• IV .GMB ANJ

          • pastirikova.gma@gmail.com

            Dictionary with the British and American pronunciation

            http://oxforddictionaries.com/

            UČEBNICA https://elt.oup.com/student/englishfile/preint3/grammar/?cc=sk&selLanguage=sk

            SLOVNÍK K UČEBNICI

            Please, feel free to consult it if you are not familiar with any words or phrases in your textbook, just click on the link:

            EF_3e_Pre-int_Slovak_WL.pdf

            HOMEWORK

            TUESDAY 23rd October

            anj: REVISE passive in Grammar bank page 142 and WB page 37/ 2 GRAMMAR ex. a, 38/ ex. b

            KAJ Examination: Housing, Books and Literature, Slovakia + presentation

             

            THURSDAY AND FRIDAY in your timetable -  KAJ

            Thursday -  test BOOK and LITERATURE + notes + YES!book

            Friday Presentation: 3 places of interest in Slovakia that attract foreign tourists to see them (caves, castles, cathedrals/churches, spas, picturesque places in nature, animals in their habitats,museums, galleries, etc.)

            EADLINE Wednesday 10th October

            Use these expressions and phrases in your essay:

            BOOK:  title, author, genre, topic, centred on the theme of, setting, story, plot, characters, content, conflict, idea

            The author deals with/aims to show/depicts/ portrays/ pictures sth./ evokes the atmosphere of/describes/concentrates on /focuses on

            The story is set in the time of.../ proceeds as follows (príbeh pokračuje takto...), the story is narrated by the main character/by one of the characters/by the author/is narrated in the first person, singular

            a low-moving/lenghty  , the story has happy/sad/tragic/open/unexpected ending

            The plot: simple/complicated plot, no plot/it lacks the  plot

            How do you fancy...?

            readable, it reads well, I was impressed

            the work is fascinating/amusing/unusual/exciting/thrilling/mysterious/inspiring/depressing/moving-dojímavé/ funny/witty-vtipné

            A Book I have recently read or A book I was deeply impressed by 

            Writing - please, submit by Wednesday 10th October

            Please, divide your essays/descriptions into paragraphs - introduction, body, conclusion, 1 paragraph - 1 point (bullet)
            Write a description of a book by an English speaking author you like very much (220–250 words).
            Include:

            • the title and the writer; when the book was published for the first time
            • some basic facts about the writer - life, family background,genre he/she writes, books published etc
            • the reasons for your choice;
            • a short description of the plot;
            • the characters you admire in the book and why;
            • why you would recommend it to your best friend.

            Film Review

            1. It is a short description of a film, where the writer:
            • Provides details of the movie analysed
            • Gives his/her opinion or recommendation of the film

             

            1. The language used may be formal or semi-formal (formálny štýl s neformálnymi prvkami) depending on the addressees and kind of newspaper or magazine where it will be published.
            2. Present tenses and a variety of adjectives are frequently used.

            Structure of a film review

            A/ Introduction

            • Summarises all the background information of the film
            • It may include references to the title, director, type of film, setting (place and time), if it is baased on a book, etc.

            B/Body

            • 2nd par.: It offers a summary of the plot (dej) focusing on the main aspects.
            • 3rd par.: It includes general comments on the plot, the development of the main characters, the acting, the direction, etc.
            • Note: the end should not be revealed to the reader

            C/Conclusion

            • 4th par.: The writer provides a general assessment (všeobecné posúdenie) of the film, and his/her opinion about it.
            • The writer recommends or does not recommend the movie. He/she should give reasons to support his/her opinion about the film

            Useful language

            • 1st par.: This film is set in ..., the movie tells the story of ..., this excellent film is based on ...
            • 2nd par.: The storyline/plot focuses on ..., the film reaches its climax (vyvrcholenie deja)..., the story begins ...
            • 3rd par.: The acting (herecký výkon)/development of the main/leading character (vývoj hlavnej postavy) is fascinating/excellent..., The script (scenár) is bright (jasný, živý, zrozumiteľný)/dull (fádny, nudný)..., The end is surprising/predictable ...
            • 4th par.: It is worth seeing ..., I would/woul not recommend it because ..., Do not miss it ...

            Types of films / Genres

            • Science fiction (sci-fi)
            • Comedy / sit-coms (situation comedies)
            • Romance / love story
            • Horror film
            • Thriller
            • Spy film
            • Musical
            • Detective story
            • Mystery film
            • Adventure / action film
            • Biography
            • Western
            • Animated films / cartoons
            • Historical
            • War films

             

            Useful expressions

            • Soundtrack – hudba k filmu, zvuk
            • Script - scenár
            • Plot / storyline - dej
            • stuntman – kaskadér
            • special effects – zvláštne efekty
            • box-office hit – “kasový trhák”
            • rehearsal – skúška, nácvik
            • masterpiece – dielo
            • star (verb/noun) – účinkovať v hlavnej úlohe, hviezda
            • hero / heroine – hrdina / hrdinka
            • opening – otvorenie, začiatok
            • end / ending – záver
            • episode / sequence – časť, epizóda
            • premiere
            • climax – vyvrcholenie deja
            • cast of characters – herecké obsadenie
            • leading / supporting character

             

             

            Useful adjectives (prídavné mená)

            Positive                                                     Negative

            interesting, good, exciting,               boring, sad, bad, poor,

            funny, fantastic, amusing,                dull, terrible, dreadful (hrozný),

            fascinating, moving, excellent,                  thrilling, predictable (predvídateľný),

            entertaining, realistic,                       unimaginative (bez fantázie), scary,

            well-developed (dobre rozvinutý)    weak (slabý), frightening (desivý),

            convincing (presvedčivý),                unbelievable (neuveriteľný)

            gripping (pútavý)                  

            Pls learn a new topic The book - the friend of people (No. 24 in YES books).

             

             

            BOOKBINDING

             

            Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. It usually involves attaching a book cover to the resulting text-block. There are hardback books and paperback

            books.

             

            PARTS OF A CASE BOUND BOOK

            GLOSSARY

            back lining/headcap

            chrbátnik

            sheet paper/flat paper

            čistý hárok

            bookmaking finishing process

            dokončovacie spracovanie, knihárske

            over-and-over fold

            dva lomy do kríža

            foil proof/covering/coating

            fóliový poťah

            French fold

            francúzsky lom,

            concertina/ zigzag /accordion /fan /back and forth fold

            harmonikový/ cik-cak lom

            plastic comb binding

            hrebeňová väzba

            thickness of book back/spine

            hrúbka knižného chrbta

            thick sheet paper

            hrubý formát

            letter folding

            jeden jednoduchý lom

            simple fold

            jednoduchý lom

            head-band/bead

            kapitálik

            book joint/grove

            knižná drážka

            flag book mark

            knižná záložka

            signature

            knižná zložka

            book covers/cover boards

            knižné dosky z kartónu

            book hard plastic covers

            knižné dosky z tuhých plastov

            book cords/raised bands

            knižné väzy

            body of book

            knižný blok

            book sheet

            knižný hárok

            book cover gluing

            knižný polep

            feather proof/covering/coating

            kožený poťah

            wire-o binding/concealed double-loop/double-loop wire

            krúžková väzba

            laminating

            laminovanie

            laminated book proof/covering/coating

            laminovaný poťah

            verso

            ľavá stránka, párna stránka, chrbtová strana

            adhesive binding/perfect binding

            lepená väzba

            gluing

            lepenie

            glued book back

            lepenie knižného chrbta

            leporelo

            leporelo

            soft binding

            mäkka väzba

            untrimmed size

            neorezaný formát

            window fold

            okienkový lom

            edging of the body/trimming

            orezanie knižného bloku

            edge

            oriezka/orezanie

            paper proof/covering/coating

            papierový poťah

            paralel fold

            paralelný lom

            perforation

            perforovanie

            cloth book back

            platený knižný chrbát

            cloth proof/covering/coating

            platený obťah

            number of folds

            počet lomov

            half-hard binding

            polotvrdá väzba

            fold sequence

            poradie/postupnosť lomov

            printed endpaper

            potlačená predsádka

            fold position on the sheet

            pozícia lomov na hárku

            recto

            pravá stránka, lícna strana, nepárna stránka

            right-angle fold

            pravouhlý lom

            book jacket

            prebal

            front book board/cover

            predná knižná doska

            fore edge

            predná oriezka/predný okraj knihy

            endpaper

            predsádka

            industrial bookbinding

            priemyslové väzby

            cutting

            rezanie

            signature

            signatúra

            stitched soft binding

            šitá mäkka väzba

            stitching/sewing

            šitie

            saddle stitching/sewing by wire staples

            šitie drôtenými skobkami na striešku, brožovanie

            chopper blade

            skladací nôž na priečný lom

            folding machine

            skladací stroj

            folding cylinder

            skladací valec/cylinder

            gatefold

            skladačka, lomy skladané do seba

            folding

            skladanie

            spiral/coil/plastic binding

            špirálová väzba

            tail edge

            spodná oriezka/spodný okraj knihy

            snap-out

            súbor listov lepených v lište

            symmetrical/asymmetrical fold positions

            symetrická/nesymetrická pozície lomov

            hard cover binding/ cased binding

            tvrdá väzba

            adhesive hard binding

            tvrdá väzba lepená

            thread-stitched binding

            tvrdá väzba šitá niťou

            flyleaf

            vakát

            top edge

            vrchná oriezka

            crop/cropping

            výsek, bigovanie

            back book board/cover

            zadná knižná doska

            rounded back

            zaoblený knižný chrbát

            gathering-and-stitching machine

            znášacia zošívačka

            gathering

            znášanie - skladanie potlačených listov do knižného

             

            PARTS OF A BOOK

             

            What is a book's FRONT MATTER? Front matter is the information that appears up front and first in a book. The front matter contains the nuts and bolts of the book’s publication—information like title, author, publisher, ISBN and Library Congress data. The front matter pages generally aren’t visibly numbered; when they are, the numbers appear as Roman numerals.

            Here are the typical parts of a book's front matter:

            Half title, sometimes called bastard title — is just the title of the book (you can think of it as a kind of half the title page) Frontispice — is the piece of artwork on the left (“verso”) side of the page opposite the title page on the right (“recto”) side. Title page – this is a page which contains the title of the book, the author (or authors) and the publisher. Copyright page — includes:

            the declaration of copyright (that is, who owns the copyright, generally the authors)

            other types of credits, such as illustrators, editorial staff, indexer, etc., and sometimes notes from the publishers

            copyright acknowledgments — for books that contain reprinted material that requires permissions, such as excerpts, song lyrics

            edition number — this number represents the number of the edition and of the printing. Some books will specifically note “First Edition”; others don’t declare that they are first editions, and instead is represent their printings with a number. In those cases, a first edition would look like:

            10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

            A second edition would be noted as: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

            Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data – which includes information such as title, authors, ISBN, Library of Congress number, subject matter, year of publication.

            Dedication — where the author honors an individual or individuals by declaring that the labor of the book is “To” [name or names] Acknowledgements — the author’s thanks to those who contributed time and resources towards the effort of writing the book. Table of Contents — outlines what is in each chapter of the book. Foreword — is a “set up” for the book, typically written by someone other than the author. Preface or Introduction — is a “set up” for the book’s contents, generally by the author.

             

            ISBN

            ISBN – International Standard Book Number precisely identifies a book, there should be no two books with the same number. The following publishing of the same book has a new number ISBN.

            The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers.

            The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108.

            Since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with "Bookland" European Article Number EAN-13s.

            An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if assigned before 2007.

            An International Standard Book Number consists of 4 parts (if it is a 10 digit ISBN) or 5 parts (for a 13 digit ISBN):

             

             

             

            The parts of a 10-digit ISBN and the corresponding EAN-13 and barcode.

            Note the different check digits in each. The part of the EAN-13 labeled "EAN" is the Bookland country code.

            For a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element - a GS1 prefix: so far 978 or 979 have been made available by GS1,

            the registration group element, (language-sharing country group, individual country or territory)

            the registrant element,

            the publication element,and

            a checksum character or check digit.

             

            The 13-digit ISBN separates its parts (prefix element, registration group, registrant, publication and check digit) with either a hyphen or a space. Other than the prefix and the check digit, no part of the ISBN has a fixed number of digits.

            The 10-digit ISBN also separated its parts (registration group, registrant, publication and check digit) with either a hyphen or a space.

             ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency. In Slovakia it is the National Agency ISBN in Martin.

             

            What is a book's BODY MATTER?

            Body matter is the core contents of the book— often divided into segments:

            Parts

            Sections

            Chapters

             

            The body matter is numbered with Arabic numerals beginning with the number “1” on the first page of the first chapter.

            Art program — anything that isn’t text (photographs, illustrations, tables, graphs, etc.) is considered to be part of the book’s art program. The art program might be integrated into each page or appear all together within a separate “signature” somewhere in the book.

             

            In non-fiction literature there there could be:

            marginálie – marginalia

            poznámky pod čiarou – footnotes

            záhlavie- header, heading

             

            What is a book's END MATTER? End matter is the materials at the back of the book, generally optional.

            Glossary Bibliography – most often seen in non-fiction like biography or in academic books,

            a bibliography lists the reference sources used in researching the book. Index – the index is placed at the end of the book, and lists all the major references in the book (such as major topics, mentions of key people in the book, etc.) and their specific, corresponding page numbers. Publishing imprint: publishing and printing data: author(s), title, publisher, edition, printing house where a book was printed, circulation, number of publisher’s sheets, number of author’s sheets, production number

            Errata (sg. erratum) – publishers issue an erratum for a production error

             

             

            Printing

             

            Printing was another Chinese invention in the ninth century AD. The first known book not written by hand was printed in what is now China, from engraved wooden blocks.

            Because Chinese writing was in the form of a very large number of pictographs, moveable type was of little advantage. However such cast type did appear in Korea before developing quite independently in Europe.

             

            Johannes Gutenberg's printing

             

            A major advance in the West was Johannes Gutenberg's printing from cast metal type (c.1450 AD), still hand composed on a mostly wooden press.

            The next great change was slow to arrive, being the metal printing press developed by Lord Charles Stanhope in 1803. This still relied on human power to operate, however.

            A steam-powered press invented by the German Friedrich Koenig followed in 1810.

            An American, Richard Hoe, invented the faster rotary press in 1846.

            Printing raced further ahead when the mechanical composition of type was perfected in 1886 with the Linotype compositor.

            Lithography was long used to print pictures for books.

            From this method came the idea for offset printing, and the first offset press appeared in 1904.

            In offset printing the method of "relief" printing from cast metal type, traditional since Gutenberg, is replaced by a smooth photographic plate. By 1980 offset printing was taking over from the older method in many countries.

            That was only the beginning of the modern printing revolution. From 1968 computers became involved in printing (the Linotron). In 1983 the offset plate progressed to a format involving the laser-beam transference of stored digital information. Gradually, printing world-wide became a digital and computerized process, and mechanical printing began to disappear.

            The Digital Revolution

             

            It was only a matter of time that books could exist in a purely electronic form.

            Digital books could be updated, be searchable electronically, include sounds & video and even a dictionary, and interact directly with the new Internet, and therefore contain instant links to further information.

             

            E-Book

             

            The electronic book or e-book (also spelt ebook and eBook) began in the last years of the twentieth century, existing as virtually stored in a digital file.

            The book is one of humanity's most enduring cultural artifacts and treasures. The ability to read and write is our greatest tool in education, the most important medium for the transmission of ideas and the human culture.

             

            Why should we continue to value, preserve, read and write books?

             

            books record our past and progress

            contain our experiments,  knowledge, and accumulated wisdom

            proclaim our fears and ideas

            champion our ideals, dreams, and hopes for the future

             

            carry the heart and soul of our civilization forward, and keep it accessible. Long live the book.

            Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)

            Gutenberg.jpg

             

             

            Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press - the most important invention in modern times.

            Without books and computers we wouldn't be able to learn, to pass on information, or to share scientific discoveries. Prior to(before) Gutenberg invented the printing press, making a book was a hard process. It wasn't that hard to write a letter to one person by hand, but to create thousands of books for many people to read was nearly impossible. Without the printing press we wouldn't have had the Scientific Revolution or the Rennaisance. Our world would be very different.

            He was born in Mainz, Germany around the year 1398. He was the son of a goldsmith. We do not know much about his childhood. He moved a few times around Germany, but that's all we know for sure.

            Inventions

            Gutenberg took some existing technologies and some of his own inventions to invent the printing press in the year 1450. One key idea he came up with was moveable type. Rather than use wooden blocks to press ink onto paper, Gutenberg used moveable metal pieces to quickly create pages. He made innovations all the way through the printing process enabling pages to be printed faster. His presses could print thousands of pages per day vs. 40-50 with the old method. This was a dramatic improvement an allowed books to be acquired by the middle class and spread knowledge and education like never before. The invention of the printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe and soon thousands of books were being printed using printing presses.

            Among his many contributions to printing are:

            • The invention of a process for mass-producing movable type;
            • The use of oil-based ink for printing books (farba na olejovom základe)
            • Adjustable moulds (nastaviteľné formy)
            • Mechanical movable type (mechanická pohyblivá sadzba)
            • The use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses (skrutkový lis) of the period

            Combination of these elements into a practical system allowed the mass production of printed books.

            Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a type metal alloy (sadzba zhotovená zo zliatiny kovov) and a hand mould (ručná forma) for casting type (odlievanie sadzby). The alloy (zliatina) was a mixture of lead (olova), tin (cínu), and antimony  (antimónu) that melted (tavila sa) at a relatively low temperature for faster and more economical casting (odlievanie), cast well (dobre sa odlieval), and created a durable type (a vytvoril trvácnu sadzbu).

             

            First printed books

            It is thought that the first printed item using the press was a German poem. Other prints included Latin Grammars and indulgences for the Catholic Church. His real fame came from producing the Gutenberg Bible. It was the first time a Bible was mass-produced and available for anyone outside the church. Bibles were rare and could take up to a year for a priest to transcribe. Gutenberg printed around 200 of these in a relatively short time.

            http://www.ducksters.com/biography/johannes_gutenberg_bible_page.jpg

            The original Bible was sold for 30 florins. This was a lot of money back then for a commoner, but much, much cheaper than a hand-written version.

            There are about 21 complete copies of Gutenberg Bible existing today. One copy is worth about 30 million dollars.

             

            Vocabulary:

            Printing press – tlačiarenský stroj                                                   invention – vynález

            Pass on information – postúpiť, poslať ďalej informáciu

            Share scientific discoveries – zdieľať, podeliť sa o vedecké objavy

            Prior to – pred, skôr ako                                                                    invent – vynájsť

            Nearly – takmer                                                                                 Scientific Revolution – vedecko-technická revolúcia

            Goldsmith – zlatník                                                                            move – sťahovať sa

            For sure – naisto, s istotou                                                                 key idea –kľúčová/hlavná myšlienka (nápad)

            come up with – prísť s čím, vymyslieť                             moveable type – pohyblivá sadzba

            rather than – radšej ako, skôr ako                                  wooden blocks – drevené bloky/kvádre

            ink – farba, atrament                                                     metal pieces – kovové kusy

            all the way through – úplne, v celom                               enable – umožniť

            improvement – zlepšenie                                               allow – dovoliť, povoliť

            acquire – získať, dosiahnuť                                           spread – šíriť

            knowledge – vedomosti, znalosti                                               education – vzdelanie

            mass-produce – masovo vyrábať                                    oil-based ink – farba/atrament na olejovom základe

            adjustable – nastaviteľný                                               mould – forma

            wooden – drevený                                                         similar to – podobný ako

            agricultural – poľnohospodársky                                                screw press – skrutkový lis

            mass production – masová výroba                                 considered – považovaný

            consider – považovať                                                    include – zahŕňať

            type metal alloy – sadzba zhotovené zo zliatiny kovov    alloy – zliatina

            hand mould – ručná forma                                                         casting type – odlievanie sadzby

            type – sadzba                                                              mixture – zmes

            lead – olovo                                                                 tin – cín

            antimony – antimón                                                          melt – taviť sa

            low temperature – nízka teplota                                     durable – odolný, trvácny

            item – položka, kus                                                      German – nemecký

            poem – báseň                                                              indulgences – odpustky

            Catholic Church – katolícka cirkev                                 real – skutočný

            Fame – sláva                                                               available – dostupný

            Rare – vzácny, zriedkavý                                              take up to a year – trvať až rok

            Priest – kňaz                                                                    transcribe – prepísať

            Original – pôvodný                                                        commoner – bežný človek

            Copy – výtlačok                                                      worth - hoden

             

            copy this worksheet into your exercise books and fill it in plus learn parts of a book Parts_of_a_book_workshhet_filled_in.docx

            watch the following videos:

            Parts of a book:

            1.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DM1_ON0wIE8

            2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQyntYcGwik

            for more info click on the following linkhttps://www.slideshare.net/emaness4/parts-of-a-book?next_slideshow=1

            Acknowledgements/poďakovanie

            Contents/obsah

            Illustrations/ilustrácie

            Appendix/dodatok

            Cover(board)/kartónová obálka/ doska

            Index/index

            Bibliography/zoznam použitej literatúry

            Footnote/poznámka pod čiarou

            Jacket/prebal

            Blurb/anotácia, vydavateľská poznámka

            Foreword/predhovor, preddslov

            Preface/úvod

            Chapter/kapitola

            Glossary/glosár(slovník)

            Title/titul

            Výsledok vyhľadávania obrázkov pre dopyt parts of a bookAppendix• The APPENDIX includessupplementary (or extra)information found in theform of:– charts– lists– tables• Lo...

            1.  A __BIBLIOGRAPHY_______ is a list of the books and articles that were used in the preparation of a book. It usually appears at the end.
            2. The _ILLUSTRATIONS_____ are the photographs or drawings that are found in a book.
            3. The __ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS____ at the beginning or end of a book are where the author thanks everyone who has helped him or her, plus who supplied photographs, etc.
            4. A ____PREFACE_____________ is an introduction at the beginning of a book, which explains what the book is about or why it was written and it is written by the author..
            5. A ___CHAPTER______ is one of the parts that a book is divided into. It is sometimes given a number or a title.
            6. An ___APPENDIX______ to a book is extra information (charts, tables or diagrams) that is placed after the end of the main text.
            7. A _____ FOREWORD ____ is a preface in which someone who knows the writer and his or her work says something about them.
            8. An___ INDEX ___ is an alphabetical list that is sometimes printed at the back of a book which has the names, subjects, etc. mentioned in the book and the pages where they can be found.
            9. The ___CONTENTS ___ is a list at the beginning of a book saying what it contains.
            10. The ____GLOSSARY_______ is an alphabetical list of the special or technical words used in a book, with explanations of their meanings.
            11. A __FOOTNOTE____is a note at the bottom of a page in a book which gives the reader more information about something that is mentioned on the page.
            12. The ____BLURB____ is a short description by the publisher of the contents of a book, printed on its paper cover or in advertisements.
            13. Súvisiaci obrázokGlossary• The GLOSSARY containsdefinitions of difficultor unfamiliar wordsthat appear in the book.• The index:– a li...
            14. páska na knihe - belly band
            15. záložka prebalu - flap (front flap/back flap)
            16. prebal - dust jacket (includes title, author, illustrator and the publisher on the front and ISBN on the back
            17. knižný chrbát - spine (book back)
            18. kapitálik - head band (horný kapitálik) tail band (spodný kapitálik)
            19. oriezka - edging; horná oriezka - top edge, spodná oriezka - tail edge, fore edge -predná oriezka/okraj
            20. záložková stužka - flag book mark
            21. papierová záložka - paper book mark
            22. chrbátnik - head cap 
            23. polep - gluing
            24. knižné dosky - boards, back board -  zadná doska, front board - predná doska
            25. knižná drážka vonkajšia - joint
            26. vnútorná knižná drážka - hinge
            27. predsádka - endpaper, zadná p. - rear endpaper
            28. vakát - fly leaf
            29. knižný hárok - sheet
            30. list - leaf
            31. knižná zložka - signature
            32. kníhviazačstvo - bookbinding
            33. knižný blok - text blok
            34. titulný list - title page
            35. vydavateľský záznam - copyright page
            36. protititulný obrázok - frontispice
            37. patitul - half-title/bastard title
            38. ľavá strana - verso, pravá strana - recto

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

            14th May

            Modals of obligation

            https://www.oxfordonlineenglish.com/must-have-to-should

            http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar-vocabulary/grammar-videos/have-must-should-obligation-advice

            https://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2009101801-cviceni-modalni-slovesa-1

            18th April

            WB 24

            WB 26/ Vocabulary adjectives with -ed/-ing

            REVISE and talk about driver´s distractions SB 27-28, Listening Section 124/2.15, learn expressions from your exercise-books

            SB 28-29 Stereotypes - talk about the two researches

            GRAMMAR BANK 137/ 3 B:  make notes about definite and indefinite articles, no artilces and do exercises a and b.

            Predložkové väzby

            http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2011090304-pridavna-jmena-s-predlozkami

            http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2011090703-slovesa-s-predlozkami

             

            adjective + preposition

            Niektoré prídavné mená viažu na seba predložku. Väčšinou za predložkou nasleduje fráza s podstatným menom alebo zámeno. Niekedy môže nasledovať –ing forma.

            Neexistuje pravidlo, podľa ktorého priraďujeme predložky k prídavným menám. Učíme sa ich naspamäť.

            adjective + of somebody to do something (od niekoho pre niečo)

            nice of

            kind of

            good of

            generous of

            polite of

            stupid of

            silly of

            milé

            láskavé

            dobré

            štedré

            slušné

            hlúpe

            pochabé

            It was very kind of you to help me.

             

            It is stupid of me to go out without a coat in such cold weather.

             

             

             

            adjective + to somebody (na niekoho)

            nice to

            kind to

            good to

            generous to

            polite to

            rude to

            friendly to

            cruel to

            milý

            láskavý

            dobrý

            štedrý

            slušný

            drzý

            priateľský

            krutý

            They have always been nice to me.

             

            Why were you so unfriendly to Lucy?

             

             

             

             

             

            adjective + of

            afraid of*

            frightened of*

            terrified of*

            scared of*

            bojaci sa

            vystrašený

            vydesený

            majúci strach

            „Are you afraid of spiders?“ „Yes, I´mterrified of them.“

             

             

            fond of

            majúci rád

            I am fond of cooking.

            proud of

            hrdý

            I´m proud of my son.

            ashamed of

            hanbiaci sa

            He´s a fool. I´m ashamed of him.

            jealous of

            žiarlivý

            Why are you always so jealous of other people?

            envious of

            závistlivý

            He is very envious of his brother.

            suspicious of

            nedôverčivý

            He didn´t trust me. He was suspicious of my intentions.

            critical of

            kritický

            They were critical of Government´s new law.

            aware of

            conscious of

            byť si vedomý

            „Did you know he was married?“ „No, I wasn´taware of that.“

            full of

            plný

            The letter was full of mistakes.

            typical of

            typické

            He´s late again. It´s typical of him to keep everybody waiting.

            tired of

            sick of

            byť unavený

            chorý

            Let´s go, I´m tired of waiting.

            sure of/about

            byť si istý

            I think she´s arriving this evening, but I´m notsure of/about that.

            *synonymá

            adjective + with/about/at/by

            angry with*

            annoyed with*

            furious with*

            byť nahnevaný

            with somebody for doing something(pokiaľ sme nahnevaní na niekoho kvôli niečomu)

            Are you annoyed with me for being late?

             

            Pokiaľ sme nahnevaní na niečo používame predložku about

            It´s stupid to get angry about things that don´t matter.

            excited about

            worried about

            upset about

            nervous about

            happy about

            vzrušený

            majúci obavu

            nahnevaný

            nevózny

            šťastný

            about a situation – z nejakej situácie

            Are you excited about going away next week?

            Linda is upset about not being invited.

             

             

             

            delighted with*

            pleased with*

            satisfied with

            happy with

            disappointed with

            byť potešený

             

            byť spokojný

            byť šťastný

            byť sklamaný

            with something you receive, or the result of something (z niečoho čo ste dostali alebo z výsledku niečoho)

             

            I was delighted with the present you gave me.

            Were you happy with your exam results?

            fed up with

            bored with

            mať plné zuby

            I don´t enjoy my job any more. I´m fed up with it.

            I´m bored with it.

            crowded with

            preplnený

            The streets were crowded with tourists.

            impressed with/by

            zaujatý

            I´m very impressed with/by her English.

            surprised at/by

            shocked at/by

            amazed at/by

            prekvapený

            šokovaný

            ohromený

            Everybody was shocked at/by the news.

            I hope you weren´t surprised at/by what I said.

            *synonymá

            sorry + about/for (pociťujúci ľútosť)

            sorry about

            nad situáciou alebo niečím, čo sa stalo

            I´m sorry about the mess.

            We´re all sorry about Julie losing her job.

            sorry about/for

            nad niečím, čo si urobil

            Alex is very sorry about/for what he said.

            I´m sorry about/for shouting at you yesterday.

            v tomto prípade môžeme predložku vynechať

            I´m sorry I shouted at you yesterday.

            feel/be sorry for

            pociťovať ľútosť nad niekým kto je v zlej situácii

            I feel sorry for Matt. He´s had a lot of bad luck.

            adjective + at/to/from/in/on/for

            good at

            bad at

            brilliant at

            better at

            hopeless at

            dobrý v

            zlý v

            brilantný v

            lepší v

            zúfalý v

            I´m not very good at repairing things.

            She´s hopeless at maths.

            married to

            engaged to

            vydatá/ženatý

            zasnúbená/ý

            Linda is married to an American. but Linda ismarried with three children. (she has three children)

             

            similar to

            podobný

            Your writing is similar to mine.

            different from/to

            odlišný

            The film was different from/to what I´d expected.

            interested in

            majúci záujem

            Are you interested in art?

            involved in

            zúčastňujúci sa

            Some of the students are involved in the exchange programme.

            keen on

            dychtivý, nadšený

            We stayed at home because Chris wasn´t verykeen on going out.

            dependent on

            závislý

            I don´t want to be dependent on anybody.but independent of

            famous for

            slávny

            The Italian city of Florence is famous for its art treasures.

            responsible for

            zodpovedný

            Who was responsible for all that noise last night?

            prepared for

            ready for

            pripravený

            Are you prepared for writing a test

            21th February

            GB 136/3A ex.a to finish, ex. b + WB 18/ 3Grammmar ex. a

            8th February ANJ

            Retelling: Changing  Lives SB 19 LISTENING SECTION,46 (Jane´s trip to Africa + Adelante África
            Written homework: SB 20/ 5 Reading and listening, ex. b : Read the introduction TV presenter´s Amazon Challenge and answer the questions in detail. Be attentive and use the correct grammar. SB 20-21 PHONE CALLS 1-3 + Listening section page 124/1.52

            15th January

            HOUSING - skúšam ústne, prinieť si učebnicu English File, zopakovať si nepravidelné slovesá EF 165

            10 January

            WB 14/ex.d

            GB 135/ex. a, b

            SB 17/ Retell the millionaire´s story.

            8 January

            1 WB 14 all the exercises

            2 SB 17/ Retell the millionaire´s story.

            Use the layout and the expressions:

            James Pearce (James, his real name , he could never spell - Jeff was easier)

            FAMILY BACKGROUND: his chilhood:

            • he couldn´t read and write, not many people knew about dyslexia
            • he was good at selling things, his first experience as a salesman, going door-to-door asking for..., selling in the market
            • he could make many from anything
            • he was successful and famous

            Investments:

            1. In 1983 - owned a small boutique, leather trousers went on sale
            2. the nineties - he lost most of his money in the recession, was broke , even had to go back selling clothes in the markets
            • he never gave up
            • He set up a new business - a department store called Jeff´s made him a millionare again.
            • Even his two daughters did not realize that his father couln´t read ( a bedtime story, he felt ashamed, Why?)

            WORK

            • he calculated figures
            • his wife wrote cheques and read contracts

                   

                   3. In 1992 Pearce was awarded a Businessman of the YEAR prize for the best clothes store in Liverpool.

            • he told his friends and coleagues the truth
            • he decided to write a book abouth his experience
            • first he had to learn to read and write - he went to evening classes and employed a private teacher - a difficulty
            • then with the help of a ghost-writer, his autobiography A POCKET OF HOLES AND DREAMS was published  and became a bestseller.
            • His family were proud of him.

             

            13th December

            Vocabulary bank 154/ do the exercises

            Study vocab in your exercises-book and use it in 3-minute talk about being a saver or a spender.

            11th December

            ANJ WRITING SECTION page 113/ Read the two messages on Facebook. Then write an e-mail about a classmate/a teacher/a celebrity. Don´t name them. Use VOCABULARY BANK p.153 and shortly write about age, family background, work or study (1st paragraph), then about personality (2nd paragraph), after that about hobbies and interests (3rd paragraph) and in the end about any negative thing/s (4th paragraph).

             

            30th November/ THURSDAY

            KAJ I will examine the topic CULTURE AND ART. Be very well-prepared.

            27th NOVEMBER

            REVISION Grammar Bank  132-133,

            https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/future.htm

            Vocabulary bank 153, WB 5,7/ Grammar exercises,

            English File 1 in the  electronic dictionary (Link above homework

            DEADLINE for those students who haven't submitted the essay.

            Write about your favourite music and entitle your essay:

            I’m drawn to music that takes me to another place – a place I can escape to.”

            layout of the essay: 3 paragraphs

            1st paragraph - Introduction.

            Music as a performing art. How does music affect your life?

            2nd paragraph - Body (jadro)

            Introduce your genre(s)

            when and where you listen to music (when being blue, green, happy/unhappy, on your way to/from school, etc.)

            How does music change your mood?

            where is the imaginary place you escape to and why?

            3rd paragraph

            In conclusion/To sum up....

            summarize the main ideas, but do not just copy what you have written, use synonyms or rephrase the facts.

            Give your opinion

             

            16th November

            Vocabulary bank 153 Learn al the personality adjectives. You have to define them as well. Would you use any of them to describe yourself?

