, colours
uniformity vs variability, dress code (workplaces, theatre, restaurant
casual vs smart clothes
explain the saying Clothes make a man
what do your clothes reveal about you (in general)

VOCABULARY FOR DISCUSSION about films and plays

KINDS OF FILMS: sentimental love stories, thriller/horror films, psychological dramas, science fiction, travelogues, comedies, happy end, documentaries, short films, puppet films/shows, biographical stories, animated cartoons, historical stories, silent comedies (cartoons), newsreels, advertising films, trailers, full-length film

WHAT MAKES A GOOD FILM/PLAY?

A good story developed with great art; outstanding director; camerawork; scenic effects; all-star cast; good cast; perfect/superb/ performance/acting; give a good/unforgettable performance; perfect creation of the leading character/the title role, the acting in the film is very good; crowd scenes; astonishing performance of the stuntmen; thrilling plot; exotic places; unusual shots of wild animals/ of the sea; film music; sound effects; editing; funny/boring dialogues; deal with an unusual/topical problems; present a new point of; critical view of the subject; originality; an original approach to the problem; the expression of a new idea/of some universal truth; it’s not my taste, not up to much, it doesn’t reach average/be disappointed/trash

HOW IS A FILM MADE?

Film/movie maker, cinema/movie theatre, motion-picture theatre, find/think out a subject/theme; the script/screenplay/scenario; film a novel; make a novel into a film; make a film based on a story; screen version; make minor changes; abridge (a shortened version); simplify the plot; find a director/producer/financial backing; cast the actors; choose the location; design costumes and the setting; build the sets; hire the extras for crowd scenes; make the film on location, in the studio; edit the film; compose and record the music; dub a film into Slovak, provide with subtitles; record a number of copies; give the film wide publicity; distribute the film in many copies; enter a film festival; show the film at international festivals; win a prize/an award in the category of …..; attract general attention; draw large audience; be a box office success/blockbuster; be a failure; accept with mixed feelings

One of the essential skills which u should be good at, and which, in fact, is tested at the oral part of your final exam is speaking. Not only about the topic given, but you are going to describe pictures as well. Just to help you a bit with it, you can find here some prompts/hints which might help you.

DESCRIBING PICTURES

Start by saying what the picture shows in general.

The picture shows a street of a terraced houses in a city.

Use the Present Continuous

to describe what people are doing.

There are two old men on the roght who are chatting.

Talk about what you can see in more detail.
Use the following phrases to describe

where things are:

in the background/middle/foreground

at the bottom/top

on the right/left

There’s somebody washing his car in the background.

Use phrases like perhaps and (it) might be

if you are making a guess.

It might be in Britain.

Perhaps it’s in Germany.

Use it looks + adjective to show how you feel about the picture.

It looks very friendly.

Describing pictures in English

http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/exams/speaking-exams/describe-photo-or-picture

1. Introduction

The photo/picture shows ...
It was taken by/in ...
It's a black-and-white/coloured photo.

2. What is where?

In the foreground/background you can see ...
In the foreground/background there is ...
In the middle/centre there are ...
At the top/At the bottom there is ...
On the left/right there are ...
Behind/In front of ... you can see ...
Between ... there is ...

3. Who is doing what?

Here you decribe the persons in the picture or you say what is happening just now. Use the Present Progressive.

4. What I think about the picture

It seems as if ...
The lady seems to ...
Maybe ...
I think ...
... might be a symbol of ...
The atmosphere is peaceful/depressing ...
I (don't) like the picture because ...
It makes me think of ...

USEFUL PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS

BOX 1: How to describe a Picture(ako opísať obrázok)

In this picture , there is a ... I can see a/some ...

In the top right/left corner, there is a/there are some ...

At the bottom of the picture there is a/there are some ...

In the middle there is a/there are some ...

Both pictures shows ...

BOX 2: How to describe a strange object (ako opísať neznámy predmet)

It’s a thing/stuff/something ...

It looks like...

It reminds me of...

It’s a kind of ... sort of...

This object looks strange.

I have never seen anything like this before.

BOX 3: How to describe a place (ako opísať miesto)

It’s famous for...

It’s one of the most famous/beautiful ... in...

It is situated in the south/north/west/east

It is situated on the river...

It is known as...

You should definitely visit...

...is worth seeing...

...is worth a visit.

BOX 4: How to compare (ako porovnávať)

alike,like, similar to, just as, the same as, more or less the same as, identical, equivalent, likewise, comparable to

They are almost identical/almost the same/more or less the same...

In the first picture... while in the other one...

The... in the first picture shows ... whereas the... in the second picture shows...

BOX 5: How to contrast (ako vyjadriť rozdiely)

Unlike, different, in contrast, whereas, is different from, slightly/completely different from, on the other hand, conversely, but, more than, less than, worse than, better than

These two pictures differ a bit/quite a lot because...

The biggest difference between these pictures is...

There are few differences between...

BOX 6: How to talk about advantages and disadvantages

(ako hovoriť o výhodách a nevýhodách)

There are few advantages of...

The first advantage is that...

I can see another advantage in that...

Besides this...

I can see more advantages than disadvantages...

BOX 7: How to express opinion (ako vyjadriť názor)

I think/believe/feel..

I’m quite/fairly certain that...

I am pretty sure that...

In my opinion/view..

I imagine/suppose/reckon...

As I see it.../As far as I can see...

It appears to me/seems to me...

It’s quite obvious that...

Some people might think...

According to some people..

BOX 8: How to agree with an opinion (ako súhlasiť s názorom)

I agree (completely/entirely).

Exactly. Absolutely. Definitely.

That’s right/true. Fair enough.

I suppose so. I think so.

I couldn’t agree more.

That’s exactly what I think.

That’s what I was going to say.

That’s a good point.

BOX 9: How to disagree with an opinion (ako nesúhlasiť s názorom)

Yes, but...

That’s true but...

I agree with you, but...

That’s a good idea, but...

You’re right, but...

I see/take your point, but...

Well, you have a point there, but...

I see what you mean, but...

To a certain extent yes, but...

I can see why you say that, but...

In most cases you would be right, but...

Forgive me if I’m wrong, but...

Yes, but it has to do more with...

I agree in theory, but...

I don’t think so.

That’s one way at looking at it.

Personally, I’m more inclined to agree with...

I’m sorry, but I really can’t agree.

I’m not really sure.

BOX 10: How to give reasons, arguments and examples (ako uviesť dôvody a príklady, ako argumentovať)

Firstly.../Secondly...

The first reason is...

To start with...

And on the top of that...

For one thing...

And for another...

For example...

For instance...

Let’s see an example.

BOX 11: How to start an informal conversation (ako začať spoločenskú konverzáciu)

Hi, Tim, is that you?

I haven’t seen you for a long time.

Tim, how have you been?

Tim, you look great!

It’s been a while, hasn’t it?

So, how are you enjoying the party?

Hell, you must be Sonia’s brother.

BOX 12: How to start a formal conversation with strangers

(ako začať spoločenskú konverzáciu s neznámymi ľuďmi)

Are you here for business or pleasure?

Don’t you happen to know what time it is?

Hello, are you enjoying the party?

Excuse me, is this seat taken?

Hi. I haven’t heard that you come from England. Do you?

Is this your first visit to Slovakia?

The weather is awful, isn’t it?

I’m sorry to trouble you, but haven’t we met before?

BOX 13: How to finish a conversation (ako ukončiť konverzáciu)

It was great to see you/to talk to you again.

I wish I had more time, but I really have to go now.

I am afraid that getting late.

Well, I’d rather go now.

I’ve got to go now, see you.

BOX 14: How to give recommendations and advice (ako odporúčať a radiť)

I’d really recommend...

You must/should certainly try...

Be careful with...

Don’t forget to...

Don’t be surprised if...

Always remember to...

You should expect people to...

It’s polite to...

I wouldn’t recommend...

If I were you, I wouldn’t...

You’d rather didn’t...

You shouldn’t...

Personally, I wouldn’t...

You should never...

BOX 15: How to make polite request (ako zdvorilo o niečo žiadať)

Excuse me, can I...?

Would you mind... /ing? Do you mind if I...?

Can you/Could you..., please?

Could I have..., please?

Is it all right if I...?

Could you possibly ...?

Do you think you could ... for me,please?

May I...?

BOX 16: How to invite, accept and refuse an invitation (ako pozvať, ako prijať a odmietnuť pozvanie)

Do you feel like ................. –ing? How about ............... –ing?

Do you fancy ...............-ing?

Would you like to...?

I was wondering if you’d like to …

ACCEPTING AN INVITATION (prijatie pozvania)

Yes, I’d love to.

That would be great. Thanks.

Thank you very much. That would be lovely.

REFUSING AN INVITATION (odmietnutie pozvania)

We can‘t, I‘m afraid.

Sorry, but we’re busy.

What a shame!

I’d love to, but...

That’s very kind of you, unfortunately, ...

Well, actually, ...

BOX 17: How to offer help, accept and refuse help (ako ponúknuť, prijať a odmietnuť pomoc)

Shall I ... for you?

Can I help you?

I’ll do it for you.

ACCEPTING HELP (prijatie pomoci)

Thank you. That’s very kind of you.

REFUSING HELP (odmietnutie pomoci)

It’s all right. Thanks. I can manage.

BOX 18: How to read charts and graphs (ako čítať tabuľky a grafy)

In looking at the figures in this pie chart, we can see that...

If you look at this bar chart, you can see...

TO INCREASE: to go up, to climb, to rise, to grow, to peak, to expand, to boom, to recover

TO DECREASE: to go down, to fall, to drop, to decline, to shrink, to bottom out

TO REMAIN STABLE: to remain steady, to stand still, to remain constant, to remain the same, to stay steady, to remain level, to fluctuate, to oscillate

povinne si pozrieť aspoň 3x!!!! návod na opis obrázka: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihIQ8_-49Fo

essay writing - hand in by Tuesday next week, February 6th, 250 words at least

title Should Shops be Closed or Open on Sundays?

the essay should include 4 paragraphs:

1st paragraph - introduction - opening hours of shops in Slovakia, its neighbouring countries and worldwide. Shopping as a

must vs shopping as a popular free-time activity

2nd paragraph - body - advantages of shops being open on Sundays from the point of view of a customer and an owner

of a shop

3rd paragraph - body - disadvantages of shops being open on Sundays from the point of view of a shop assistant and general

public

4th paragraph - summary - summary and your own opinion plus reasons. (what shops should/should not be open on Sundays

and why

typy obchodov - pozrieť!

please, watch the following videos and learn the kinds of shops https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVDomocdGak

shopping for clothes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAoBfn71aDc

maturitná téma shopping and services: spoznámkovať!!!!!!!!! - zo stránky, YES len prečítať!!!!

téma: 5._shopping_and_services.docx

PPT prezentácia: 06_SHOPPING.ppt

5. Shopping and services

a) shopping facilities (shops, hypermarkets, markets)

b) services (post office, bank, police station, petrol station)

c) sales promotion and its influence on customers

d) ways of shopping and payment (catalogue selling, to buy something on an instalment plan, weekly shopping, e-commerce

e) imported products, export of Slovak goods

A lot of people love shopping. There are also people who hate shopping and say that it is a waste of time (strata času). But whether (či už) the people like shopping or not they have to go to a shop, more or less frequently, to buy what they need because shopping is a necessity (nevyhnutnosť).

There are many kinds of shops ranging from (v rozmedzí od) large department stores (obchodné domy), self-service shops (samoobsluhy) and supermarkets to (do) small specialized shops such as the grocer’s/grocery (potraviny, zmiešaný tovar), baker’s (pekár)/bakery (pekáreň), butcher’s/butcher (mäsiarstvo), greengrocer’s (obchodník s ovocím a zeleninou)/greengrocery (zelovoc), stationer’s (papiernictvo), chemist’s (lekáreň s drogériou), ironmonger’s (hardware shop – železiarstvo), haberdasher’s (textilná galantéria), bookshop, footware shop (shoe shop) and boutique (butik – obchod s módnym oblečením). Local shops that sell food, alcohol and magazines are called corner shops in Britain and convenience stores (zmiešaný tovar, večierka) in the USA, where they are often open 24 hours a day. Wherever the customers enter they are attended by shop assistants who are ready to help them: What can I do for you? Can I help you? What will you have? Is anyone serving you? What can I show you? These are the most frequent questions heard in shops since morning till late evening. Nowadays more and more customers prefer shopping in large department stores with self service, where everything can be found under one roof, to shopping in small specialized shops.

At the grocer’s people can buy foodstuff (potraviny) including flour, sugar, salt, eggs, vegetable oil, stewed fruit (kompót), various kinds of tea and coffee, bottled beer and juice, sweets, chocolate, frozen (mrazené) and tinned (konzervovaný) vegetables and fruit. There are also dairy products (mliečne výrobky) such as milk, butter, cream (smotana), cheese and yoghurt. A grocery store, more often called a corner shop, can be found locally in most town and cities.

A SUPERMARKET is a large self-service (samoobslužný) grocery shop. It also sells some other products, such as clothes or household appliances (domáce spotrebiče). In Slovakia we have several chains of supermarkets, e.g. BILLA, LIDL, JEDNOTA, TERNO, etc.

At the baker’s various kinds of fresh bread, rolls, buns (brioška, koláčik), doughnuts and cakes can be bought.

The butcher sells meat including pork (bravčové), beef (hovädzie), lamb (jahňacina) and poultry (hydina – chicken, duck, turkey, goose). Here we can buy smoked (údené) meat products such as ham, bacon (slanina), sausages (klobásy, párky). At the butcher’s people can also buy tinned (konzervované) and frozen (mrazené) meat and fish.

The people, who like gardening and some do-it-yourself (DIY) work around the house, frequently need some hardware (železiarsky tovar) and tools (náradie). They can go to an ironmonger’s in Britain or a hardware store in the US to buy hammers (kladivo, pliers (kliešte), nails (klince), and other tools and materials.