            REVISION - Future forms Grammar bank 133, WB 7

            2nd NOVEMBER KAJ

            Read and learn Yes!book Culture and art on page 20, learn vocabulary 23-24 and do TASK 2 and TASK 3

            2 CULTURE AND ART

            a)      Cultural options in the city and in the country (museums, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, concerts, the circus, dance)

            b)      Popular forms of culture and art (genres, famous personalities)

            c)       Attending cultural events

            d)      Music, film, theatre and folk festivals, atmosphere

            e)      Other forms of art – folk music, dance, painting, sculpture, architecture – well-known artists/performers

             

            A man should hear a little music, read a little poetry and see a fine Picture every day of his life. (J. W. Goethe)

             

                            Culture and art are part of everyday life of people. They add aesthetic value to our lives, enrich our mind and please our senses. Various cultural events present an interesting way of spending the free time of individuals, couples and families. Both culture and art are parts of national heritage of every country – all of them do their best to develop and promote it. Cities offer many cultural attractions to citizens and tourists.

                            Art is a way of communicating feelings. Artists express themselves in many forms – music, literature, architecture, painting, drawing, sculpture. Music, dance and theatre are performing arts. Painting, sculpture, architecture and photography are decorative arts.

                             Music has become a hobby, a profession and a part of the lifestyle of many people. Those who like classical music can enjoy a concert of philharmonic orchestra in a concert hall or attend a festival. Some of the festivals are held annually, such as the Bratislava Music Festival. Composers like Mozart, Beethoven and Bach have become the most important figures of the European musical heritage. Ode to Joy, a part of Beethoven’s masterpiece Ninth Symphony, became the anthem (hymna) of the European Union. Opera lovers can chose from a list of opera performances in one of the many opera houses, such as the Royal Opera House in London, where visitors can see both opera and ballet performances. A very famous concert venue in New York City is Carnegie Hall where concerts of classical as well as popular music are held. Spectators can enjoy it extraordinary acoustics.

                            Fans of different music styles – pop, rock, jazz, blues or country can enjoy the music at music festivals of the different genres, go to see their favourite singers or groups live at concerts or simply listen to CDs, MP3 players or watch concerts on DVDs. Thanks to digital technology the music industry supplies the market with all possible music genres recorded on many different types of media.

                            Slovakia is famous for its tradition of folklore music. Folklore groups dressed in traditional costumes dance at folklore festivals (the most famous is the one held in July in Východná). Young people prefer modern dance which includes many different types. Oriental dance is becoming very popular among women throughout the whole of Europe.

                            Dramatic art has a very long tradition in countries like England and France. The famous English theatre company, the Royal Shakespeare Company Theatre, brings together famous actors and directors of the world to work on the greatest plays. Numerous London theatres are concentrated in the West End, the entertainment heart of London, which remained a fashionable place for theatre and opera throughout the years. One of the major cultural events in Scotland is the Edinburgh International Festival which is a festival of classical music, opera, theatre and dance. Slovak theatre-goers can also enjoy various types of theatre performances. Musicals, performed at the New Scene Theatre in Bratislava, have become very popular in the last few years. Other favourite theatres in this town include the Slovak National Theatre, the Small Scene of the Slovak National Theatre, the Hviezdoslav Theatre, the Arena Theatre and many others.

                            Cinema generally enjoys great popularity. In Slovakia most films are of American productions; in the cinemas they are often shown with Slovak subtitles (titulky), on the TV they are dubbed (dabované). French, Spanish, and other foreign language film are quite rare, mostly presented at film festivals or in special film clubs. The most famous international film festivals are held in Cannes, Venice and Berlin. Ordinary small cinemas are now being replaced by large multi-screen air-conditioned complexes in shopping centres. Some of them have introduced three-dimensional (3D) films. In summer, people like to go to open-air cinemas. The number of cinema-goers has dropped throughout the years because films are now available on DVDs. They can be rented from DVD rental shops. Every year, actors, actresses, directors and screenplay writers are awarded a prize for their achievements in filmmaking. The Academy Award (Oscar) is the main national film award in the USA.

                            There is a great variety of media in which an artist can work. Paintings (Fine Art) of famous painters and sculptors (sochári) like Picasso, Van Gogh, Rembrandt, Claude Monet or Michelangelo are immortal and their artworks can be seen in a number of museums around the world. The National Gallery in London houses on of the greatest collections of European paintings in the world. The Tate Gallery is the national gallery of British art, also located in London.

                            Visitors to Bratislava can admire the colour paintings, landscapes, portraits and other works of arts in the Slovak National Gallery or the Bratislava City Gallery. The works of artists can be categorised into so called styles – Impressionism, Modernism, Surrealism, Naïve Art, Pop Art and others.

                            Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings. It includes town planning, urban design, landscape architecture (development of gardens, parks) and interior design (furniture). Many architectural works may also be seen as cultural and political symbols and they are often works of art. They can have both a functional and aesthetic character. Some new architectonic structures were made possible only thanks to new materials and the development of technology. Famous architects of the Renaissance period were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, who were also artists and scientists. At that time there was no clear dividing line between an artist and an architect one of the most famous architects of the 20th century was the controversial Austrian architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser, known for his revolutionary architectural designs.

                            Cultural events in the countryside are not that frequent. People who live in villages all their lives prefer gardening, visiting friends or watching TV. Many inhabitants of Bratislava have recently moved to villages, trying to get away from the busy city life as they do not live too far from the city, they can still enjoy the cultural life the city offers.

             

            Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist and architect. He lived from 1452-1519 and is a great figure of the Italian Renaissance. His painting an Italian nobleman’s wife called Zanoki del Giocondo, has become the most famous painting in the world, either under the tile La Giconda or the Mona Lisa.

                            Picasso was born in 1881 in Spain although he did most of his painting in France. He is generally recognised as one of the most inventive painters of the 20th century. He was already an accomplished (hotový, skvelý, majstrovský) artist at the age of 10, had his first exhibition aged 16 and continued painting well into his 80s. He is probably best known for his surrealist paintings.

                            The Impressionist movement was named after Monet’s painting Impression, Sunrise. The movement (smer, hnutie) is particularly concerned with light effects and Monet often painted his subjects at different times of day to explore these effects. Born in Paris, I 1840, he began his Impressionist paintings in the 1860s. The First Impressionist exhibition was held in 1874. Monet produced many paintings which are still popular today, including Haystacks and Rouen Cathedral.

                            Van Gogh is famous not only for his post-impressionist paintings but also for the wild temperament which led him to cutting off part of one ear and later committing suicide in 1890. The Dutch painter was born in 1853 and first worked as a schoolmaster in England before becoming a pointer. Like Picasso, he did most of his work in France, including his most famous paintings, The Sunflowers and The Chair.

                            As well as being an artist, Andy Warhol, was also an accomplished filmmaker. He was born in Pittsburgh in 1928, a son of Slovak immigrants. After studying at an art college, he became one of the leading commercial artists of the 1950s, with his Pop Art style – including pictures of soup cans and drinks bottles. He was shot by a radical feminist in 1968 but survived. He carried on painting until his death in 1987.

            Modern art is not about any one thing in particular. It reflects many concerns of modern life. For instance, with its strange jumble (zmes, miešanica) of colours, lines and shapes, it may not appear to be anything recognisable. It may depict real objects but in an unusual or distorted (prekrútený, skreslený, skomolený) way. Modern art does not usually tell a story. Instead, it may evoke feelings, ideas, and impressions which are hard to put into words. At the beginning of the last century, many artists turned away from the traditional depiction of nature. Photography, which was developed in the 1830s, had freed artists from the need to copy what they saw. They instead began to explore ideas about art itself or tapping their own feelings. They were also trying to express their feelings about changes that they experienced in the world around them.

            6th November

            FUTURE FORMS

            Grammar bank 133 /ex. a, b

            23rd October

            Revise the articles MOOD FOOD and The truth about healty eating in WB

            18th OCTOBER

            WRITTEN HOMEWORK

            1 LISTENING section page 122/ 1.7 a 1.8 read and learn the scripts and answer the questions in SB page 6/ex. d, e

            2 SB 7/ ex. a, d

            5th OCTOBER

            ENGLISH FILE Learn Vocabulary bank 152

            TEST FAMILY

             

            9th OCTOBER KAJ

            Write a description of a member of your family in about 220-250 words on extra paper. 

            Submit by MONDAY 9th October.

            Please, divide your essays into paragraphs - introduction, body, conclusion.

            MY FAMILY                                         

            I Introduction     - What comes to  mind when you hear the word “family”?

            II Body              - What kind is your family? Describe a functioning family.

                                       - What kind of parents do you have? How well do you get on with them?

                                  - How do you share housework in your family?           

                                  - Characterize a family member - his/her character and character traits-

                                     and describe his/her physical  appearance. Write about a little bit about his/her

                                     past life, your relation to him/her, your opinion of him/her, and his/her current

            III Conclusion    - Are you happy with your family?

            4th October

            TEST COLOURS AND COLOUR MIXING Click on the links and revise + your notes.

            1 Vocabulary Bank 152 / Write all unknown words into your vocabulary exercise-book and learn them and revise the rest of words.

            2 Revise (look at 2nd October)

            !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

            2nd OCTOBER

             

            1 Learn Colours, Colour Mixing and Colour Psychology

            2 Revise J.Gutenberg,  2D and 3D graphics and Making a good layout

            COLOUR MIXING

            video we watched today dealing with rgb vs cmyk  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hirYMZ7PQc

             

            Additive Colour Mixing RGB

            Subtractive Colour Mixing CMYK

            Red + Green = Yellow

            Cyan + Magenta = Blue

            Blue + Green = Cyan

            Magenta + Yellow = Red

            Red + Blue = Magenta

            Cyan + Yellow = Green

            Red + Green + Blue = White

            Cyan + Magenta + Yellow = black (Key)

            Used in: monitors, projectors, scanners                Used in: printers

            COLOUR THEORY:

            Whatever is used in the way of technical aids or colour classification systems must be aligned with

            1. the colour perception of the eye of the human observer
            2. and in the range of spectrum of electromagnetic waves visible to the human eye.

            Both additive and substractive colour mixing processes occur in modern reproduction theory.

            WATCH!!!!!!!

            video explaining primary, secondary and tertiary and complimentary colours https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1CK9bE3H_s&t=2s

            video about psychology of colours https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6ImJkv7F_Q

            or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8n9BzzWy4zY

            In additive colour mixing light is emitted by the source of its own.

             

            Colour psychology

             

            By using color psychology, you can send:

            • a positive or negative message
            • encourage sales
            •  calm a crowd

            The latest colour psychology is focused  on marketing, particularly:

            • in logo design
            • web site design
            • the cover of a book
            • the package of a product.

            NOTE:

            This information will help you decided what colors to use in your marketing projects.

            Also remember for the World Wide Web, that different cultures have differing views on the meaning of color.

            Black

            Black is the color of authority and power, stability and strength. It is also the color associated with intelligence (doctorate in black robe). Black clothes make people appear thinner. In the western hemisphere black is associated with grieving.

            White

            For most of the world this is the colour associated with purity (wedding dresses); cleanliness (doctors in white coats) and the safety of bright light. 

            White is also associated with creativity (white boards, blank slates). It is a compression of all the colors in the color spectrum.

            Gray

            Gray is most associated with the practical things in life. Some shades of gray are associated with old age, death, taxes, depression or a lost sense of direction but gray is often associated with giving a helping hand, strong character

            Red

            Red is the colour of energy. It's associated with movement and excitement. 

            Red is the symbol of life and, for this reason, it's the colour worn by brides in China. Red is used at holidays that are about love and giving (red roses, Valentines hearts, Christmas, etc.)

            Blue

            Seeing the colour blue actually causes the body to produce chemicals that are calming; but that isn't true of all shades of blue. Over the ages blue has become associated with wisdom and loyalty (note how many uniforms are blue). People tend to be more productive in a blue room.

            Green

            The colour of growth, nature, and money. A calming colour also that's very pleasing to the senses. It is also the colour associated with envy, good luck, generosity and fertility.

            Yellow

            Cheerful yellow is the colour of the sun, associated with laughter, happiness and good times. It has the power to speed up our metabolism and bring out some creative thoughts. Some shades of yellow are associated with cowardice; but the more golden shades with the promise of better times.

            Orange

            It's the colour associated with funny times, happy and energetic days, warmth and organic products. It is also associated with ambition.

            Purple

            most royal colour that is associated with wealth, prosperity, rich sophistication. This colour stimulates the brain activity used in problem solving.

            Brown

            This colour is most associated with reliability, stability, and friendship and  with things being natural or organic. In India it is the colour of mourning.

             

            2D and 3D GRAPHICS

            GRAPHICS

            There is a basic difference between pixel and vector graphics.

            2D Graphics

                Pixel graphics use a grid or screen of small square picture elements (pixels) for displaying graphics (bitmaps). Each pixel has a particular position and a particular colour value. Because the total number of pixels is always the same, the resolution is reduced if  the image is enlarged and the image then often looks jagged, not so sharp. Pixel graphics are created in drawing programs such as Microsoft Paint, MacPaint, Photoshop.

                 Vector graphics are created from mathematically defined lines (vectors) and curves (exclusively Bézier curves that can be processed in PostScript). Vectors draw pictures on the basis of their geometrical characteristics. Vector graphics are always suitable for showing sharp contour and details.

            Well known vector graphic programmes are Macromedia Freehand, Adobe Illustrator, and CorelDraw.

            Exchanged formats for vector graphics are, for example, EPS (Encapsulated PostScript), WMF (Windows MetaFile) and MacPICT. These formats are metafiles, that is, they can contain vectors as well as bitmaps.

            Note: HTML does not support vector data, so that all vector graphics must be changed into pixel format.

            JPEG is preferred on the Internet for contone images (photos.)

            2D computer graphics

            are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as typography, cartography, technical drawing, advertising, etc. The two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a real/world object. The 2D computer graphics give more direct control of the image than 3D computer graphics.

            2D graphics models may combine:

            ·        geometric models (also called vector graphics),

            ·        digital images (also called raster graphics),

            ·        text to be typeset ( defined by content, font style and size, colour, position, and orientation)

                   ·        mathematical functions and equations, and more.  

            These components can be modified and manipulated by two-dimensional geometric transformation such as translation,

            rotation, scaling.

            2D graphics software

            MacDraw(Macintosh), Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, free editors or drawing programs are e.g. xfig or Inkscape.

             There are also many 2D graphics editors specialized for certain types of drawings such as electrical, electronic diagrams, topographic maps, computer fonts, etc.

            3D computer graphics

            use a three dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images.

            In computer graphics software, the difference between 2D and 3D is blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and 3D may use 2D rendering techniques. (Rendering means the generation of pictures from digitally available scenes.)

            ANIMATION

            ANIMATION concerns the artificial generation by computer of objects in scenes.

            The chronological course of the scene is  determined by:

            ·        the sequence of movements

            ·        the viewer position

            ·        the line of vision

            The sequence is predetermined and cannot be changed by the viewer.

            Animation uses 3D visualizing technology and proceeds via extensive rendering processes back to series of halftone images, which, depending on quality, can achieve displays almost in photographic quality. FLASH is used frequently for animation.

            Rendering means the generation of pictures from digitally available scenes.

            VIDEO

            By VIDEO we mean the recording of chronologically arranged sequences of pixel images.

            The resolution and the number of images per second are determining factors for the amount of data.

            Digital formats are playing an increasing role in recording and transmission. All videos that are distributed via the Internet are digital. Examples are the Coding Standards Motion JPEG and MPEG.

            MPEG also allows the coding of a synchronized audio signal in addition to the video, i.e. picture and sound sequences.

            By SOUND/AUDIO we mean changes in pressure in gases, liquids or solids.

            In order to record acoustic signals, the sound signal is converted into an electrical signal, e.g. by microphone. If a signal is needed in a digital form, the acoustic/electric signals are scanned.

            You are learning the program for producing videos – PremiérPRO.

            VIRTUAL REALITY

            If one combines data of animations and adds an interactive component, e.g. joystick, 3D mouse, headset, or data glove, then one enters into virtual reality.

            On hardware side, it requires sophisticated projection or display technologies as well as the possibility to change the position and the viewing angle using a suitable tracking system.

             

            The variety of projecton technologies ranges from data helmets to projection rooms called CAVEs (CAVE = Cave Automated Virtual Environment).

            The basis for the necessary software is 3D visualization technology.

            The calculations for VR must be carried out in real time, that is, at the same time as it is displayed.

            MAKING A GOOD LAYOUT

            A Good Layout:

            • works (helps a reader quickly and easily understand a message)
            • is well-organized (shows what comes first, second, third, etc.)
            • is attractive (grabs a reader’s attention) to effectively communicate a message.
            •  

            The Elements of Design

            Knowing what the basic elements of design are and how to use them will help you make the right choices to create a good layout:

            1. LINE – any mark connecting any points
            2. SHAPE – anything that has height and width
            3. TEXTURE – the look or feel of a surface
            4. SPACE – the distance or area between or around things
            5. SIZE – how big or small something is
            6. VALUE – the darkness or lightness of an area
            7. COLOUR – the ultimate (neprekonateľný, vrcholný) tool for symbolic communication

             

            Basic Principles of Design and Layout

            How to organize:

            1. Use different sizes of type. (e. g. headlines are bigger than subheads)
            2. Put colours behind an important area of information.
            3. Use rules to separate information into groups.
            4. Change the weight of the type. (e. g. semi-bold stands out, but bold really stands out)
            5. Leave white area around information.
            6. Pick the best location. (e. g. the upper left corner is usually read first)
            7. Put pictures next to important copy. (e. g. they attract the eye and reinforce(posilniť, support) the message)
            8. Put type (písmo) in a box or give it an interesting shape.
            9. Call out items by putting bullets on front of them.
            10. Use different coloured or reversed type to separate and emphasize.

             

            How to attract:

            • Enlarge a photo of something small.
            • Surround a very small picture with a lot of open space.
            • Choose bright colour when the piece will be viewed in a grey environment, such as a text-heavy magazine.
            • Use a solid black area or a large white area for a newspaper ad.
            • Crop an image in an unusual way. (e. g. show an eye, not a whole face)
            • Use very large type for a thought-provoking or humorous headline.
            • Make the piece a different size and shape from other similar pieces.
            • Choose a paper with an interesting, noticeable texture or colour.
            • Set important information in an atypical way, e.g. set a headline on a curve or try a script font or face).

             

            Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)

            Pls, learn the basics about Johannes Gutenberg plus learn the vocabulary you can find below the text. In case you wish to download the stuff, just click on the following link J._Gutenberg2017._upravene.docx

            Výsledok vyhľadávania obrázkov pre dopyt johannes gutenberg

            Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)

             

            Johannes Guttenberg invented the printing press - the most important invention in modern times.

            Without books and computers we wouldn't be able to learn, to pass on information, or to share scientific discoveries. Prior to Gutenberg invented the printing press, making a book was a hard process. It wasn't that hard to write a letter to one person by hand, but to create thousands of books for many people to read was nearly impossible. Without the printing press we wouldn't have had the Scientific Revolution or the Rennaisance. Our world would be very different.

            He was born in Mainz, Germany around the year 1398. He was the son of a goldsmith. We do not know much about his childhood. He moved a few times around Germany, but that's all we know for sure.

            Inventions

            Gutenberg took some existing technologies and some of his own inventions to invent the printing press in the year 1450. One key idea he came up with was moveable type. Rather than use wooden blocks to press ink onto paper, Gutenberg used moveable metal pieces to quickly create pages. He made innovations all the way through the printing process enabling pages to be printed faster. His presses could print thousands of pages per day vs. 40-50 with the old method. This was a dramatic improvement and allowed books to be acquired by the middle class and spread knowledge and education like never before. The invention of the printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe and soon thousands of books were being printed using printing presses.

            Among his many contributions to printing are:

            • The invention of a process for mass-producing movable type;
            • The use of oil-based ink for printing books (farba na olejovom základe)
            • Adjustable moulds (nastaviteľné formy)
            • Mechanical movable type (mechanická pohyblivá sadzba)
            • The use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses (skrutkový lis) of the period

            Combination of these elements into a practical system allowed the mass production of printed books.

            Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included type metal alloy (sadzba zhotovená zo zliatiny kovov) and a hand mould (ručná forma) for casting type (odlievanie sadzby). The alloy (zliatina) was a mixture of lead (olova), tin (cínu), and antimony  (antimónu) that melted (tavila sa) at a relatively low temperature for faster and more economical casting (odlievanie), cast well (dobre sa odlieval), and created a durable type (a vytvoril trvácnu sadzbu)

            First printed books

            It is thought that the first printed item using the press was a German poem. Other prints included Latin Grammars and indulgences for the Catholic Church. His real fame came from producing the Gutenberg Bible. It was the first time a Bible was mass-produced and available for anyone outside the church. Bibles were rare and could take up to a year for a priest to transcribe. Gutenberg printed around 200 of these in a relatively short time.

            Click to view higher-resolution image

            The original Bible was sold for 30 florins. This was a lot of money back then for a commoner, but much, much cheaper than a hand-written version.

            There are about 21 complete copies of Gutenberg Bible existing today. One copy is worth about 30 million dollars.

            Vocabulary:

            Printing press – tlačiarenský stroj                                                   invention – vynález

            Pass on information – postúpiť, poslať ďalej informáciu

            Share scientific discoveries – zdieľať, podeliť sa o vedecké objavy

            Prior to – pred, skôr ako                                                                    invent – vynájsť

            Nearly – takmer                                                                                 Scientific Revolution – vedecko-technická revolúcia

            Goldsmith – zlatník                                                                            move – sťahovať sa

            For sure – naisto, s istotou                                                              key idea –kľúčová/hlavná myšlienka (nápad)

            come up with – prísť s čím, vymyslieť                                            moveable type – pohyblivá sadzba

            rather than – radšej ako, skôr ako                                                  wooden blocks – drevené bloky/kvádre

            ink – farba, atrament                                                                          metal pieces – kovové kusy

            all the way through – úplne, v celom                  enable – umožniť

            improvement – zlepšenie                                     allow – dovoliť, povoliť

            acquire – získať, dosiahnuť                                 spread – šíriť

            knowledge – vedomosti, znalosti                        education – vzdelanie

            mass-produce – masovo vyrábať                        oil-based ink – farba/atrament na olejovom základe

            adjustable – nastaviteľný                                     mould – forma

            wooden – drevený                                                 similar to – podobný ako

            agricultural – poľnohospodársky                         screw press – skrutkový lis

            mass production – masová výroba                     considered – považovaný

            consider – považovať                                            include – zahŕňať

            type metal alloy – sadzba zhotovené zo zliatiny kovov            alloy – zliatina

            hand mould – ručná forma                                                          casting type – odlievanie sadzby

            type – sadzba                                                                                  mixture – zmes

            lead – olovo                                                                                     tin – cín

            antimony – antimón                                                                       melt – taviť sa

            low temperature – nízka teplota                                                  durable – odolný, trvácny

            item – položka, kus                                                                        German – nemecký

            poem – báseň                                                                                 indulgences – odpustky

            Catholic Church – katolícka cirkev                                               real – skutočný

            Fame – sláva                                                                                   available – dostupný

            Rare – vzácny, zriedkavý                                                                 take up to a year – trvať až rok

            Priest – kňaz                                                                                     transcribe – prepísať

            Original – pôvodný                                                                          commoner – bežný človek

            Copy – výtlačok                                                                                 worth - hoden

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

            Opravná komisionálna skúška z ANJ v školskom roku 2016/2017

            HOANG, II. GMB

            1 Preštudujú všetky články v SB a WB v lekciách EF od 7 až po 12. Budú ovládať slovnú zásobu a rozprávať podrobne obsah. Dôkladne si doštudujete VOCABULARY BANK and GRAMMAR  BANK +  NEPRAVIDELNÉ SLOVESÁ - IRREGULAR VERBS, CELÉ OPAKOVANIE lekcií EF 7-12

            + elektronický slovník k učebnici uvedený na stránke: polygraficka.edupage.org pod Učitelia/Pastiriková/II.GMT

            GRAMMAR od 12 lekcie po 7

            Questions without auxiliaries, REPORTED SPEECH, Past Perfect, So/Neither do I,expressing movement, phrasal verbs and word order of phrasal verbs PHRASES WITH GET in Vocabulary bank 159 + WB 51/ 2 Vocabulary + Confusing verbs in VOCAB. bank page 160 + WB 53 + present perfect or past simple?  SECOND CONDITIONAL if + past, would +Infinitive,possessive pronouns,  CONDITIONALS I, GIVE ME ADVICE: You should / ought to ...  You shouldn´t / oughtn´t… MUST, MUSTN´T, HAVE TO ,  DON´T HAVE TO, uses of gerund, uses of infinitive with to

            SB 66-67 REVISE AND CHECK - Grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, reading

            SB 82-83 REVISE AND CHECK - Grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, reading

            SB 98-99 REVISE AND CHECK - Grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, reading

            DIALOGUES:

            SB 98-99 Practical English: GETTING AROUND – DIRECTIONS -  zopakujte si všetky frázy.

            SB 90-91 Telephone conversations- phrases

            TOPICS for speaking and writing

            HEALTH CARE from the worksheet: Human body, Symptoms and illnesses + At the doctor´s + Vocabulary,

            WB 70/ ex. b LAST DAY AT SCHOOL FOR BOY WITH DIRTY SHOES , Vocabulary bank 162 + WB 69,  Vocabulary bank 163 Learn all the phrasal verbs + WB 71, 72 STILL TIRED IN THE MORNING?

            SB 86 EARLY BIRD +  ex. a,b,c, d  

            SB Writing section page 117 + THERE ARE TOO MANY REALITY SHOWS ON TV. Do you agree?

            Všetky frázy a výrazy týkajúce sa rozhodovania pri veľkom výbere vecí: IS TOO MUCH CHOICE MAKING US UNHAPPY?

            TELL the content of the story DOLPHINS SAVE SWIMMERS FROM A SHARK ATTACK and retell it. Nezabudnite používať: suddenly, at that point, fortunately, then/after that, but/however, in the end.

            • who was swimming and where
            • why dolphins appeared and how they were behaving
            • a shark was sharing the water, describe it the situation, what dolphins were doing
            • the happy end

            The mothers of invention SB 76 Listening section 124 / 4.37 and Did you know...? SB 77, WB 67 the whole page

            Naučiť sa rozprávať o vynálezoch a používať vety v trpnom rode: ... was invented/was discovered/ were invented/were discovered Talk about one invention that changed your life.

            TALK ABOUT OUR SCHOOL:

            • What subjects (compulsory/elective; general/specialized) you learn. What you learn at practical training lessons. What subject you are good/weak at and why. What your most/least favourite subject is and why. 2 things you like about studying at your school. 2 things you would like to change and how.Who you would recommend to study at this school.

            ·         I am studying at Secondary School of Printing and Publishing. Now I am in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th class. This school prepares students for different professions in the fields of printing and publishing. A lot of its graduates start to work in publishing companies, printing houses, advertising agencies or graphic studios as web-designers (návrhári webových stránok), digital media designers (dizajnér digitálnych médií), pre-press technicians (technickí pracovníci zodpovední za prípravu tlače), printing machinery operators (operátori tlače),  digital printing operators (operátori digitálnej tlače), and bookbinders (kníhviazači). When I graduate I would like to work in___________ as

            A BIOGRAPHY - grandmother/grandfather/mother or father/ an actor/actress/singer, pripravte si životopis podľa predlohy na strane 116 v časti WRITING, cvičenie d

            SB 70-71 Phobias and words related to fear (máte ich v poznámkovom zošite: be afraid of, be scared of, be frightened of, feel a fear of)

            WB 48 READING about methods/ways how to learn foreign languages.

            SB 57/I will survive (in Spanish) or will I? Talk about the experiment in detail. Use all the phrases and expressions written in your exercises book.

            The Internet - Friend or Foe? Naučiť sa s použitím linking words rozprávať o pozitívach a negatívach elektronickej čítačky kníh: WB 46

            SB 54 Happiness is… What happiness is for you,  begin with HAPPINESS IS...

            SB 52: HOW TO ... Survive Meeting Your Girlfriend´s parents for the First Time + 3.23 Listening - your notes: Expressions to remember and use in your conversation: common interests. it´ll be easy to have a conversation with..., to make the right impression, it´s important NOT TO be late, shake the hand firmly / a weak handshake, be ready to answer, to want to know everything about your ambitions, offer to do the washing-up, don´t be a  "yes"man, ask for your opinion, try NOT TO talk about controversial subjects - this isn´t the moment to give your views on religion and politics,if the conversation is dying and you can´t think what to say..., it shows you have a deep interest in something.

             

            JUNE

            1 REVISION EF 7-12

            2 Revise IRREGULAR VERBS

            so slovenským prekladom

            http://www.gjar-po.sk/~visnovskyt4d/irregularverbs.pdf

             

            22 MAY

            http://a4esl.org/q/h/9901/tm-reported1.html

            http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-reported-speech.php

            http://www.examenglish.com/grammar/B1_reported_speech.htm

            In the lesson with Mrs. Prívozníková you will practise Past Tenses (Reported Speech  + BrE and AmE)

            In the second lesson with Mrs. Vozarská do the exercises on SB 98-99 Revise and Check

            18-19 MAY

            1 WB page 80/ 2 VOCABULARY ex. b, c

            2 REVISION EF 12 A, B, C

             

            4 MAY

            REPORTED/INDIRECT SPEECH

            Backshift

            You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e. g. He said). This is called backshift.  Example:

            He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.

            Direct Speech

            Reported Speech

            Simple Present

            Simple Past

            Present Continuous

            Past Continuous

            Simple Past

            Past Perfect Simple

            Present Perfect Simple

            Past Perfect Simple

            Past Continuous

            Past Perfect Continuous

            Present Perfect Continuous

            Past Perfect Continuous

            Future I (going to)

            was / were going to

            Future I (will)

            Conditional I (would)

            Conditional I (would)

            The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to do not normally change.

            Example:

            He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right.

            In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into reported speech.

            Direct Speech

            Reported Speech

            today

            that day

            now

            then

            yesterday

            the day before

             days ago

             days before

            last week

            the week before

            next year

            the following year

            tomorrow

            the next day / the following day

            here

            there

            this

            that

            these

            those

            REPORTED SPEECH/Indirect speech

            http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/reported.htm

            http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech

            http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/102.html

            http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?09

            http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?04

            http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?06

            3 MAY

            WB 78

             I will check your notes about PAST PERFECT TENSE in GRAMMAR BANK 148

            1 Revise IRREGULAR VERBS

            so slovenským prekladom

            http://www.gjar-po.sk/~visnovskyt4d/irregularverbs.pdf

            2 Phrasal verbs VB 163, WB 72, 77/ 3 VOCABULARY

            3 TRANSLATION EF 11, 12A, + Practical English SB 90-91

            4 REVISION: PAST PERFECT WB 76

             

             

             

            24 APRIL

            WB 74/READING ex. a, b

            WB 76 + make notes about PAST PERFECT TENSE in GRAMMAR BANK 148

            21 APRIL

            WB 76 + make notes about PAST PERFECT TENSE in GRAMMAR BANK 148

            19-20 APRIL

            TEST: Revise grammar - expressing novements WB 69, SO / NEITHER WB 73, phrasal verbs WB 71-72, prepostions WB 70, GRAMMAR BANK 146-147, SB 84-89 reading, listening and vocabulary parts + VOCABULARY BANK 162-163

            WRITING AN ARTICLE

             

            AN ARTICLE is usually written for an English-language magazine or newsletter. The main purpose is to inform, interest and engage the reader, so there should be some opinion or comment.

            Hints

            • Add a short title to catch the reader's attention. Make sure it is relevant. You can use the one in the question or invent one of your own.

            • Introduce the topic. Although you don't know the readers personally, you can address them directly and ask them a rhetorical question. It helps to involve them.

            • Divide your report into sections according to the input. One or two paragraphs will do.

            • Develop the ideas in the task input. Remember .

              • Use a personal or more neutral style, but not formal (you might use contractions).

              • It is important that you show a range of structures.

              • Give examples where appropriate to bring your article to life

              • Use humour where appropriate.

            • Give a conclusion and summary in the last paragraph.

            •  

            • Useful language for an article

            Involving the reader

            • Just imagine... Have you ever...? How would you feel if ...? Are you one of those people who ...?

            If the answer is ..., you should.... What would live be like if..

            Making the article lively and interesting

            • I was absolutely terrified when I realised... More importantly, it was something I...Not surprisingly, it's a good way of raising money. The tent was worryingly small for three people! It was the most amazing experience I have ever had

            Developing your points

            • Let's start with ... Another advantage of ... On top of that, ...

            Giving your own opinion

            • I think that / In my opinion ... It seems to me that ... If you ask me, ... To my mind...

             

             

            Article – Model question 1

            A charity event to remember
            What is the most unusual way you've raised money for charity? How did you do it? What did you have to do? Was the event a success? Would you do it again?
            Write us an article answering these questions.
            We will publish the best articles on our website.

            Write your article in 140-190 words in an appropriate style.

            Article - Model answer 1

            A charity event to remember
            So why did I decide to do a 90-km walk in six days along the Great Wall of China? Well, the reason was that our local children's hospital needed to raise money or it would be close. However, I didn't realise how big a challenge it would be.
            Before I went, I thought that I would be walking along a flat surface but when I saw the Great Wall, my heart sank. Part of the time we would be trekking up hundreds of high steps and, worryingly, some of the paths had steep falls on either side and there was nowhere to go because we were surrounded by mountains and forests. However, after a while, I started to love the experience. I was in one of the most amazing places on earth and the views were incredible.
            In the end, the adventure was a great success. The hospital was delighted because a group of us managed to raise several thousand pounds.
            Would I be keen to help the hospital again next year? Yes, but I think I'll try and find an easier challenge next time!
            [+/- 190 words]

            Article - Model question 2

            TASK: You see this announcement in an international magazine.

            Life on a desert island
            Imagine you were on a desert island. What important object, person or place in your life would you miss most? What would be the reasons?
            Write us an article answering these questions.
            We will publish the best articles in the magazine.

            Write your article in 140-190 words in an appropriate style.

            Article - Model answer 2

            Life on a desert island
            How would you feel about living on a desert island? I can't imagine anything worse! I'd miss a lot of things but most of all, I would miss my home.
            My home is a small house on the outskirts of a city. It was built about 50 years ago and has a small garden. In the summer, our country gets very hot but our house is always cool. You'd probably think our house is nothing special, but I have lived there all my life and all my friends live nearby. It's a happy place, where I feel completely safe. Whenever I go away, I look forward to coming back, lying on my bed, reading a book and listening to my brother and sister arguing downstairs!
            I love travelling and meeting new people, but if I were on a desert island, I'd be away from the place I love most: my home; and I would hate that. [+/- 160 words]

            Article- Model question 3

            TASK

            You see this announcement in an international magazine. 