At the stationer’s writing paper, wrapping paper (baliaci papier), envelopes (obálky), notebooks, pens, pencils, crayons (pastelky), sharpeners (strúhatká), glue, rubber, rulers, and compasses (kružidlo) are kept. All the things needed by school children can be bought here.

The haberdasher’s (textilná galantéria) is the place where the housewives go when they need buttons (gombíky), threads (nite), needles (ihly) and pins (špendlíky).

Fresh vegetables and all kinds of fruit can be bought at the greengrocer’s. Many people prefer shopping at the market where there is a wider choice (širší výber) of potatoes, cabbages (kapúst), beans (fazúľ), carrots, tomatoes, apples, pears, oranges and bananas.

The chemist’s is a specialized shop where people can buy medicines. In the USA they sell medicines at the pharmacy. In Britain the chemist also keeps cosmetics and toilet supplies (toiletry) (toaletné potreby) such as make-up, shaving-cream, body lotion, razor blades, shampoo, soap and tooth-brushes, tooth paste, toilet paper and sanitary pads/towels (hygienické vložky).

Boutiques sell the latest fashion. Here especially the young people have a wide choice of dresses, shirts, skirts – plain (rovné) and pleated (skladané), blouses – made of cotton or silk, pullovers including the fashionable polo-neck pullovers, blue jeans, but also stockings (pančuchy), tights (pančuchové nohavice), socks and scarves (šatky, šály). They also sell fashion jewellery (bižutéria) such as bracelets, rings, earrings, necklaces and other accessories – for example purses (peňaženky), belts (opasky), handbags (kabelky), gloves (rukavice) hats and caps.

Some of the boutiques also offer leather goods such as leather jackets, shoes, bags and leather belts.

We buy flowers at the florist’s, jewellery at the jeweller’s and high quality food (like cheeses and cold meats from different countries) at a delicatessen.

There are lots of people who can’t imagine their day without reading the newspaper, so they go to a newsagent’s, a newsstand (a small movable structure on the street) or a kiosk (a small shop which has an open window) to pick up their morning paper, weekly magazine or just chewing gum. They also sell cigarettes and public transport tickets (lístky na MHD).

Many people like to go shopping to DEPARTMENT STORES OR SHOPPING CENTRES. THE DEPARTMENT STORES are large buildings usually several storeys high (niekoľko poschodí vysoké). They have many departments which offer their customers all kinds of foodstuff, clothes, shoes, toys, sports equipment, leather goods, cleaning supplies and cosmetics, china (porcelain) and glass, hardware goods, household appliances (domáce spotrebiče), books, stationary (papiernicky tovar) and furniture (nábytok), all under one roof.

Nearly all the big department stores have cafés, snack bars or restaurants where the people can relax when they are tired of shopping. Department stores are found both in city centres and the suburbs (okrajových štvrtiach) of towns, usually with a large car park (parkovisko) next to them or under them.

Shopping in these places has a lot of advantages (výhod): customers (zákazníci) can get almost everything under one roof and save time not having to run from one small shop to another. It is more convenient (pohodlné) since they can buy large amounts (množstvá) of goods (tovaru), using a shopping trolley (nákupný košík), and then easily get everything they bought back to their car to put into the boot (kufor auta). Prices are usually lower in department stores, too, and there are also special sales (špeciálne výpredaje), discounts (zľavy) and bargains (výhodné nákupy, zľavnené) at different times of the year. The big department stores started in America. One of the biggest department stores in Britain is Selfridge’s in London. It is situated in the Oxford Street in the centre of the West End. Other world-famous stores include Harrods in London and Macy’s in New York.

A HYPERMARKET is a big store which combines a supermarket and a department store. A wide variety of products are sold under one roof, such as clothes, household appliances and furniture. These days, a lot of Slovaks do their weekly shopping in a hypermarket, such as Carrefour or Tesco. An example of an American hypermarket is Wal-Mart, in Britain they have SAFEWAY and TESCO. Hypermarkets are usually situated outside cities and are surrounded (sú obklopené) by large car parks. Some are even (dokonca) open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

In Slovakia more and more SHOPPING MALLS/SHOPPING CENTRES are built every year. A shopping mall is a large indoor shopping centre that contains (obsahuje) many different types of stores. These shops are often open for much longer hours, including evenings and Sundays. The shopping malls have cafés, snack bars or restaurants where people can relax when they are tired of shopping. They also have cinemas, wellness centres and bowling centres.

Nowadays more and more customers prefer shopping in hypermarkets, department stores or shopping malls, where everything can be found under one roof, to shopping in small specialised shops. It is very difficult for small specialised stores to compete (konkurovať) with them and that is why a lot of the small shops close down (sa zatvára). People who prefer small shops say that the goods are fresher and the contact with the shop assistants is much more personal in small shops. They also do not spend too much time shopping. On the other hand, big stores have a wider choice of goods (širší výber tovaru), usually at cheaper prices and everything can be bought in one place. Big shopping centres are often criticised because they encourage (povzbudzujú, podporujú) the consumer society (konzumnú spoločnosť) – extensive advertising (rozsiahlu reklamu) and media influence (mediálny vplyv). They produce so called shopaholics who cannot resist (nemôžu odolať) spending money on things that they do not really need.

Apart from direct sale (priamy predaj), it is becoming more and more popular to buy goods through mail order. Many people buy things from catalogues (z katalógov) and Internet shops. Slovaks mostly use the Internet to buy books, electronics, clothes and also things they cannot find in shops. Door-to-door selling (podomový predaj) is becoming less and less popular in our country. More and more Slovaks get things on hire purchase (na pôžičku) which means that they only pay a part (časť) of the required (požadovanej) amount (množstva/sumy) of money for the goods they want and then they pay the rest of sum by regular instalments (pravidelné splátky).

Slovakia imports a lot of products from different countries all over the world and exports mainly vehicles (motorové vozidlá - cars), machinery, electric equipment (elektrické zariadenia), metals, chemicals and plastics.

SERVICES. There are many companies which do not offer any goods for sale, but they provide (poskytujú) services for people. In everyday life, people need different kinds of services. Women have their hair cut by hairdressers, men have their beard shaved by barbers. If your car has broken down you go to the garage to have it serviced where it is repaired by car-mechanics. If you need some fuel for your car, you go to the petrol station where you can fill up (natankovať) your car with petrol or diesel. At some petrol station there is also a car wash, where they wash your car. Garden designers design gardens, plumbers (údržbári) repair gas pipes and central heating. If people want to sell or buy a new house or flat, they go to a real estate agent. When people are ill, they go to the hospital where doctors and nurses look after them.

In a town there are a lot of different kinds of services. Almost everybody uses the services of a POST OFFICE. You go to a post office when you want to post a letter, parcel, postcard or to pay bills. You can also buy stamps, envelopes and lottery tickets there. Slovak companies also use UPS or DHL to deliver (na doručenie) their documents, because they guarantee express delivery worldwide. Nowadays, people do not send letters very often. They send e‑mails and text messages instead (namiesto toho).