            Articles wanted

            Lucky winners
            What would you do if you won a large sume of money. How would your life change? 
            Write us an article answering these questions. Give reasons.
            We will publish the best articles next month.

            Write your article in 140-190 words in an appropriate style.

            Article - Model answer 3

            Don't throw it all away!
            Have you ever dreamt of becoming rich unexpectedly? Just imagine what your life would be like! However, some people who get rich quickly are very careless with their money and end up being poorer than they were before.
            That's why I'd be very careful. I wouldn't want a completely different kind of life, so I'd start by putting some of it away, in case everything went wrong - set up a kind of "emergency fund". Then I would buy my hard-working parents a new home. They deserve it because they have always provided me with everything I've always wanted, even if it meant they had to go without. I would also give some money away to needy people who are struggling in the world and have no food. It would not be right to just spend the money on myself. Then I think I would take a year off from studying and travel round the world in great comfort. I've spent most of my live travelling on a limited budget and sleeping in hostels.
            After that, who knows? I'll see, but I certainly won't be buying any luxury cars
             

            6 April

            WB 72 TALK about 5 tips for getting a better night´s sleep + TIRED OF TECHNOLOGY

            5 April

            WB 72 READ about 5 tips for getting a better night´s sleep

            4 April

            REVISION
            TEXT ABOUT SB 83 DOLPHINS + SB 85 BAD LOSERS learn and be prepared for translation S-A

            WB 71 the whole page

            23 March

            NA SUPLOVANÝCH  HODINÁCH vo štvrtok:

            1 GRAMMAR BANK 147/11A, ex.b

            2 SB 85 / 4 READING and Speaking + exercises,

            3 SB 85 / 5 WRITING/ ex. a, b

            FRIDAY  24 March

            REVISION EF 9+10, retelling the contents of the articles SLEEP (WB 68), DOLPHINS (SB 83)

            22 March

            REVISE AND CHECK 83/READING + retell the story using appropraite language,  WB 68- read and be prepared to talk about SLEEP

            21 March

            After your practical training lessons + WB 68/4 READING

            Write an essay of about 200 - 250 words about your school. After introducing it and saying what year and branch of study you are studying include:

            • What subjects (compulsory/elective; general/specialized) you learn

            • What you learn at practical training lessons

            • What subject you are good/weak at and why

            • What your most/least favourite subject is and why

            • 2 things you like about studying at your school

            • 2 things you would like to change and how

            • Who you would recommend to study at this school

            Don’t forget about paragraphs, at least three – introduction, body, closing. Please, submit your essays to your English teacher by the end of the following week.

            13 March

            1 SB 82-83 Revise and check

            2 Revise, pls. - The Mothers of  Inventions and Did you know....? SB Listening section page 124 4.37, SB 77. Focus on vocabulary (words, phrases) and understanding the text. Grammar is also important (the passive voice)

            Try to translate the example:

            Keď bola ľuďom v hračkárskej spoločnosti po prvýkrát ukázaná spoločenska hra Monopoly, nemali záujem a povedali, že má 52 zásadných chýb vrátane toho, že ju trvá dlho hrať.

             

            10 March

            SB 81/4 VOCABULARY ex. b

            81/ 3 Speaking and Reading ex. b

            9 March

            Revise,pls. - Inventions and Did you know....? SB Listening section page 124 4.37, SB 77

            Grammar bank 145/10B ex. b to finish a few sentences

            WB 65/2 Grammar ex. a, b

            5 sentences + and - about your activities which you don´t do anymore now (USED TO)

            WB 63-64/ 2 GRAMMAR ex. a, b, c

             

            PASSIVE

            Trpný rod (the passive voice)

            TRPNÝ ROD v angličtine (THE PASSIVE VOICE) – tvorba / význam / použitie / základné pravidlá.
             

             


            Trpný rod je v angličtine veľmi používanou súčasťou gramatiky. Na začiatok je nutné povedať, že trpný rod je v anglickom jazykuoveľa viac používaný v porovnaní so slovenčinou. Do určitej miery to súvisí s nedostatkom koncoviek u anglických podstatných a prídavných mien a s ustáleným slovosledom anglickej vety. Pretože platí, že podmet môže byť vo vete iba pred slovesom, bolo potrebné vytvorenie štruktúry, ktorou je práve trpný rod. Pomocou neho sa zmení na podmet ľubovoľné podstatné meno, ktoré je vo vete s činným rodom predmetom. 

            V angličtine, v jednoduchej oznamovacej vete sa na prvom mieste vždy nachádza podmet (na rozdiel od slovenčiny, kde podmet môže byť aj na inom mieste – “Na druhom mieste sa umiestnil môj brat“, alebo môže byť dokonca aj nevyjadrený -“Prší.“) . Napríklad: “It (podmet) is raining.” / “The car (podmet) is green.” / “My mother (podmet) worked in the office.” 

            Pokiaľ tento podmet vykonáva nejakú činnosť, hovoríme, že sloveso je v činnom rode. Naopak, keď podmet prijíma činnosť, sloveso je v trpnom rode.

            Máme pred sebou dvojicu viet:

            1. ČINNÝ ROD:  Lisa rozbila okno. =  Lisa broke the window.
            2. TRPNÝ ROD: Okno rozbila Lisa. = The window was broken by Lisa.
            • Ak podmet vety (osoba) vykonáva dej vyjadrený slovesom, používame činný rod. PODMET (= Lisa) vykoná istú činnosť (= BROKE THE WINDOW). PODMET činného rodu JE činiteľ deja (niečo vykonáva).
            • trpnom rode PODMET nevykonáva žiadnu činnosť. PODMET trpného rodu NIE JE činiteľ deja (na podmete je činnosť vyjadrená slovesom vykonávaná, no nie podmet sám ju vykonáva). V trpnom rode hovoríme, čo sa PODMETU stalo, prihodilo.

            Základná stavba trpného rodu 

            form-passive

            Trpný rod tvoríme tak, že sloveso BE dáme do správneho času, podľa toho, čo chceme, aby veta vyjadrovala (napr. BE v minulom čas WAS, BE v prítomnom čase IS / ARE apod.) + (akékoľvek) sloveso v minulom príčastí (done / written / made).

            Tense   Active Passive
            present simple  I clean the car. The car is cleaned (by me).
            present continuous   I am cleaning the car. The car is being cleaned (by me).
            past simple  I cleaned the car. The car was cleaned (by me).
            past continuous  I was cleaning the car. The car was being cleaned (by me).
            present perfect  I have cleaned the car. The car has been cleaned (by me).
            present perfect continuous  I have been cleaning the car. The car has been being cleaned (by me).
            past perfect  I had cleaned the car. The car had been cleaned (by me).
            future simple  I will clean the car. The car will be cleaned (by me).
            future perfect  I will have cleaned the car. The car will have been cleaned (by me).
            • A lot of people have been employed.
            • Nobody was injured in the accident.
            • The hotel was built in 2005.
            • The house is being cleaned at the moment.
            • Somebody was behind me. I was being followed.
            • America was discovered in …
            • He will be brought up by his uncle.

            OTÁZKA / ZÁPOR

            OTÁZKU tvoríme ako u samostatného slovesa TO BE – obrátením slovosledu medzi podmetom a tvarom slovesa.

              • When was the hotel built? (NIE! When was built the hotel?)

            ZÁPOR tvoríme ako u samostatného slovesa TO BE – pridaním NOT k slovu TO BE.

              • The hotel was not built in 2005.
              • The house isn’t being cleaned now.

            Utvorme si spoločne jednu ukážkovú vetu v trpnom rode krok za krokom:

            passive

            SLOVESO je clean. / PREDMET je my car.

            PREDMET činného rodu (my car) sa stáva PODMETOM trpného rodu.

              • My car …

            Ďalej potrebujeme sloveso BE v takom čase, v akom čase je sloveso v činnom rode. SLOVESO cleaned je v minulom čase, takže BE dáme do minulého času.

              • My car was …

            Nasledovne potrebujeme minulé príčastie slovesa, ktoré máme vo vete činného rodu.V našom prípade je to sloveso CLEAN a jeho minulé príčastie je CLEANED.

              • My car was cleaned …

            Následne už len stačí dokončiť vetu.

              • My car was cleaned 2 days ago.

            Použitie trpného rodu 

            Dej dôležitejší než činiteľ

            Podstatnejší je pre nás dej (čo sa komu prihodilo / stalo) než činiteľ deja (kto niečo urobil).

                • The cake was made.
                • My flight has been cancelled.

            Činiteľ deja nie je dôležitý

            Trpný rod používame vtedy, ak činiteľ deja nie je pre nás dôležitý. Často je z vety zrejmé a jasné, kto týmto činiteľom je.

                • He was expelled out of school. – Bol vylúčený zo školy. (= činiteľ deja – ten, kto žiaka vyhodil – vo vete nie je vyjadrený, pretože je všeobecne jasné a známe, že zo školy vás môže vyhodiť iba riaditeľ)
                • The man was arrested. (= nie je vôbec dôležité, aby sme do vety umiestňovali činiteľa deja, keďže je zrejmé, že ho zatkli policajti)

            Činiteľ deja je neznámy / zabudnutný

            Trpný rod používame vtedy, ak je činiteľ deja neznámy alebo sa na činiteľa deja zabudlo.

                • The car was stolen. (= činiteľ deja nie je známy)
                • At least ten people were killed. (= činiteľ deja je neznámy)

            Činiteľa deja zámerne nespomíname

            Ak činiteľa deja úmyselne nespomíname, pretože najčastejšie nechceme.

                • I was misled.Bol som uvedený do omylu. (= úmyselne nechceme povedať, kto bol činiteľ deja, kto nás uviedol do omylu)

            precvičte si pasív: http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1870

            Tense

            Active Passive
            Simple Present Peter builds a house. A house is built by Peter.
            Simple Past Peter built a house. A house was built by Peter.
            Present Perfect Peter has built a house. A house has been built by Peter.
            Past Perfect Peter had built a house. A house had been built by Peter.
            will-future Peter will build a house. A house will be built by Peter.
            going to-future Peter is going to build a house in summer. A house is going to be built in summer by Peter.

            27 February

            REVISION: PRESENT PERFECT and  PASSIVE + BIOGRAPHIES - orally without using any notes+ inventions

            PRESENT PERFECT

            http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv1&sub=prespersim

            http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv2&sub=prespersim

            http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv3&sub=prespersim

            PASSIVE

            http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/passiv.htm

            Monday 13the February -deadline by 7:00 PM

            A Biography (Writing section 116/ex. c). My mother/father/gradma/grandpa

            WB 64/2 Grammar ex. b, c

             

             

             

            10 February

            WB 63/2 Grammar ex. a

            1 invention (who, when, why?)

             

            PASSIVE

             

            Tense

            Active Passive
            Simple Present Peter builds a house. A house is built by Peter.
            Simple Past Peter built a house. A house was built by Peter.
            Present Perfect Peter has built a house. A house has been built by Peter.
            Past Perfect Peter had built a house. A house had been built by Peter.
            will-future Peter will build a house. A house will be built by Peter.
            going to-future Peter is going to build a house in summer. A house is going to be built in summer by Peter.

             

             

            9 FEB

            Grammar bank 145/10A ex. a (Passive)

            8 Feb

            SB 74-75 2 DIRECTIONS  3 Asking how to get there: learn all the phrases

            7 February

            1 Writing section page 116/Complete the sentences using the correct forms of verbs.

            2 Write a biography of an actor/actress, a singer on an extra paper according the instruction in Writing section, page 116/ex.c

            3 Learn Bob Marley and Ziggy Marley - biographies

            4 Revise Phobias

            Grammar bank 143/9B, ex. a, b

            Present perfect simple
            (Predprítomný čas jednoduchý)

            Je to čas, ktorý spája minulosť s prítomnosťou. Označuje aktivity, ktoré buď prebehli v minulosti a nejakým spôsobom súvisia s prítomnosťou alebo začali v minulosti a pretrvávajú do prítomnosti.

            1/ Ako tvoríme predprítomný čas jednoduchý

            Tvoríme ho pomocným slovesom "have / has (v 3. os. jed. čísla)" v spojení s trpným príčastím plnovýznamového slovesa.

            a) oznamovacie vety

            oznamovacie vety

            Pozor !!!

            V bežnej neformálnej komunikácii sa používa skrátený tvar pomocného slovesa:

            have -> have -> 've (z pôvodného "have" vypadla slabika "ha" a nahradili sme ju apostrofom )
            Pr.:
            I've done it
            We've already asked

            has -> has -> 's

            Pr.:
            He's been there.
            My brother's left.
             

            b) opytovacie vety bez opytovacieho slova

            opyt vety bez opyt slova

            c) opytovacie vety s opytovacím slovom

            opytovacie vety s opyt. slovom

            d) záporné vety

            Zaporne vety

            2/ Použitie jednoduchého predprítomného času

            • označuje deje, ktoré majú svoj (pôvod) začiatok v minulosti a pokračujú resp. platia aj v súčasnosti. Spájajú minulosť s prítomnosťou a často s nimi používame nasledovné časové príslovky: before now, so far, up till now, up to the present, It's the first time ..., ever, never, not...ever, since, for

              past -------------------------------> present


              Pr.:
              She has never eaten a mango before. (Ešte nikdy predtým nejedla mango. - hovorím to v súčasnosti a mám na mysli obdobie od minulosti až k momentu prehovoru)
              Tom hasn't been home since he was a boy.
              I've lived here for 5 years.
              I've planted about 20 bushes so far this morning.
              (do dnes rána)

              Pozor!!! Všimnite si rozdiel pri zmene časov:

              I've lived here for 5 years. - žijem tu už 5 rokov (stále)
              I lived here for 5 years. - žil som tu, ale už tu nebývam
              I am here for 5 weeks. - chystám sa tu zostať 5 týždňov
              I've been here for 5 weeks. - som tu už 5 týždňov

               
            • deje, ktoré sa uskutočnili v presne nešpecifikovanom čase resp. nie je dôležité, kedy sa odohrali, ale podstatné je, že vôbec prebehli. Zaujímajú nás skôr ich dôsledky. Používajú sa bez časových prísloviek alebo s príslovkami:
              Pr.:
              Have you written that letter? (zaujíma ma výsledok činnosti t.j. či je napísaný)
              Has he invited his parents for the party? (chcem vedieť, či prídu t.j. aký je dôsledok tejto aktivity)

              Ale

              Did he invite his parents for the party last week? (zaujíma ma nie dôsledok ale čas, kedy ich pozval)

              Príslovky typické pre tento druh deja:
              I've just arrived. - just stojí vždy za "have/has"
              He's recently arrived from London.
              I've already done it. - already sa používa len v oznamovacích vetách a stojí vždy za "have/has"
              Have you passed your driving test yet ? - yet sa používa len v otázkach a záporoch
              haven't passed my driving test yet.
              still haven't passed my driving test.
               
            • opakované deje, ktoré začali v minulosti a opakujú sa aj v prítomnosti, alebo predpokladáme, že sa budú uskutočňovať aj naďalej. Používame s nimi príslovky often, frequently, three/four/many times
              Pr.:
              She has always worked hard. - vždy pracovala ťažko a aj bude
              I've watched him on TV for several times. - videl som ho v TV niekoľkokrát a je predpoklad, že ho ešte uvidím.

            Since alebo for?

            Since - používame s časovými výrazmi, ktoré označujú konkrétny bod na časovej osi

            Since alebo for
            He`s lived here since 1998.
            We`ve known each other since our childhood.
            I haven`t seen him since he left.
            prekladáme "od / odkedy"

            He`s lived here for 15 years.
            We`ve known each other for a long time.
            I haven`t seen him for two weeks.
            prekladáme "už"

            http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv1&sub=prespersim

            http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv2&sub=prespersim

            http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv3&sub=prespersim

             

             

            • TALK ABOUT PHOBIAS using words related to fears  and DANGEROUS ANIMALS using conditional II
            • CONDITIONALS I and II - Grammar bank + WB
            • Revise PHRASES WITH GET in Vocabulary bank 159 + WB 51/ 2 Vocabulary + CONFUSING VERBS in VOCAB. bank page 160 + WB 53 
            • PHOBIAS using words related to fears  and DANGEROUS ANIMALS using conditional II

             

            • LEARN VOCABULARY + definitions: NATURAL DISASTERS
            • LEARN PHRASES WITH GET in Vocabulary bank 159 + WB 51/ 2 Vocabulary + Confusing verbs in VOCAB. bank page 160 + WB 53 + Conditional I WB 52
            • SB 66-67 REVISION - Grammar, vocabulary...

             

            1 Vocabulary bank: phrases with GET, confusing verbs - test

            2 LEARN HEALTH CARE from the worksheet:  2 Human body, Stress and fitness + At the doctor´s ... + the text below Health Care

            PRACTISE: Conditionals = podmienkové vety

            nulový kondicionál si môžete precvičiť v nasledovnom cvičení https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions1stedition/preint_unit_page/unit6/grammar/exercise2?cc=sk&selLanguage=sk

            http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/first-conditional-exercise-1.html

            http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/second-conditional-exercise-1.html

             

            Conditional sentences

            Conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English as a second language.