BANKS provide (poskytujú, zabezpečujú) financial services for people. We can pay for goods and services IN CASH (v hotovosti) or BY CREDIT CARD/VISA. In Slovakia it is not common to pay by cheque (platiť šekom). Most people have a current account (bežný účet) in a bank. If they need some money, they go to the bank or they can get it from a bank machine (bankomat).

POLICE protect our lives and property (majetok). In Slovakia there are two groups of policemen: the city and the state police. City policemen check our documents and behaviour in the street. If someone behaves badly, for example he is drunk or drug addict (drogovo závislý), they take them to the police station. They also fine (pokutujú) drivers for bad parking. If citizens (občania are victims of crime (obeťmi zločinu) or involved in (to be involved in – byť zúčastnený na/ byť účastníkom čoho) a car accident (dopravnej nehody), people call the state police. State policemen fine drivers for speeding, too. At the police station people can also get new identity cards (občianske preukazy) and passports.

SALES PROMOTION (reklama - PODPORA PREDAJA)

In the past, during the communist period, shops and services were owned by (boli vlastnené) by the state. There were no private petrol stations, shops or banks. Nowadays, all shops and services try to stay competitive (konkurencieschopný) on the market and they invest into advertising (reklamy). Advertising in the media has an enormous impact (dopad, vplyv) on people. When a company introduces a new product or service, they usually do a promotion (podporná kampaň predaja). This can be done through various channels (kanály), such as TV, radio, press, billboards or the Internet, which are often combined to achieve (aby sa dosiahol) a bigger effect (účinok). When you watch TV, there are several commercial breaks (reklamné prestávky) that interrupt (prerušujú) a programme you are watching. We usually go to the toilet or have some snack during these breaks. Most people hate those breaks and think they are annoying (otravujúce). But there are people who can easily get influenced by such advertising and they buy products because they believe they are as good as showed on TV. Sometimes we do not even realize that a product or a company is advertised, for example in a film.

(competition – konkurencia, competitive – konkurencie schopný, advertising – reklama, advertisement (reklamný inzerát), commercial break – reklamná prestávka.

additional text

Shopping and services

Services:

What services can people use?

In Britain, lots of people take the washing to the laundry. In Slovakia people do it at home because everybody has a washing machine, but people use dry-cleaner´s.
When we want to have our hair cut, we go to the hairdresser´s. She can wash our hair, cut it, dye and dry it or do a special styling. We can either visit her in her salon or we can find a hairdresser who comes to our home. Men go to the barber´s where they can have their face shaved and hair cut.
Women like going to beauty salons and nail studios for manicure and pedicure.
When you need glasses or have your eyes checked, you can go to the optician´s. There is a variety of glasses of different shapes and colours, contact lenses or sunglasses, or goggles for cycling and skiing.
If you need a professional photo, you may go to the photographer´s. If you have your own digital photo, you can bring it on a CD to the shop or you can send it to the shop on the internet. Then you get your photos by post.
If your car is broken, it can be repaired in a car repair shop.
When clocks or watches are broke down they can be repaired at the watchmaker´s.
Estate agent´s offer houses, flats to people who want to lease or buy them.
When we want to go on holiday we can buy one at the travel agent´s.
Post service delivers us letters, packages or money. Nowadays, the post service is not as important as it used to be because people use email.
If we don´t like cleaning we can pay an agency for cleaning our flat (they vacuum our carpets, dust our furniture, clean the windows or do the laundry and do the ironing). This is not very usual in our country.

Shopping:

What kind of shops do you know and what can you buy there?

Butcher´s – meat (pork, beef, chicken), ham, salami, cheese, minced meet etc.

Baker´s – bread, rolls, buns, doughnuts, cakes, cookies

Grocer´s – all kinds of food (milk, yoghurt, butter, cheese, soups, sugar, oil, drinks)

Shoe shop – shoes, boots, sandals, slippers, trainers, socks, stockings

Clothes shop – sweaters, T-shirts, shirts, jeans, tops, underwear, gloves, caps

Off licence – liquors

Bookshop – books, textbooks, dictionaries, calendars

Florist´s – flowers, flower pots

Greengrocer´s - fruit and vegetables

Chemist´s – shampoo, cosmetics, detergents, washing powder, handkerchiefs etc.

Stationer´s – notebooks, pencils, pens, birthday cards

Newsagent´s – newspapers, magazines

Pharmacy (Chemist´s) – medicines, remedies, herbal tea

Goldsmith´s – rings, bracelets, chains, watches

Describe a typical shopping:

We take a shopping basket or a trolley and go into the shop. There are lots of shelves with products so that we can choose what we want. In some shops (goldsmith´s or butcher´s) there are counters and the shop assistants show us and hand us the goods. In clothes shops there are changing rooms (fitting rooms) where we can try the clothes on. Then we go to the cash register. We can pay in cash or by card. After having paid we get a receipt that gives us a guarantee. If there is something wrong with the goods, we can take the goods back and get a refund.

Shopping malls

For many people shopping malls are a place where they spend their free time. They have long opening hours and they are open at weekends. There are lots of shops concentrated in a big hall. Most of them are clothes shops and boutiques, some shops with jewellery, accessories and cosmetics. In most shopping malls you can find fast food stalls and cafés, children´s court and sometimes also a cinema. People often go window shopping there. (Window shopping is browsing shops when you do not want to buy anything. You are only watching.)

Advertising

Advertisements are a part of our lives today. We can see them on TV, on billboards, in magazines, on the internet. Ads want to persuade us to buy something. They mostly cost a lot of money – that is why advertised products are more expensive. Advertisements are successful because people mostly choose a trademark which they know (from TV, radio, billboards). Lots of things are advertised: bank products, all kinds of goods, food, fast food restaurants, cars etc.

Some people think that billboards are dangerous because they attract attention of drivers and then, drivers do not concentrate on driving.

Advertisements on TV are called „commercials“. Most TV stations put commercials between films.

Your task: Who does the shopping in your family? How often and where do you buy food?

What is your favourite shop? How much do you spend in shops per month? What do you spend most money on? Do you like advertisements and why /why not?

Are you satisfied with shopping facilities in your town?

additional materials:

B2Foodw.pdf

B1Books_and_Literature_w.pdf

HEALTHCARE

conventional/classical vs. alternative healthcare

Encyclopaedias offer a definition of medicine as any science or practice concerned with sickness and health.There are several types of medicine which can help us to beat illness. Classical (western or conventional) medicine offers treatment with painkillers. It fights against illness and disease with drugs and surgery by which doctors can save millions of people. On the other hand, taking a lot of medicine can destroy other organs of your body, e.g. liver or kidneys. That is why many people prefer other kinds of treatment which are sometimes called traditional, complementary or alternative medicine. The term traditional fits ancient arts such as herbalism but hardly applies to acupuncture or shiatsu. Alternative medicine looks at the whole person, not just the illness. This includes your age, your family background, eating habits, sleeping habits, regular exercises, job conditions, bad habits like drinking or smoking and problems you have to face in your everyday life.

There are different types of alternative medicine like acupuncture, homeopathy and osteopathy. Acupuncturists use needles to make a person's energy to flow in a more balanced way. The needles are rotated clockwise or anticlockwise, according to whether energy is to be stimulated or lessened.

Everything we need exists in nature which is why homeopathy uses natural plants and flowers to beat illness. Homeopathy is not concerned with the processes or causes of disease, but with its symptoms. Doctors regard their patients as unique individuals.

Osteopathy is a system of movements which correct problems with the bones and muscles. Osteopaths push, pull and twist the body with their hands which puts all the bones or muscles in the right place.

One of the reasons for the popularity of alternative medicine is that most alternative therapists give a patient more time than conventional doctors. In most European countries doctors see a new patient every ten or twenty minutes. Many symptoms are due to overwork or stress and an important part of a treatment is for patients to talk about their problems. Doctors themselves are tired and have very high stress levels. Both doctors and patients would benefit from more time for having consultation.

While alternative medicine treats the body without using chemicals, western medicine is very important in accidents and emergencies. The best solution is when western and alternative medicine work hand in hand.

1. Describe your illness (or your friend's if you are healthy).

2. Complete the dialogues with suitable responses (use different ones):

1st dialogue

Doctor: Hello. What's the problem?

You: Well,...............................................................

D: Does it hurt badly?

You: ......................................................................

D: How long have you had this?

You: ..............................................................................

D: I'd like to examine you. Take off your shirt, please

You: .............................................................................

D: No, it doesn't look too bad. It's just normal tonsilitis. Here's a prescription for some medicine. Take it

three times daily. Come to see me next Tuesday.

You: .............................................................................

2nd dialogue

D: Good......................... What's............................

You: I'm running a fever, coughing badly, I sneeze, feel tired and sleepy.

D: OK. Open..............................................................

You: "Ah." It hurts me to swallow and I ache all over.

D: Strip.............................; take............................and now stop.......................................................

You: Is it very serious, doctor?

D: No, ....................; it's just ......................: get this medicine from..................and..................a day.

You: Am I allowed to go to school?

D: No,........................ .................... warm and drink ............................ You'll ...........................soon. In

a week you............................................again.

3. What children's diseases have you had and what diseases have you been vaccinated against?

What common ailments do children have?

mumps [mamps], measles [mi:zlz], rubeola [rubiola], chicken-pox [t/ikan poks], scarlet fever [skarlet firve], be a scarlet fever carrier, otitis [au'taitis] (zapal ucha), vaccination certificat('veksi'neisnt sa:tifikit], tuberculosis [tju:,be:kju'lausis], tetanus [tetanas], polio [paulisu], smallpox [smo:lpoks], diphtheria [diftieria], whooping cough [hu:pii\ kofj, rabies [reibi:z]

have a cold, (the) flu, cough, a sore throat, to cough, bronchitis [bron'kaitis], tonsilitis [tonsi'Iaitis], pneumonia [nju:'mäuniä], be hoarse [ho:s], lack of appetite, vomit, have stomachache, heartburn, nausea [no:sjä], indigestion [indi'dzestfän], constipation [konsti´peifän], diarrhoea [daiä:riä], ulcer [alsa], bilious attack [biljäs ätäk], appendicitis [äpendi'saitis], jaundice [dzo:ndis], backache, slipped disc, rheumatism [ru:mätizm], earache, encephalitis [ensäfä'laitis], be dizzy [dizi], veneral disease [vi'niäriäl], typhoid fever [taifoid], plague [pleig], cholera [kolärä]

4. What diseases are considered to be "civilization al diseases"? What causes them? How can they be avoided?

mental disorders: -

nervous breakdown, stress, depression, a headache, insomnia [in'somnie], suffer from nerves

diseases of the blood system: .

high blood pressure, a heart attack, anaemia [ä'ni;mjä], leukaemia [lju:'ki:miä], varicose veins [värrikäus veinz]

skin diseases: .

rash [räs], acne [äkni], eczema [eksimä], itch, scratch, pimple [pimpl], scurvy [skä:vi]

eating disorders:

anorexia, bulimia

others:

backache, defective hearing (poskodeny sluch), allergy, overweight, asthma [äsmä], diabetes [daiä'bi:tiz], malignant tumours [mä'lignänt tju:mäz], cancer [känsä], drug addiction [drag ä'dikfän], drug addict [ä'dikt] (narkoman) , be addicted to alcohol, die of an overdose (zomriet na predavkovanie), break the habit, veneral diseases (pohlavne choroby) , AIDS, hectic life style, lack of vitamins (nedostatok vitaminov), polluted environment, unhealthy daily routine, insufficient sleep (nedostatocny spanok)

BOOKBINDING

Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. It usually involves attaching a book cover to the resulting text-block. There are hardback books and paperback

books.

PARTS OF A CASE BOUND BOOK

GLOSSARY

back lining/headcap	chrbátnik
sheet paper/flat paper	čistý hárok
bookmaking finishing process	dokončovacie spracovanie, knihárske
over-and-over fold	dva lomy do kríža
foil proof/covering/coating	fóliový poťah
French fold	francúzsky lom,
concertina/ zigzag /accordion /fan /back and forth fold	harmonikový/ cik-cak lom
plastic comb binding	hrebeňová väzba
thickness of book back/spine	hrúbka knižného chrbta
thick sheet paper	hrubý formát
letter folding	jeden jednoduchý lom
simple fold	jednoduchý lom
head-band/bead	kapitálik
book joint/grove	knižná drážka
flag book mark	knižná záložka
signature	knižná zložka
book covers/cover boards	knižné dosky z kartónu
book hard plastic covers	knižné dosky z tuhých plastov
book cords/raised bands	knižné väzy
body of book	knižný blok
book sheet	knižný hárok
book cover gluing	knižný polep
feather proof/covering/coating	kožený poťah
wire-o binding/concealed double-loop/double-loop wire	krúžková väzba
laminating	laminovanie
laminated book proof/covering/coating	laminovaný poťah
verso	ľavá stránka, párna stránka, chrbtová strana
adhesive binding/perfect binding	lepená väzba
gluing	lepenie
glued book back	lepenie knižného chrbta
leporelo	leporelo
soft binding	mäkka väzba
untrimmed size	neorezaný formát
window fold	okienkový lom
edging of the body/trimming	orezanie knižného bloku
edge	oriezka/orezanie
paper proof/covering/coating	papierový poťah
paralel fold	paralelný lom
perforation	perforovanie
cloth book back	platený knižný chrbát
cloth proof/covering/coating	platený obťah
number of folds	počet lomov
half-hard binding	polotvrdá väzba
fold sequence	poradie/postupnosť lomov
printed endpaper	potlačená predsádka
fold position on the sheet	pozícia lomov na hárku
recto	pravá stránka, lícna strana, nepárna stránka
right-angle fold	pravouhlý lom
book jacket	prebal
front book board/cover	predná knižná doska
fore edge	predná oriezka/predný okraj knihy
endpaper	predsádka
industrial bookbinding	priemyslové väzby
cutting	rezanie
signature	signatúra
stitched soft binding	šitá mäkka väzba
stitching/sewing	šitie
saddle stitching/sewing by wire staples	šitie drôtenými skobkami na striešku, brožovanie
chopper blade	skladací nôž na priečný lom
folding machine	skladací stroj
folding cylinder	skladací valec/cylinder
gatefold	skladačka, lomy skladané do seba
folding	skladanie
spiral/coil/plastic binding	špirálová väzba
tail edge	spodná oriezka/spodný okraj knihy
snap-out	súbor listov lepených v lište
symmetrical/asymmetrical fold positions	symetrická/nesymetrická pozície lomov
hard cover binding/ cased binding	tvrdá väzba
adhesive hard binding	tvrdá väzba lepená
thread-stitched binding	tvrdá väzba šitá niťou
flyleaf	vakát
top edge	vrchná oriezka
crop/cropping	výsek, bigovanie
back book board/cover	zadná knižná doska
rounded back	zaoblený knižný chrbát
gathering-and-stitching machine	znášacia zošívačka
gathering	znášanie - skladanie potlačených listov do knižného