            Watch out:

            1. Which type of conditional sentences is it?
            2. Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)?

            There are three types of conditional sentences.

            type condition
            I condition possible to fulfill
            II condition in theory possible to fulfill
            III condition not possible to fulfill (too late)

            1. Form

            type if-clause main clause
            I Simple Present will-future or (Modal + infinitive)
            II Simple Past would + infinitive *
            III Past Perfect would + have + past participle *

            2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

            type if clause main clause
            I If I study, I will pass the exam.
            II If I studied, I would pass the exam.
            III If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.

            3. Examples (if-clause at the end)

            type main clause if-clause
            I I will pass the exam if I study.
            II I would pass the exam if I studied.
            III I would have passed the exam if I had studied.

            4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)

            type   Examples
                long forms short/contracted forms
            I + If I study, I will pass the exam. If I study, I'll pass the exam.
            - If I study, I will not fail the exam.
            If I do not study, I will fail the exam.
            If I study, I won't fail the exam.
            If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.
            II + If I studied, I would pass the exam. If I studied, I'd pass the exam.
            - If I studied, I would not fail the exam.
            If I did not study, I would fail the exam.
            If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.
            If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.
            III + If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
            - If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam.
            If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam.
            If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam.
            If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.

            * We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).

            • I would pass the exam.
            • I could pass the exam.
            • I might pass the exam.
            • I may pass the exam.
            • I should pass the exam.
            • I must pass the exam.

            ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

             Written homework:  SB page 60 for motivation:  page 61/ 6  WRITING ex. a Pick just one problem.

             Giving advice: I think you should..., You shouln´t ..., I don´t think you shoul... Why don´t you...?, You could...

                                                                                                                    ..

            BETKA, dopisovali ste iný test. Potrebujete doplniť preklad a gramatiku. + Hoang a Laura

            HEALTH CARE

            a) human body

            b) common diseases and diseases caused by current lifestyles, injuries, mental and physical conditions, seeing a doctor, at the chemist’s/pharmacy

            c) healthy lifestyles, physical and mental hygiene

            d) health care (prevention, vaccination)

            e) national/public and private health care, health insurance, specialists

            More and more people today start to realise that good health means a longer and happier life. That is why they take better care of their health than before.

            Most kinds of medicine begin when you’re ill. Preventive medicine begins when you’re well. The idea is very simple. If you make your body strong and healthy, then you won’t become ill. There are three ways to do this. They are: diet, relaxation, exercise. In general, a healthy person does not smoke, is at a healthy weight, eats healthy and exercises. The trick to healthy living is making small changes – taking more exercise, adding fruit and vegetables to your diet (strava), adding fruit to your cereal, having an extra glass of water, having enough sleep, avoid stress – these are just a few ways you can start living healthy without drastic changes.

            For many people, bad health begins with a bad diet. Some eat the wrong kind of food. Others eat too much or too little. It’s not surprising that people like this often become ill. On the other hand, people concerned about their health eat healthier food. They try to eat regularly, avoid eating chips, hamburgers, food in tins and packets. Instead, they try to eat fresh fruit and vegetables, brown bread, fish and white meat and reduce the amount of salt, fat, and sugar.

            Modern life is full of pressure and problems. Some people can control these. They sleep well, enjoy life, don’t worry very much and try to avoid stressful situations as much as possible. They know how to relax and that relaxation helps the body to rest and repair itself. Others are the opposite. They sleep badly, don’t enjoy life and worry all the time. People like this are suffering from stress. Stress is a kind of illness itself and it can lead to many others.

            Exercise is very important for good health. Without it the body becomes slow and fat. It also becomes weak and less able to fight illness. Unfortunately, modern life makes it very easy to be lazy.

            When we are ill, we usually see a doctor (GP – general practitioner). The doctor examines our body, asks about the symptoms and usually prescribes some medication, which is usually available on prescription in a pharmacy. In some cases we need to make an appointment with a specialist. When the illness is too serious to be treated at home, we are taken to hospital and sometimes even undergo surgery.

            People who are employed pay their health insurance monthly. They do not need to pay for basic health care and basic medication. When they want extra care or special treatment, they have to pay the extra costs. Some people decide to go to a private health care establishment (zariadenie), usually for surgical interventions, delivery or dental care.

            Everybody goes through various diseases during their childhood and adult life. Most of the diseases are not serious and do not take a long time to cure because we have efficient medication against them. Such diseases are flu, tuberculosis, or scarlet fever. However, there are diseases which we have problems to cure or cannot cure at all yet, such as cancer, AIDS or heart attacks (infarkt, srdcový záchvat).

            A healthy lifestyle, prevention and personal responsibility for our health can help us avoid possible dangers. Many people care about their health, go to the doctor for check-ups (kontroly), get eye exams done, weigh themselves regularly, get vaccinated and see the dentist twice a year. Others still need to learn that good health means a longer and happier life and that they need to care about themselves.

                            Human body consists of a head, neck, trunk, upper and lower limbs. It consists of blood, bones, muscles, skin and inner organs. The most important organs include a heart, lungs, stomach, liver (pečeň) and kidneys (obličky). A head consists of  hair and a face with eyes, ears, nose, mouth, lips, teeth, tongue, cheeks, chin, eyebrows, eyelashes, forehead and moustache or beard in men. An upper limb consists of a shoulder, an arm, an elbow, a wrist, a hand with fingers (index finger, middle finger, ring finger, little finger and a thumb). Trunk consists or chest in men and breasts in women (u žien), back, waist, sex organs and hips (boky). A lower limb consists of a thigh, a knee, a calf (lýtko), a shin (píšťala), an ankle, a foot with toes and a heel.

                            When you get ill, for example when you get food poisoning, flu, twisted ankle or cold you should see a doctor. If you want to see GP (general practitioner) you don’t have to make an appointment. If you need to see a specialist (an eye doctor) you have to make an appointment. You wait in the waiting room until the nurse calls your name. At the doctor’s surgery he usually asks about your symptoms. You tell him your symptoms. Then he takes your temperature and he examines your body. He tells you your diagnosis and prescribes you some pills, tablets, painkillers or drops. You go to the pharmacy/chemist’s and you show your prescription. They give you your medicine, you pay for the prescription and you go home. When you have got flu, you have to stay in bed, take your medicines, drink plenty of herbal tea with lemon and honey.

             

            SB 57 I will survive (in Spanish) or will I? -Talk in detail about doing a one-month intensive course in Spanish and about the tests Listening section page 22/L 3.38.

            V. Preiner - The Internet: Friend or Foe?

            Argumentative essay:  Childhood - the Best Time of Your Life?

            PRACTISE ONLINE

            http://www.examenglish.com/grammar/A2_Gerund_infinitive.htm

            Verb Patterns (slovesné vzorce)

             

            Slovesné vzorce, ač to zní matematicky, nemají s matematikou nic společného a jedná se v podstatě o jev, kdy se nám ve větě objeví dvě slovesa za sebou.

             

            Budu konkrétní:

            can ski. – sloveso v infinitivu bez TO
            want to ski. – sloveso v infinitivu s TO
            enjoy skiing. – sloveso v gerundiu (-ing)
            talked about skiing. – slovesná vazba s předložkou


            Sečteno a podtrženo, s jinými tvary druhého slovesa ve větě se nemůžete v angličtině setkat. Problém je však v tom, kdy který tvar zvolit a pravidla tady bohužel jsou jen minimální. Proto nezbývá nic jiného, než se naučit každé sloveso a jeho “vzorec” samostatně.

            Není třeba nikam spěchat. Mírně pokročilí studenti (a někdy i začátečníci) asi už znají všechny čtyři výše zmíněné příklady. Úmyslně jsem v úvodu zvolil slovesa základní, která patří do základní slovní zásoby.

            S vyšší pokročilostí ovšem přibývají další a další slovesa, ale jelikož se s nimi nesetkáte tak často jako např. se slovesem WANT, nemusíte si být jisti, který tvar druhého zvolit. Pokročilejší studenti se pak vzorce musí jednoduše naučit / nadrtit / nabiflovat.

            Slovesa následovaná infinitivem bez TO

            V této kategorii je sloves naštěstí jen několik. Hlavně jde o modální slovesa, kde studenti většinou nechybují.

            1) modální (způsobová) slovesa


            základní = can, may, must
            pokročilejší = could, might, will, would, shallshould

            can do it.
            Mayhelp you?
            You must obey

            2) slovesa LET a MAKE


            Další dvě specifická slovesa jsou LET a MAKE.

            Let me open the door for you.
            Don't make me laugh

            trpném rodě se sloveso MAKE váže s inifitivem s TO:

            was made to do it. 

             

            3) sloveso HELP


            Se slovesem HELP můžete použít infinitiv bez TO, ale také s TO:

            He helped her open the door.
            He helped her to open the door. 

             

            4) sloveso DARE


            Poslední v této kategorii je sloveso DARE (opovážit se, troufnout si), které může být modální (způsobové) sloveso, a váže se tady s infinitivem bez TO. Pracujeme s ním pak jako s modálním slovesem.

            zápor: DARE + NOT = DAREN'T
            otázka: DARE YOU…?

            Používá se však i jako běžné sloveso, se kterým pracujete jednoduše a váže se s infinitivem s TO, ale také bez TO.

            zápor: DON'T DARE
            otázka: DO YOU DARE…?

            Jako modální sloveso (bez TO):

            dare not go. = I daren't go.
            Dare you do it?
            How dare you do it? 


            Jako běžné sloveso (s TO i bez TO):

            I didn't dare (to) go.
            Do you dare (to) do it?
            Nobody dared (to) speak


            Slovíčko DARE patří také do kategorie sloves, po kterých je nejprve předmět a poté infinitiv (tato kategorie je zmíněna níže), a znamená pak “vyzvat někoho k něčemu”

            dare you to drink it! 

            Slovesa následovaná infinitivem s TO

            Tato kategorie je společně s následující kategorií ‘gerundium’ nejobsáhlejší, a taky se pokročilejším studentům nejčastěji plete.

            “Bude po slovese infinitiv nebo gerundium?” Nezbývá nic jiného, než se naučit jednotlivá slovesa.

            Bohužel není vše černobílé a anglická gramatika je toho důkazem. Problematika INFINITIV vs. GERUNDIUM není jen o tom naučit se zpaměti všechna spojení. Jde to ještě dál: některá slovesa se mohou pojit s infinitivem NEBO s gerundiem a nedochází ke změně významu. Jsou tu však i taková slovesa, kde dochází ke změně ve významu. Více se dozvíte níže.

            Ale nepředbíhejme. Následují příklady sloves, po kterých je infinitiv. (obsáhlejší seznam naleznete níže)

            Slovesa v této kategorii se dají rozdělit na dvě základní skupiny:

            1) slovesa, po kterých je přímo infinitiv

             

            afford: I couldn't afford to buy the book.
            agree: Susan agreed to help them.
            appear: He appears to be tired.
            decide: I have decided to leave on Friday.
            hesitate: Don't hesitate to contact us.
            hope: Jack hopes to arrive on Saturday.
            offer : They offered to help us.
            plan : I am planning to have a party.
            refuse: I simply refuse to believe it.
            want: I want to tell you the truth.
            wish: She wishes to come with us. 

             

            2) slovesa, po kterých je nejprve předmět a pak infinitiv

             

            ask: I asked Jim to help us.
            expect: I expect you to be here on Monday.
            hire: She hired a boy to mow the lawn.
            instruct: He instructed them to be careful.
            invite: Harry invited the Jacksons to come to his party.
            lead: The article leads me to believe it's true.
            order: The judge ordered me to pay a fine.
            teach: My brother taught me to swim.
            want: I want you to do it


            Určitě si všimnete, že některá slovesa jsou v obou kategoriích – může po nich být přímo infinitiv, nebo nejprve zájmeno a až pak infinitiv. Např:

            want to do it.
            want you to do it. 

             

            Slovesa a vazby následované gerundiem (-ing)

            Další velice obsáhlá sekce jsou slovíčka následovaná gerundiem (sloveso zakončeno -ing). I tato kategorie má několik podsekcí, jelikož sem patří i určité vazby. Opět si uvedeme jen několik příkladů, podrobnější seznam najdete níže.

            1) slovesa následovaná gerundiem (-ing)

             

            admit: He admitted stealing the money.
            avoid: He avoided answering my question.
            deny: She denied committing the crime.
            enjoy: We enjoyed visiting them.
            fancy: I don't really fancy doing it.
            imagine: Can you imagine living here?
            keep: I keep hoping he will come.
            miss: I miss being with my family.
            postpone: Let's postpone leaving until tomorrow.
            quit: He quit trying to solve the issue.
            recall: I don't recall meeting him before.
            recommend: I recommended calling her.
            suggest: She suggested going to the cinema. 


            Pozor si dejte například na sloveso suggest:

            She suggested going to the cinema.
            She suggested that he go to the cinema. 


            Podobně se chovají například slovesa recommend, propose, request, insist atd. Tento pro mnohé zvlášní gramatický jev se jmenuje konjunktiv.

             

            2) vazby se slovesem GO


            Pokud jdeme nebo jedeme dělat nějakou činnost (většinou sport nebo hobby), používáme sloveso GO, po kterém je také vždy gerundium. Zde jsou příklady:

            go bowling, go camping, go canoeing, go dancing, go fishing, go hiking, go hunting, go jogging, go running, go sailing, go shopping, go sightseeing, go skating, go skateboarding, go skiing, go swimming

            I usually go swimming in summer.
            went shopping yesterday. 

             

            Po slovesu GO může být i infinitiv (s TO i bez TO), pokud se nejedná například o oblíbenou činnost, ale o konstatování, že jdete něco udělat:

            I should go to see a doctor.
            I should go see a doctor.
            I should go and see a doctor.

             

            POZOR!

            Zde bych rád zmínil jednu typickou chybu.
            Pokud chci říct Uvažuji, že pojedu lyžovat, dochází k zajímavému jevu:

            jet lyžovat = go skiing (vazba se slovesem go, viz výše)

            uvažovat = consider (sloveso, po kterém je vždy gerundium)

            Celá tato věta je v přítomné čase průběhovém, proto:

            I am considering going skiing.

            Ano, budou tady tři slovesa s koncovkou -ING za sebou.

            Jedná se o průběhový čas, proto I AM CONSIDERING.
            Sloveso ‘consider’ se váže vždy s gerundiem, proto je GOING.
            ‘Jet lyžovat’ je ve vazbě GO SKIING.

            Studenti se na konci věty většinou “vylekají” a řeknou si, že nemůže být ING 3× za sebou a udělají chybu jako třeba I am considering going to ski.
            Tady jsou jasná pravidla a není důvod je porušovat, i když se vám zdá, že “to tak přece nemůže být”.

             

            3) ustálená spojení následovaná gerundiem

             

            Zde bych rád nakousl ještě jednu kategorii. Nejedná se o klasický slovesný vzorec, protože se tady nebudou za sebe klást dvě slovesa, ale jedná se přímo o vazby.

            have a good time: We had a good time playing soccer.
            have a hard time: We had a hard time finding the house.
            have a difficult time: I will have a difficult time making up my mind.
            have fun: We had fun playing football.
            have trouble: We had trouble looking for our car.
            have difficulty: We had difficulty filling in the form. 

             

            4) vazby sloves s předložkami (následované gerundiem)

             

            Asi nebude novinkou, že po předložkách je vždy gerundium, ale problém je vybrat tu správnou předložku. Tady opět nezbývá nic jiného, než se tyto vazby naučit. Proto bez dlouhého vysvětlování následuje seznam těch nejužitečnějších:

            ABOUT

            argue about: We argued about going on holidays.
            be excited about: I am excited about going on holiday.
            be thrilled about: I was thrilled about going camping.
            be worried about: I am worried about taking the exam. 


            ABOUT / OF

            complain about / of: Susan complained about having a headache.
            dream about / of: I dream about going to Hawaii.
            speak about / of: He spoke about being concerned about his health.
            talk about / of: Peter talked about being too busy.
            think about / of: I was thinking about going on holiday. 


            FOR

            apologize for: David apologized for being late.
            be responsible for: Who is responsible for taking care of invoices?
            be thankful for: I was thankful for not having to go there.
            blame (sb) for: Don't blame me for breaking it.
            forgive (sb) for: Please forgive me for doing that.
            have an excuse for: He always has an excuse for not coming.
            have a reason for: Paul has a good reason for doing it.
            thank (sb) for: Thank you for coming


            FROM

            discourage (sb) from: My girlfriend discourages me from racing.
            keep (sb) from: She kept me from finishing the task.
            prevent (sb) from: He prevented her from going there.
            prohibit (sb) from: Paul prohibited us from smoking.
            stop (sb) from: He stopped the child from running into the street. 


            IN

            believe in: I believe in doing good deeds.
            be interested in: I am interested in skiing.
            participate in: He participated in searching.
            succeed in: She succeeded in setting up her own business. 


            OF

            approve of: My parents don't approve of me coming home so late.
            be accused of: She was accused of stealing the present.
            be capable of: He isn't capable of telling lies.
            be guilty of: The jury found him guilty of stealing the bike.
            be tired of: I am tired of having to work all day.
            instead of: *Instead of* watching TV, I decided to go to the cinema.
            take advantage of: You should take advantage of living here.
            take care of: She took care of welcoming the guest. 