PARTS OF A BOOK

What is a book's FRONT MATTER? Front matter is the information that appears up front and first in a book. The front matter contains the nuts and bolts of the book’s publication—information like title, author, publisher, ISBN and Library Congress data. The front matter pages generally aren’t visibly numbered; when they are, the numbers appear as Roman numerals.

Here are the typical parts of a book's front matter:

Half title, sometimes called bastard title — is just the title of the book (you can think of it as a kind of half the title page) Frontispice — is the piece of artwork on the left (“verso”) side of the page opposite the title page on the right (“recto”) side. Title page – this is a page which contains the title of the book, the author (or authors) and the publisher. Copyright page — includes:

the declaration of copyright (that is, who owns the copyright, generally the authors)

other types of credits, such as illustrators, editorial staff, indexer, etc., and sometimes notes from the publishers

copyright acknowledgments — for books that contain reprinted material that requires permissions, such as excerpts, song lyrics

edition number — this number represents the number of the edition and of the printing. Some books will specifically note “First Edition”; others don’t declare that they are first editions, and instead is represent their printings with a number. In those cases, a first edition would look like:

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

A second edition would be noted as: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data – which includes information such as title, authors, ISBN, Library of Congress number, subject matter, year of publication.

Dedication — where the author honors an individual or individuals by declaring that the labor of the book is “To” [name or names] Acknowledgements — the author’s thanks to those who contributed time and resources towards the effort of writing the book. Table of Contents — outlines what is in each chapter of the book. Foreword — is a “set up” for the book, typically written by someone other than the author. Preface or Introduction — is a “set up” for the book’s contents, generally by the author.

ISBN

ISBN – International Standard Book Number precisely identifies a book, there should be no two books with the same number. The following publishing of the same book has a new number ISBN.

The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers.

The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108.

Since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with "Bookland" European Article Number EAN-13s.

An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if assigned before 2007.

An International Standard Book Number consists of 4 parts (if it is a 10 digit ISBN) or 5 parts (for a 13 digit ISBN):

The parts of a 10-digit ISBN and the corresponding EAN-13 and barcode.

Note the different check digits in each. The part of the EAN-13 labeled "EAN" is the Bookland country code.

For a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element - a GS1 prefix: so far 978 or 979 have been made available by GS1,

the registration group element, (language-sharing country group, individual country or territory)

the registrant element,

the publication element,and

a checksum character or check digit.

The 13-digit ISBN separates its parts (prefix element, registration group, registrant, publication and check digit) with either a hyphen or a space. Other than the prefix and the check digit, no part of the ISBN has a fixed number of digits.

The 10-digit ISBN also separated its parts (registration group, registrant, publication and check digit) with either a hyphen or a space.

ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency. In Slovakia it is the National Agency ISBN in Martin.

What is a book's BODY MATTER?

Body matter is the core contents of the book— often divided into segments:

Parts

Sections

Chapters

The body matter is numbered with Arabic numerals beginning with the number “1” on the first page of the first chapter.

Art program — anything that isn’t text (photographs, illustrations, tables, graphs, etc.) is considered to be part of the book’s art program. The art program might be integrated into each page or appear all together within a separate “signature” somewhere in the book.

In non-fiction literature there there could be:

marginálie – marginalia

poznámky pod čiarou – footnotes

záhlavie- header, heading

What is a book's END MATTER? End matter is the materials at the back of the book, generally optional.

Glossary — Bibliography – most often seen in non-fiction like biography or in academic books,

a bibliography lists the reference sources used in researching the book. Index – the index is placed at the end of the book, and lists all the major references in the book (such as major topics, mentions of key people in the book, etc.) and their specific, corresponding page numbers. Publishing imprint: publishing and printing data: author(s), title, publisher, edition, printing house where a book was printed, circulation, number of publisher’s sheets, number of author’s sheets, production number

Errata (sg. erratum) – publishers issue an erratum for a production error

Printing

Printing was another Chinese invention in the ninth century AD. The first known book not written by hand was printed in what is now China, from engraved wooden blocks.

Because Chinese writing was in the form of a very large number of pictographs, moveable type was of little advantage. However such cast type did appear in Korea before developing quite independently in Europe.

Johannes Gutenberg's printing

A major advance in the West was Johannes Gutenberg's printing from cast metal type (c.1450 AD), still hand composed on a mostly wooden press.

The next great change was slow to arrive, being the metal printing press developed by Lord Charles Stanhope in 1803. This still relied on human power to operate, however.

A steam-powered press invented by the German Friedrich Koenig followed in 1810.

An American, Richard Hoe, invented the faster rotary press in 1846.

Printing raced further ahead when the mechanical composition of type was perfected in 1886 with the Linotype compositor.

Lithography was long used to print pictures for books.

From this method came the idea for offset printing, and the first offset press appeared in 1904.

In offset printing the method of "relief" printing from cast metal type, traditional since Gutenberg, is replaced by a smooth photographic plate. By 1980 offset printing was taking over from the older method in many countries.

That was only the beginning of the modern printing revolution. From 1968 computers became involved in printing (the Linotron). In 1983 the offset plate progressed to a format involving the laser-beam transference of stored digital information. Gradually, printing world-wide became a digital and computerized process, and mechanical printing began to disappear.

The Digital Revolution

It was only a matter of time that books could exist in a purely electronic form.

Digital books could be updated, be searchable electronically, include sounds & video and even a dictionary, and interact directly with the new Internet, and therefore contain instant links to further information.

E-Book

The electronic book or e-book (also spelt ebook and eBook) began in the last years of the twentieth century, existing as virtually stored in a digital file.

The book is one of humanity's most enduring cultural artifacts and treasures. The ability to read and write is our greatest tool in education, the most important medium for the transmission of ideas and the human culture.