            ON

            concentrate on: I concentrated on doing it perfectly.
            depend on: Our health depends on taking time to recharge our batteries.
            insist on: I insist on knowing the whole truth!
            plan on : I'm planning on attending the meeting.
            rely on: I really relied on being accepted to that school. 

             

            TO

            admit to: She admitted to going there secretly.
            be accustomed to : I am accustomed to working late hours.
            be committed to : We are committed to providing the best medical care.
            be opposed to: She was opposed to him doing such things.
            be used to: I am used to getting up early.
            confess to: She confessed to having an affair.
            look forward to: I look forward to seeing you.
            object to: I object to him saying such things. 

             

            POZOR!

            Poslední část je pro studenty nejsložitější. Má to jeden velmi prostý důvod – předložka TO. Problém je v tom, že tady je TO předložka, a proto je po ní gerundium (to going). Jenže slovíčko TO může být taky částice infinitivu (to go).

            A v tom je právě kámen úrazu. Studenti mají tak silně zakořeněnou právě infinitivní vazbu TO GO, že jim spojení TO GOING přijde jednoduše špatně.

            Výsledkem je pak klasická chyba např. v dopisech: I look forward to see you.

            Sloveso těšit se (look forward) je vždy následováno předložkou TO.

            těšit se NA něco = look forward TO something

            look forward to seeing you.

            Několikrát se mi stalo, že mi studenti jednoduše nevěřili, protože již tolikrát viděli v dopisech např. “I look forward to see you” nebo “I look forward to hear from you.”

            Pokud se vám to taky nezdá, tak přemýšlejte se mnou:

            go swimming = jít plavat

            talked about going swimming.
            Tady vás spojení about going asi nepřekvapí. ABOUT je přece předložka.

            I am looking forward to going swimming.
            Tady je spojení to going a i zde je předložka, tentokrát TO.

            Stejné by to bylo napřiklad v další klasické chybě

            I am used to get up early.

            jsem zvyklý NA něco = I am used TO something

            TO je tady předložka, proto bude správně věta:

            I am used to getting up early.

             

            INFINITIV vs. GERUNDIUM

            Když se na tento gramatický jev podíváte jako na celek, tak zjístíte, že první krátká kategorie sloves, po kterých je infinitiv bez TO, je docela jasná – jde skoro výhradně o modální (způsobová) slovesa. Další kategorie jsou vazby. Co je ovšem největší problém i pro pokročilé studenty, to je INFINITIV vs. GERUNDIUM.

            Jak jsme si ukázali výše, někdy je po slovesech infinitiv, někdy gerundium. V odstavcích výše bylo jen několik příkladových sloves, podrobnější seznam najdete v závěru článku.

            Další problém však je, že některá slovesa se mohou pojit jak s infinitivem, tak s gerundiem. A někdy dochází ke změně ve významu a někdy ne.

             

            1) infinitiv vs. gerundium – bez změny významu


            Jako první uvedu slovesa z té jedodušší kategorie – ať po nich dáte infinitiv nebo gerundium, význam zůstává stejný:

            advise: She advised me to wait. / She advised waiting.
            can't bear: I can't bear to wait / waiting in long lines.
            begin: It began to rain / raining.
            continue: He continued to speak / speaking.
            prefer: Janet prefers to walk home. / I prefer walking to running.
            start: It started to rain / raining


            V zásadě však platí pravidlo, že pokud je již ve větě jedno gerundium, a my si můžeme vybrat, volíme infinitiv: It's starting raining It's starting to rain

            Pokud ve větě gerundium není, výběr je na nás:
            It started raining = It started to rain

            Malý problém nastává u sloves ADVISE a PREFER – jejich význam se však nemění:

            ADVISE

            Uvedeme-li ve větě předmět, musíme použít infinitiv:
            He advised me to buy a Volvo. 

            Bez předmětu je pak nutno použít gerundium:
            He advised buying a Volvo. 

            trpném rodě je však i bez zájmena infinitiv:
            was advised to buy a Volvo. 

            PREFER

            Samotné sloveso PREFER se váže většinou s infinitivem:
            prefer to stay home. 

            Se slovesem PREFER se však váže předložka TO, jako např. ve větě:
            prefer tea to coffee. 

            Proto musíme použít u dalších sloves gerundium:
            prefer staying home to going to the concert. 

            S infinitivem je to taky možné, ale věta bude složitější:
            I'd prefer to stay home rather than to go to the concert.

            Ve zkrácené podobě pak:
            I'd prefer to stay home than go to the concert.

             

            2) infinitiv vs. gerunidum – změna ve významu


            Některá slovesa se vážou s infinitivem i gerundiem, ale dochází ke změně ve významu:

            REMEMBER + FORGET
            U těchto dvou sloves platí stejné pravidlo, proto si je vysvětlíme společně.

            She always remembers to lock the door.
            He often forgets to lock the door. 

            Ve větách výše chronologicky nejprve přichází děj slovesa remember / forget a pak činnost:
            nejprve si vzpomene, pak zamkne
            nejprve zapomene, aby pak zamkl

            remember seeing the Alps for the first time.
            I'll never forget seeing the Alps. 

            V těchto větách naopak nejprve přišla nějaká činnost, na kterou budu vzpomínat nebo zapomenu:
            nejprve jsme viděl Alpy, a to si pak budu pamatovat
            nejprve jsem viděl Alpy, a na to pak nikdy nezapomenu

            Pro lepší pochopení se nyní pojďme věty se zamykáním a Alpami přehodit:

            She remembered to lock the door. X She remembers locking the door.
            She remembered to see the Alps. X She remembers seeing the Alps. 

            She forgot to lock the door. X She forgot locking the door.
            She forgot to see the Alps. X She forgot seeing the Alps. 


            REGRET

            Podobné je to se slovesem regret. Když použiji infinitiv, nejprve lituji toho, co pak udělám. Naopak pokud použiji gerundium, lituji toho, co jsem před tím udělal:

            regret to tell you that you failed the test.
            regret lending him the money. 


            HATE

            Podobně i zde, pokud použijete infinitiv, jste neradi, že musíte něco udělat. Gerundium naopak označuje obecnou nevoli:

            hate to tell you that you failed the test.
            hate making such stupid mistakes. 


            TRY

            Se slovesem TRY je to trochu jinak. Pokud použijeme infinitiv, pokusíme se něco udělat. Nevíme, jestli se nám to podaří.

            Pokud použijeme gerundium, pak víme, že se nám to podaří, ale jde nám o výsledek.

            I'm trying to learn English.
            Can you try to open the window? I think it's stuck.
            The room was hot. I tried opening the window, but it didn't help. 


            LIKE

            Rozdíl mezi použitím gerundia a infinitivu je pouze drobný:

            like going to the cinema.
            They like working out. 

            He likes to go swimming in the morning.
            She likes to buy a strong coffee before work. 


            Zde si můžeme pomoci tím, že pokud se bavíme obecně, použijeme gerundium. Naopak pokud se bavíme o konkrétnější situaci, použijeme infinitiv. Dokonce třeba ani nechceme říct, že je to naše oblíbená činnost, ale prostě to rádi děláme z nějakého důvodu.

            Toto pravidlo však rozhodně není černobílé. Například v AmE se setkáte nejčastěji s infinitivem.

            NEED

            Za sloveso NEED dáváme běžně infinitiv:

            You need to go there and tell him.
            We need Chris to help us. 


            Pokud však říkáme, že něco potřebuje nějakou činnost, a někdo to musí udělat, použijeme gerundium:

            The car needs washing


            MEAN

            Sloveso MEAN má dva základní významy. Pokud vyjadřuje “znamenat” a zajímá nás výsledek, použijeme gerundium:

            Do you really want to pass the test? It will mean studying very hard. 


            MEAN ale může znamenat také “zamýšlet, mít v úmyslu”. Pak použijeme infinitiv:

            I didn't mean to hurt you. 

             

            STOP

            Pozor na sloveso STOP. Je po něm pochopitelně gerundium (stejně jako po všech slovesech, která znamenají ukončení činnosti). Ale lze po něm použít také infinitiv účelu:

            stopped smoking. = Přestal jsem kouřit.
            stopped to smoke. = Zastavil jsem se, abych si zakouřil.

             

            infinitiv vs. gerundium – obecná pomůcka

            Pokud jste v situaci, kdy se máte rozhodnou jestli po daném slovese bude infinitiv nebo gerundium, a nemáte po ruce žádný seznam nebo jinou pomůcku, můžete se řídit následujícím:

            Gerundium se často používá v případě, že činnost popisovaná druhým slovesem se odehrává před činností popisovanou prvním slovesem:

            She denied stealing the money. = popírá něco, co udělala dříve


            Infinitiv má opačné pravidlo: sloveso první se odehrává před slovesem druhým, časově jdou slovesa chronologicky po sobě:

            She decided to steal the money. = nejprve se rozhodla a pak ukradla


            Toto pravidlo však není zdaleka stoprocentní.

            Slovesa HEAR a SEE

            Slovesa smyslového vnímání HEAR a SEE mají svá specifika a nehodí se do žádné výše uvedené kategorie.

            Lze po nich použít infinitiv bez TO nebo gerundium a i zde dochází k mírné změně ve významu, která souvisí s českou dokonavostí a nedokonavostí:

            saw him cross the street.
            saw him crossing the street. 

            He saw the tree fall down.
            He saw the tree falling down. 

            heard her knock on the door.
            heard her knocking on the door. 

            She heard her parents argue in their bedroom.
            She heard he parents arguing in their bedroom. 


            Pokud použijete infinitiv (bez TO), vyjadřujete, že jste viděli nebo slyšeli celou akci. Naopak při použití gerundia vyjadřujete, že jste viděli či slyšeli pouze část. Nezaměřujete se na dokonaný děj.

            Po těchto slovesech nelze použít infinitiv s TO.

             

            Seznamy sloves

            Jelikož již znáte problematiku infinitivů a gerundií, je na čase seznámit se s nejdůlěžitými slovesy z obou kategorií.

            U sloves, která se pojí s infinitivem i gerundiem je poznámka:
            hvězdička (*) = nedochází ke změně ve významu
            křížek (+) = dochází ke změně ve významu, nebo použití

            Slovesa, po kterých následuje infinitiv: 

            afford

            convince

            intend*

            regret+

            advise*

            continue*

            learn

            remember+

            agree

            dare

            like+

            remind

            allow*

            decide

            long

            require

            appear

            deserve

            love*

            seem

            arrange

            enable

            manage

            start*

            ask

            encourage

            mean+

            struggle

            attempt*

            expect

            need+

            swear

            (be) able

            fail

            offer

            teach

            beg

            forbid

            order

            tell

            begin*

            force

            permit

            threaten

            care

            forget+

            persuade

            trouble

            choose

            happen

            plan

            try+

            cause

            hate+

            prefer*

            urge

            challenge

            help

            prepare

            volunteer

            can't bear*

            hesitate

            pretend

            wait

            choose

            hire

            propose*

            want

            claim

            hope

            promise

            warn

            consent

            instruct

            refuse

            wish


            Slovesa, po kterých následuje gerundium: 

            admit

            deny

            involve

            recall

            advise*

            detest

            keep

            recollect

            allow*

            dislike

            like+

            recommend

            anticipate

            endure

            love*

            regret+

            appreciate

            enjoy

            mention

            remember+

            avoid

            escape

            mean+

            resent

            attempt*

            excuse

            mind

            resist

            begin*

            fancy

            miss

            risk

            can't bear*

            finish

            need+

            start*

            can't help

            forget+

            permit*

            stop

            consider

            forgive

            postpone

            suggest

            contemplate

            hate+

            practise

            try+

            continue*

            imagine

            prefer*

            understand

            delay

            intend*

            propose*

            (be) worth

            Pozn.: Frázová slovesa v těchto seznamech nejsou obsažena, ale pochopitelně platí stejné pravidlo i pro ně, např:

            He continued / carried on / went on speaking.
            She postponed / put off leaving until tomorrow.

             

            infinitiv a gerundium – zápor

            Pokud chcete vyjádřit záporný infinitiv nebo gerundium, je anglická gramatika naštěstí jednoduchá: Před infinitiv nebo gerundium vložíte záporku NOT:

            He pretended to know the answer.
            He pretended not to hear

            regret calling him.
            regret not calling him. 

             

            ZÁVĚR

            Co napsat závěrem. Pokud jste dočetli až sem (a nepřeskakovali), tak vám jde jistě hlava kolem.

            Zde platí to, co u každého gramatického jevu. Začít pomalu od začátku, protože naráz se to nedá vše zvládnout.

            Obzvláště tato gramatika, protože se týká všech anglických sloves (samozřejmě tady nejsou napsána všechna slovesa, ale je tu již slušná slovní zásoba) a je zbytečné učit se slovní vzorec ke slovesu, které zatím moc neznám.

            Ale pokud se budu učit nové sloveso, je ideální naučit se také rovnou jeho správné spojení s dalším slovesem. Určitě je dobré vědět základní spojení, která jsou zmíněna hned v úvodu. A pak, až se budete učit další nová slovesa a budete je používat, je dobré občas se mrknout na tuto gramatiku.

            V budoucnosti máme v plánu se ke gramatice slovesných vzorců vracet ve formě krátkých článků, které se budou zaměřovat hlavně na ta slovesa, se kterými se pojí infinitiv i gerundium a mění se tak jejich význam.

            Získané znalosti si můžete procvičit v testech:

            Verb patterns 1:

            http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2008083006-test-verb-patterns-1

            Verb patterns 2:

            http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2008110205-test-verb-patterns-2

            Verb patterns 3:

            http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2011102302-test-verb-patterns-3

            Gerundium vs. Infinitiv 1:

            http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2006071601-gerundium-vs-infinitiv-cviceni-1

            Gerundium vs. Infinitív 2:

            http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2006071602-gerundium-vs-infinitiv-cviceni-2

            Gerundium vs. Infinitív 3:

            http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2006071702-gerundium-vs-infinitiv-cviceni-3

            Grammar bank

            Learn 138 grammar rules, 139/ 7C ex. b  + GRAMMAR in VOCABULARY BANK on page 158 Verbs + Infinitive

            ORAL PERFORMANCE: WB 44/4 READING, 46/d Reading the digital way + tips how to survive at a party  and a first date (Communication section,  page 103, 107), HOW TO ... Survive Meeting Your Girlfriend´s parents for the First Time on page 52 + 3.23 Listening - your notes

            GRAMMAR in VOCABULARY BANK on page 158 Verbs + Infinitive

            DOPISOVAČI:

            TUESDAY OR WEDNESDAY  classroom N 106 

            Lukácsová, Machovič, Preiner, Scherhaufer, Šebo - INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

            Wiliam Šuška

            Expressions to remember:

            common interests. it´ll be easy to have a conversation with..., to make the right impression, it´s important NOT TO be late, shake the hand firmly / a weak handshake, be ready to answer, to want to know everything about your ambitions, offer to do the washing-up, don´t be a  "yes"man, ask for your opinion, try NOT TO talk about controversial subjects - this isn´t the moment to give your views on religion and politics,if the conversation is dying and you can´t think what to say..., it shows you have a deep interest in something.

            Verbs + Gerund, exercises in WB page 43, 45

            http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-1.html

            http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-2.html

             

             

             

             

            WB 42 / 2 VOCABULARY, 45/1GRAMMAR ex. a, b

            Grammar bank 139/7A ex. a, b, WB 42/GRAMMAR ex.a, b, c, d

            English File page 52:

            Learn TIPS in the article HOW TO ... Survive Meeting Your Girlfriend´s parents for the First Time Tips to get right your stress while also  meeting people for the first time.

            Expressions to remember and use in your conversation:

            common interests. it´ll be easy to have a conversation with..., to make the right impression, it´s important NOT TO be late, shake the hand firmly / a weak handshake, be ready to answer, to want to know everything about your ambitions, offer to do the washing-up, don´t be a  "yes"man, ask for your opinion, try NOT TO talk about controversial subjects - this isn´t the moment to give your views on religion and politics,if the conversation is dying and you can´t think what to say..., it shows you have a deep interest in something.

            Learn a few essential facts about  Graphics programmes and WEB GRAPHICS + Rules of creating a website

            10 Rules of Web Design

            Follow these guidelines to create great websites

            1. Simple is beautiful.
              Cramming (nahustenie; cram – napchať) too much into each page creates confusion (zmätok). Visitors get frustrated when they have to scan through rows of links and images to find what they are looking for. By keeping your pages simple, your website will be easier to use.
            2. Design is paramount (najdôležitejší, prvoradý).
              When you meet someone for the first time, you want to make a good first impression. The same should be true for your website. The overall look and feel of your site is the first thing your visitors will notice.
            3. Navigation should be intuitive.
              There are few things more frustrating than not being able to find certain content on a website. Pages should be well-organized with a top-down design so that visitors can easily browse (prezerať si) through the different sections on your website.
            4. Consistency (jednotnosť, konzistencia, stálosť - uniformity)  is key. 
              Visitors shouldn't feel like they are visiting a new website each time they open a new page on your site. Consistency among the pages on your site makes navigation a much easier task.
            5. Colors are crucial (rozhodujúci, záväzný - essential).
              Color selection can make or break a website. Most of us have visited websites that are simply painful to look at. When choosing colors, use a consistent palette of colors that don't clash  (nebyť v rozpore) and make sure there is a strong contrast between the text and the background.
            6. Make your website responsive (vnímavý, citlivý, prístupný).
              People will access your website using a wide variety of devices – from smartphones to desktop computers. Therefore, it is important that your website displays correctly on different screen sizes. Using CSS media queries (query–dopyt) is a great way to implement responsive web design.
            7. Develop for multiple browsers.
              Browsers (prehliadače) are supposed to display webpages the same way, but they don't. Therefore, make sure to check your website on multiple browsers to make sure everything appears (objaviť sa) correctly. It is best to catch problems ahead of time instead (namiesto) of relying (rely-spoliehať sa) on complaints (sťažnosti) from your visitors.
            8. Check your website for errors.
              As any experienced editor will tell you, a great piece of work can be tarnished (pošpinený, potupený; spoilt) by a small error. Webmasters should regularly check their websites for typos, broken links (nefungujúce odkazy), and images that do not load (načítavať) correctly.
            9. Write your own code.
              Whether it's HTML or PHP, nothing beats writing your code from scratch. If you use “build your site” from templates (predloha) and pre-written scripts, you will be clueless when something goes wrong. If you code (zakódovať, zašifrovať) your own pages, you will have full control over how they look and act.
            10. Don't forget the content.
              Even if your site is beautifully designed, it is no more than an empty shell without content. A good website has both great design and great content. Therefore, make sure all your pages have unique, original content that makes them worth visiting.