Why should we continue to value, preserve, read and write books?

books record our past and progress

contain our experiments, knowledge, and accumulated wisdom

proclaim our fears and ideas

champion our ideals, dreams, and hopes for the future

carry the heart and soul of our civilization forward, and keep it accessible. Long live the book.

CONVENTIONAL PRINTING TECHNOLOGY

All printing process are concerned with two kinds of areas on the final output:

Image of printing areas

Non-image or non-printing areas

THE FOUR MAIN CONVENTIONAL PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES (IN PRINCIPLE):

1. Planographics, in which the printing and non-printing areas are on the same plane surface and the difference between them is maintained chemically or by physical properties, the examples are: offset lithography, collotype, and screenless printing.

2. Relief, in which the printing areas are on a plane surface and the non printing areas are below the surface, examples: flexography and letterpress.

Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using the technique of offset lithography.

3. Intaglio, in which the non-printing areas are on a plane surface and the printing area are etched or engraved below the surface, examples: steel die engraving, gravure.

4. Porous, in which the printing areas are on fine mesh screens through which ink can penetrate, and the non-printing areas are a stencil over the screen to block the flow of ink in those areas, examples: screen printing.

OFFSET PRESS

Offset printing

is a widely used printing technique where

- the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket,

- then to the printing surface.

When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water,

- the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains

ink from ink rollers,

- while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.

OTHER PRINTING TECHNIQUES:

flexography used for packaging, labels, newspapers

hot wax dye transfer

inkjet used typically to print a small number of books or packaging and also, to print a variety of materials from high quality papers simulating offset printing, to floor tiles; Inkjet is also used to apply mailing addresses to direct mail pieces

laser printing (Toner Printing) mainly used in offices and for transactional printing (bills, bank documents). Laser printing is commonly used by direct mail companies to create variable data letters or coupons.

pad printing popular for its unusual ability to print on complex three-dimensional surfaces

relief print mainly used for catalogues

rotogravure mainly used for magazines and packaging

screen-printing from T-shirts to floor tiles

Intaglio used mainly for high value documents such as currencies

Thermal printing popular in the 1990s for Fax printing, used today for airline baggage tags

GLOSSARY

antimony	antimón
baked clay tablet	vypálená hlinená tabuľka
bark	kôra
blue printing	reprografia
blurred print	rozmazaná tlač
book in print	kniha v tlači
book printing	kníhtlač
collotype	svetlotlač
copper	meď
flax	ľan
flexography	flexografia
gravure printing	hĺbkotlač
gravure rotary press	hĺbkotlačová rotačka
hemp	konope
image carrier	nosič
impression	odlačok
intaglio	intaglio z hĺbky
lead	olovo
letterpress	tlač z výšky
maintain	udržiavať
offset lithography	ofsetová hĺbkotlač
papyrus roll	papyrusový zvitok
property	vlastnosť
screenless printing	sieťotlač
stensil printing	filmová tlač, tlač postrekom
Thermal printing	tepelná tlač
tin	cín
wax coating	voskový povrch
offset web-fed/printing machine	kotúčový ofsetový stroj
uncoiling device	odvíjacie zariadenie
alternative printing unit	alternatívna tlačová jednotka
printing unit-black	tlačový agregát - čierna
printing unit-cyan	tlačový agregát-azúrová
printing unit- magenta	tlačový agregát-purpurová
printing unit- yellow	tlačový agregát-žltá
drying machine	sušiaci agregát
chill roll stand	chladiace valce
re-moistening unit	zariadenie na opätovné zvlhčenie
perforating unit	perforačná jednotka
folder unit	skladacia jednotka
product stream delivery	šupinovitý transport výtlačkov
right-angle fold	pravouhlý lom

ROLE MODELS AND IDOLS

A hero or heroine is an extraordinary character that represents the most important traits value by its culture. The hero is usually idealised and often possesses superhuman characters. On the other hand, we can say that an ideal person does not exist because every individual has both positive and negative traits.

Every country has important personalities in their history who become idols (heroes) for many generations. They often become one of the symbols of the country.

Every society believes in a certain hierarchy of values. Love, health, faith, family and friendship are usually the top values but some people consider money and career as the most important. A similar hierarchy of values is also important for a good relationship.

Our parents and teachers are usually our first models. They teach us to be polite and friendly. We are taught to respect other people and help those people who need our help. When we start going to school we learn to be tolerant, patient, self – disciplined and hard – working. If we want to be successful in our life, these qualities are necessary. At school we also learn how to cooperate with other schoolmates, we share our ideas with them.

During the teenage years young people search for their unique identity. They usually look for people who they can admire and follow. Many sport players, rock stars and film performers become role models for them, because teenagers love music, sport, film and magazines.

Nowadays, idols in popular culture became very popular. They have achieved their popularity through the mass media. They are good – looking and stylish, have their own fashion designers and stylists but their popularity does not usually last a very long time. However, idols have important influence on the younger generation and they often wish to be like their chosen role model.

Except real heroes there are also fictional heroes from books, films and plays. Book characters often become idols that are admired by generations of readers. Film heroes are charismatic and are adored by many viewers. Girls or women like handsome, brave male heroes on the other hand boys or men like attractive female heroes. There are some films in which ordinary people are heroes because they try to overcome obstacles in their lives and change during the film. People can identify with them and understand their life better. Some heroes in science fiction films possess superhuman characteristics that are very attractive especially for children and young people.

People who have difficult jobs such as lifeguards, soldiers, fire-fighters, are heroes for many people because they are brave and do not hesitate to risk their live. Their courage and high moral standards make them excellent role models and therefore no one should be afraid to follow them.

Every year there are people who have saved somebody’s life or did some brave act for example they performed a very difficult surgery or saved people who were injured in a car accident. In our country every year one of these people is awarded for “the bravest act of the year”.

Any of us might be a hero for somebody who respects us for a certainly quality.

ROLE-MODEL: model example, person according to whom somebody else tries to live, look like, wear... because of his character or skills. Importance of role-models: some people need no role-models, they want to go their way, but many people are influenced by role-models (good look, intelligence, humour, talent, skills, success, lifestyle, character…) who inspire people, are their ideal (vzor).

PARENTS, FAMILY: our first role models, they brought us up, taught us to be polite, friendly, to greet and respect people, to help other…, family is important for shaping our personal qualities (if a child is loved, he/ she will love, if he/ she is criticized, he/ she will be very hit…)

SCHOOL: nearly as important as family, entering to school we become a part of society; here we learn to cooperate with other people, to make compromises, to be tolerant, patient, self-disciplined, hard-working (these qualities are necessary if we want to be successful), for some of us our teachers became our role models

CELEBRITIES: role models mostly among teenagers, they love music, movies, sport – they choose people they read about in newspapers and magazines – pop singers, movie stars, famous sportsmen. Young people idolize them, try to imitate them in clothing, make-up, hairstyles, lifestyles. Famous personalities influence young generation a lot, negatively (drugs, alcohol addiction, eccentric/wild behaviour, no respect – we become selfish, unhelpful, rude, mean, fall into addiction…) and positively (hard-working to achieve success, performances and concerts to raise money for charities, suffering people…)

LITERALY HEROES: found in literary works (stories, novels), most literary heroes are people with high moral standards with whom readers can identify and whose example they may follow. EXAMPLE: Božena Nemcová – Babička – Grandmamma, about simply Czech woman, she comes to help her daughter with growing up of 4 grandchildren and with household works. She is intelligent, clever, has experience, every time good mood, helps with a will, she loves nature, work, habits and traditions…

EVERYDAY HEROES: we can find in our daily life - lifeguards, fire-fighters, doctors, soldiers… - brave, do not hesitate do risk life and help the victims of natural and man-made disasters (earthquakes, foods, droughts, war), they have courage and high moral standards. It can be absolutely simply person, real heroin was also mother Teresa (helped her whole life to poor and ill people in India).

MY ROLE-MODEL: who, why, some info about him/her, his/her positive and negative character features
Positive features - virtues: kind (milý), regardful (ohľaduplný), grateful (vďačný), optimistic, humorous, natural, helpful (ochotný), honest (čestný), brave (odvážny), responsible (zodpovendný), reliable (spoľahlivý), hard-working, generous (štedrý), hospitable (pohostinný), conscientious (svedomitý)...
Negative features – vices: be deceitful (zákerný, podvodník), mean (lakomý), cheeky (drzý), stubborn (tvrdohlavý), envious (neprajný, závidiaci), jealous (žiarlivý), treacherous (nespoľahlivý, klamný, zradný, zákerný), rude (hrubý)...

ak chcete vedieť viac......

There are many English speaking countries. Australia, USA, Great Britain, New Zealand and Canada are the four main ones. I would like to start with…

Australia

Australia is also called Down Under or Oz, but the official name is the Commonwealth of Australia. First European settlers were convicts who had been transported from Britain. Australia has a population of about sixteen and a half million people. In a country of over seven and a half million square kilometers - the sixth largest in the world- this is very small population.

Over eighty per cent of Australia` s population is of British origin and that can be seen in many aspects of Australian life. English is the national language, cricket is the national game, and they drive on the left. Australia is a huge country and has a wide range of climates from the tropical rain forests to the mild temperate climate. About two-thirds of the land is desert or semi-desert.

As a result most of the central and western parts of Australia are uninhabited or inhabited only by sheep. Over half the population lives in the southeast corner of the country between two state capitals of Sydney and Melbourne. Sydney is the largest city but it is not the capital. Australia is federal state and it has separate capital city Canberra. The Commonwealth of Australia consists of five states {Western Australia, Queensland, South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania} and two territories {the Northern Terri-tory and the Canberra Capital Territory}.

The head of government is the Prime Minister, but the Head of State is still the British monarch. Currency is Australian dollar. Mining, industry and agriculture are Australia` s most important sources of income. More recently, tourism has become important, too. Tourists come to enjoy Australia` s warm climate, to see the unique animals such as the platypus, the koala and the echidna, and to see beautiful natural features like the Great Barrier Reef and the mysterious Ayers Rock.

The American continent

The American continent was probably discovered by Vikings around the year 1000 AD. The existence of the American continent was not known in Europe until the voyage of Columbus in 1492. Then thousands of colonists came from Europe also because of Gold Rush of 1848.

The United States of America has a population about 250,000,000 people and it covers an area of over 9,370,000 square kilometers. The three largest cities are New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. In the East there are Appalachian Mountains, but more famous are Rocky Mountains in the West.

The USA is a federation of fifty states including Alaska and the island state of Hawaii. The US can be divided into four main land regions. The Northeast or New England states are rich in raw materials. It has become the centre of industry. The USA is rich in most of the metals and minerals needed in basic industries. The most important products are coal, oil, natural gas, iron, steel and glass. The South region is mainly agricultural growing cotton and tobacco.

The state of Florida is different from the rest of the South. There are pine forests, orange plantations and beaches. In centre of the US territory, called the Midwest, there are vast plains where mainly wheat is grown. It is the region where agriculture is greatly developed. The West is the region called also Rocky Mountains states. The natural beauties of national parks such as Yosemite National Park in California and Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming are world famous. Thousands of tourists visit Rocky Mountains and the California beaches every year.

The Mississippi River is the longest in the US. Its length is about 6000 kilometers. The five Great Lakes, four of which lie on border with Canada are the major lakes of the US. They contain about half of the world` s fresh water. They are- Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario {Sally makes halusky every October}. The most heavily industrialized areas of the US are the Northeast and the area around the Great Lakes. Detroit, Michigan is considered the automobile capital of the world. The great coastal ports of San Francisco and Boston are also important to trade.

The System of American Government is based on the principles established in the Constitution written in 1787 and in the Bill Rights. The President of the US is chosen in national election for four years. The Legislative Branch- Congress -consists of the senate and the House of Representatives.

Canada

The second largest country in the world is Canada. On the South it borders with the USA {Great Lakes}. The east of this country is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the west by the Pacific Ocean and the north by the Arctic Ocean. The population of this country is small- only 28,000,000 people. Canada has 10 provinces and 2 territories. The territories are the Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories. Very few Canadians live in igloos or use dog sleds for transportation. In Canada are mild springs, hot summers and pleasantly crisp au-tumns. The three largest cities are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

Canada` s official Head of Government is Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain, who is also the Queen of Canada.

The Federal Parliament consists of two ”houses”: the House of Commons and the Senate. Each province has its own government, which takes care of its highways, power, lakes and forests, and education. The Canadian education system varies from province to province. Canada became known officially as the Dominion of Canada on July 1st, 1867. Almost 1,000,000 immigrants came from Britain to settle in the Canadian colonies creating great increases in wheat production and the lumber industry {drevo}.

New Zealand

The first time European to sight New Zealand was the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642. Later the British explorer James Cook came to this part of the world and discovered the country in 1769. The native people who scared off Tasman and with whom Cook was able to make friends are known as Maoris and are a Polynesian people. New Zealand has a population of about 3,500,000 people. Only about twelve per cent of the population today are Maoris and there are very few pureblooded Maoris.

There are two main Islands which are far larger than any of the rest and these are quite simply called the North Island and the South Island. Almost 80 per cent of the population live on the North Island which is actually the smaller of the two. The capital is Wellington situated on the south coast of the island. In the north, be-tween two bays is Auckland the largest city in the country with almost a third of the population.

There is a lot of volcanic activity on the island. The most active volcano is on White Island. In the centre of the country is small area of Rotorua full of thermal lakes, exploding geysers and hot mud pools. In the very centre of island is the gigantic lake Taupo the area of which is 606 square kilometers. It is actually the crater of what may have been the biggest volcanic eruption ever. World famous are the Franz Jozef glacier and Mount Cook. New Zealand` s national symbol is bird known as the kiwi.

It is in danger of extinction now. Sheep outnumber humans by more than 20 to one are important for the country` s industry. There are even more of another animal, a small marsupial with a long tail known as a possum but these are considered a pest and cause a lot of damage to undergrowth.

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