            Revise J.Gutenberg

            Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)

            Gutenberg.jpg

            Johannes Guttenberg invented the printing press - the most important invention in modern times.

            Without boks and computers we wouldn't be able to learn, to pass on information, or to share scientific discoveries. Prior to (before) Gutenberg invented the printing press, making a book was a hard process. It wasn't that hard to write a letter to one person by hand, but to create thousands of books for many people to read was nearly impossible. Without the printing press we wouldn't have had the Scientific Revolution or the Rennaisance. Our world would be very different.

            He was born in Mainz, Germany around the year 1398. He was the son of a goldsmith. We do not know much about his childhood. He moved a few times around Germany, but that's all we know for sure.

            Inventions

            Gutenberg took some existing technologies and some of his own inventions to invent the printing press in the year 1450. One key idea he came up with was moveable type. Rather than use wooden blocks to press ink onto paper, Gutenberg used moveable metal pieces to quickly create pages. He made innovations all the way through the printing process enabling pages to be printed faster. His presses could print thousands of pages per day vs. 40-50 with the old method. This was a dramatic improvement an allowed books to be acquired by the middle class and spread knowledge and education like never before. The invention of the printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe and soon thousands of books were being printed using printing presses. He used a special metal combination that consisted of lead, antimony and tin.

            First printed books

            It is thought that the first printed item using the press was a German poem. Other prints included Latin Grammars and indulgences for the Catholic Church. His real fame came from producing the Gutenberg Bible. It was the first time a Bible was mass-produced and available for anyone outside the church. Bibles were rare and could take up to a year for a priest to transcribe. Gutenberg printed around 200 of these in a relatively short time.

            The original Bible was sold for 30 florins. This was a lot of money back then for a commoner, but much, much cheaper than a hand-written version.

            There are about 21 complete copies of Gutenberg Bible existing today. One copy is worth about 30 million dollars.

            Branding refers to:

            Brand, a name, logo, slogan, and/or design scheme associated with a product or service.

            Branding agency, a type of marketing agency which specializes in creating brands.

             

            The objectives that a good brand will achieve include:

            • Delivers the message clearly

            • Confirms your credibility

            • Connects your target prospects emotionally

            • Motivates the buyer

            • Concretes User Loyalty

             

            How To Define Your Brand

            This is the first step in the process of developing your brand strategy.

            Here's How:

            1. What products and/or services do you offer? Define the qualities of these services and/or products. What are the core values of your products and services? What are the core values of your company?

            2. What is the mission of your company? What does your company specialize in?

            3. Who is your target market? Who do your products and services attract?

            4. What is the tagline (catchphrase) of your company? What message does your tagline send to your prospects?

            5. Is the personality of your company innovative, creative, energectic, or sophisticated?

            6. Which characteristics and qualities get the attention of your prospects.

            7. Create a profile of your brand. Describe the personality or character with words just as if you were writing a biography or personal ad. Be creative.

            Creating a company identity

            - is an essential task to open your doors for business.

            COMPANY IDENTITY is a combination of coloured schemes, designs, words, etc. that make a visual statement itself and communicate company's business philosophy.

            The company identity is your business’ face in the market.

            A logo serves as the foundation of your company identity. It is the image that represents your company. It is also found on company websites and promotional materials.

            A logotype refers to the verbal aspect of the logo. This includes any words or letters that are a part of the logo itself.

            While a logo can exist without logotype, a logotype can either be a part of the logo or can be the logo itself. Whether you use a logo with only imagery, only text or a combination will depend on your personal taste and what best suits your business.

            Slogan

            A logotype can also include a company slogan as well. For example, Southwest Airlines will sometimes include a phrase with their logo such as "share the spirit."

            Font

            The font of the logo can be both the logo and the logotype. For example, the Coca Cola logo is primarily composed of words. However, the font is so distinct and specific it becomes a design, which makes it also a part of the logo itself.

            StationeryThe company identity can go further than a simple logo. When a tagline or a character is added, the simple image and phrase becomes iconic. This symbol of your company will be reproduced on all stationery. The letterhead, envelopes and mailing labels complete the physical set up for the corporate identity.

            Website

            The company website is another important step. Your company identity will be among the first things noticed when customers visit your website.

             

            Tvorba značky – Branding

            Brand identity - the general expression of a brand – including its name, trademark, communications, and visual appearance – is brand identity.

            Brand - is the "name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's product distinct from those of other sellers." It is used in business, marketing, and advertising.

            Branding is a complex of activities beginning with - Creation of a brandname, logo (color combination, symbols), slogan, positioning, communication with customers, strengthening brand name, price creation, public relations and activities of a relationship "seller - customer".

            Brand elements

            Brands typically are made up of various elements, such as:

            • Name: The word or words used to identify a company, product, service, or concept.

            • Logo: The visual trademark that identifies the brand.

            • Tagline or Catchphrase: "Im lovin it" is associated with Mc Donalds.

            • Graphics: The dynamic ribbon is a trademarked part of Coca-Cola's brand.

            • Shapes: The distinctive shapes of the Coca-Cola bottle and of the Volkswagen Beetle are trademarked elements of those brands.

            • Colours: Owens-Corning is the only brand of fiberglass insulation that can be pink.

            • Sounds: A unique tune or set of notes can denote a brand.

            • Scents: The rose-jasmine-musk scent of Chanel No. 5 is trademarked.

            • Tastes: Kentucky Fried Chicken has trademarked its special recipe of eleven herbs and spices for fried chicken.

            • Movements: Lamborghini has trademarked the upward motion of its car doors.

            • Customer relationship management

             

            The brand name is quite often used confused with "brand", a "brand name" constitutes a type of trademark.

             

            Types of brand names

             

            • Initialism: A name made of initials such, as UPS or IBM

            • Descriptive: Names that describe a product benefit or function, such as Whole Foods, Airbus or Toys R' Us

            • Alliteration and rhyme: Names that are fun to say and stick in the mind, such as Reese's Pieces or Dunkin' Donuts

            • Evocative: Names that evoke a relevant vivid image, such as Amazon or Crest

            • Neologisms: Completely made-up words, such as Wii or Häägen Dazs.

            • Foreign word: Adoption of a word from another language, such as Volvo or Samsung

            • Founders' names: Using the names of real people, (especially a founder's name), such as Hewlett-Packard, Dell, Disney

            • Geography: Many brands are named for regions and landmarks, such as Fuji Film

            • Personification: Many brands take their names from myths, such as Nike

            • Punny: Some brands create their name by using a silly pun, such as Lord of the Fries, Wok on Water or Eggs Eggscetera

             

             

            1. what is graphics?
            2. where does the word come from and what it means in its original language?
            3. 1990s and their significance from the point of view of computer graphics
            4. software you use to create computer graphics
            5. golden rules to create your webpage

             

             

             

            Future Simple Tense

             

            Will, shall (Jednoduchý budúci čas)
            1 Vyjadrenie budúceho stavu alebo deja (fakt):
                He will be 40 in June. Oil will float on water.
            2 Silná pravdepodobnosť (predpoveď):
            3 Sľub alebo hrozba:
               Don\'t worry, I won't be late. I'll do my best to help you.
            4 Ponuka alebo žiadost:
               Shall I give you a lift? Will you do something for me?
            5 Okamžité rozhodnutie:
                It is hot in here. I'll open the window.

             

             

             

            TOO       TOOMUCH          TOO MANY           ENOUGH

            http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-6980.php

            http://www.better-english.com/grammar/toomuch.htm

            http://www.dpu.ac.th/dpuic/online-exercises/class9/Enough,%20not%20enough,%20too%20many%20etc.htm

            Too and Enough

            Too and enough indicate degree. They are used with adjectives.

            • Too means more than what is needed.
            • Enough means sufficient.

            Examples

            He is too old to play football with the kids.
            Dave is intelligent enough to do the write thing.
            You're not working fast enough
            I don't have enough time.
            He has too many friends.
            She has got too much patience

            Use of too and enough

            1.Enough precedes adjectives and adverbs:

            He isn't old enough to watch this program.
            We're not walking quickly enough.

            2.Enough may also precede nouns:

            We have enough money .
            I have not got enough money to buy this computer.

            3.Too comes before adjectives and adverbs:

            It's too hot to wear that coat.
            I was driving too fast.

            4. Too may also come before nouns when it is used with the expressions too much and too many.

            a. Too much is used before uncountable nouns.

            There is too much salt in this food.

            b. Too many is used before countable nouns

            There are too many students in this classroom.

             

             

            Comparatives and Superlatives

            https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbs/adjectives/compare-exercises

            http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/45.html

            http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/242.html

            https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectives-adverbs/adjectives/exercises

             

            Stupňovanie prídavných mien v angličtine sa, tak ako v slovenčine, rozdeľuje na dve skupiny: pravidelné a nepravidelné. Pre nepravidelné prídavné mená neexistuje spoločné pravidlo, tie sa musíme iba naučiť. 2. stupeň prídavných mien sa nazýva aj komparatív a slúži na porovnánie / prirovnávanie prídavných mien. 3. stupeň, t.j. superlatív – hovorí o unikáte, o niečom, čo je naj- a vždy pri ňom používame určitý člen THE.

            Pravidelné stupňovanie prídavných mien
            V závislosti od dĺžky slova sa rozdeľuje na dve skupiny: stupňovanie jedno- a dvojslabičné a dvoj-viacslabičné.

            Jednoslabičné prídavné mená stupňujeme príponami -er a -est, do tejto skupiny patria aj tie dvojslabičné prídavné mená, ktoré sa končia na -y.

            1. stupeň 2. stupeň 3. stupeň
              Prípona -er Prípona -est
            quick quicker the quickest
            easy easier* the easiest*
            big bigger** the biggest**

            Poznámka:
            * – prídavné mená končiace sa na y – po pridaní prípony -er, -est sa koncovka -y zmení na -i.
            ** – jednoslabičné prídavné mená zložené zo spoluhlásky / samohlásky / spoluhlásky – po pridaní prípony -er, -est sa posledná spoluhláska zdvojí.

            Dvoj- a viacslabičné prídavné mená už nestupňujeme príponami, nakoľko samotné slovo je už dlhé a príponou by sme ho iba predlžovali. Na tento účel používame výrazy more/less a the most/least.

            1. stupeň 2. stupeň 3. stupeň
            intelligent more intelligent the most intelligent
            important less important the least important
            cosmopolitan more cosmopolitan the most cosmopolitan

             

            Nepravidelné stupňovanie prídavných mien
            Neriadi sa konkrétnym pravidlom, v každom stupni majú prídavné mená vlastný tvar.

            1. stupeň 2. stupeň 3. stupeň
            good better the best
            bad worse the worst
            far further/farther the furthest/farthest
            much more the most
            little less the least
            little smaller the smallest

             

             

            PRÍDAVNÉ MENÁ s -ing / -ed

            “I am interested / interesting in travelling?” Ktorá možnosť je správna? Aký je rozdiel medzi prídavnými menami končiacimi na ING a ED? Téma tohto článku je snáď už nad slnko jasná…

             


            V angličtine vieme z niektorých slovies vytvoriť prídavné mená s koncovkou ‘-ing‘ alebo ‘-ed‘.

            Untitled 66

            Takýmito slovesami sú napr.:

            • AMAZE, ANNOY, ASTONISH, FRIGHTEN, EXCITE, BORE, TIRE, EXHAUST, INTEREST

            interested

            Takto vytvorené prídavné mená nevyjadrujú to isté. Napr. príd. meno INTERESTING nemôžeme voľne zamieňať s príd. menom INTERESTED.


            ‘-ing’ adjectives

            • He’s an interesting singer.
            • an annoying habit

            -ing prídavné mená opisujú charakter podmetu (= vyjadrujú vlastnosti vecí, osôb, dejov).

            • It was an amazing trip. -> Aký bol ten výlet? Za aký ho pokladám? Ako ho viem vlastnosťami charakterizovať? (= bol jednoducho skvelý)
            • an interesting film -> Aká je charakteristická črta filmu? Aký ten film je? (= zaujímavý)

            ‘-ed’ adjectives

            • I am frightened of spiders.
            • I am shocked.

            -ed prídavné mená opisujú pocity podmetu (= ako sa cíti / čo vnútorne prežíva / aký má k niečomu postoj).

            • I am interested in hockey. -> Aký postoj zaujímam voči hokeju? (= hokej ma zaujíma)
            • I am bored. -> Ako sa cítim? Čo vnútorne prežívam (= som znudený)

             


            SB 33 / READING with understanding: write down the words you don't understand.

            Try to do exercise b on page 32 in 4 READING

            Rozprávanie o fashion designer: SB 30-31, naštudovaná slovná zásoba

            WB 27- 2 GRAMMAR

            TEST PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE + A FASHION DESIGNER

            Who wants to practise

            http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-simple-present-perfect-4.html

            More practice:

            http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=3660

            http://www.my-english.edu.pl/index.php?id=53

            Present perfect simple
            (Predprítomný čas jednoduchý)

            Je to čas, ktorý spája minulosť s prítomnosťou. Označuje aktivity, ktoré buď prebehli v minulosti a nejakým spôsobom súvisia s prítomnosťou alebo začali v minulosti a pretrvávajú do prítomnosti.

            1/ Ako tvoríme predprítomný čas jednoduchý

            Tvoríme ho pomocným slovesom "have / has (v 3. os. jed. čísla)" v spojení s trpným príčastím plnovýznamového slovesa.

            a) oznamovacie vety

            oznamovacie vety

            Pozor !!!

            V bežnej neformálnej komunikácii sa používa skrátený tvar pomocného slovesa:

            have -> have -> 've (z pôvodného "have" vypadla slabika "ha" a nahradili sme ju apostrofom )
            Pr.:
            I've done it
            We've already asked

            has -> has -> 's

            Pr.:
            He's been there.
            My brother's left.
             

            b) opytovacie vety bez opytovacieho slova

            opyt vety bez opyt slova

            c) opytovacie vety s opytovacím slovom

            opytovacie vety s opyt. slovom

            d) záporné vety

            Zaporne vety

            2/ Použitie jednoduchého predprítomného času

            • označuje deje, ktoré majú svoj (pôvod) začiatok v minulosti a pokračujú resp. platia aj v súčasnosti. Spájajú minulosť s prítomnosťou a často s nimi používame nasledovné časové príslovky: before now, so far, up till now, up to the present, It's the first time ..., ever, never, not...ever, since, for

              past -------------------------------> present


              Pr.:
              She has never eaten a mango before. (Ešte nikdy predtým nejedla mango. - hovorím to v súčasnosti a mám na mysli obdobie od minulosti až k momentu prehovoru)
              Tom hasn't been home since he was a boy.
              I've lived here for 5 years.
              I've planted about 20 bushes so far this morning.
              (do dnes rána)

              Pozor!!! Všimnite si rozdiel pri zmene časov:

              I've lived here for 5 years. - žijem tu už 5 rokov (stále)
              I lived here for 5 years. - žil som tu, ale už tu nebývam
              I am here for 5 weeks. - chystám sa tu zostať 5 týždňov
              I've been here for 5 weeks. - som tu už 5 týždňov

               
            • deje, ktoré sa uskutočnili v presne nešpecifikovanom čase resp. nie je dôležité, kedy sa odohrali, ale podstatné je, že vôbec prebehli. Zaujímajú nás skôr ich dôsledky. Používajú sa bez časových prísloviek alebo s príslovkami:
              Pr.:
              Have you written that letter? (zaujíma ma výsledok činnosti t.j. či je napísaný)
              Has he invited his parents for the party? (chcem vedieť, či prídu t.j. aký je dôsledok tejto aktivity)

              Ale

              Did he invite his parents for the party last week? (zaujíma ma nie dôsledok ale čas, kedy ich pozval)

              Príslovky typické pre tento druh deja:
              I've just arrived. - just stojí vždy za "have/has"
              He's recently arrived from London.
              I've already done it. - already sa používa len v oznamovacích vetách a stojí vždy za "have/has"
              Have you passed your driving test yet ? - yet sa používa len v otázkach a záporoch
              haven't passed my driving test yet.
              still haven't passed my driving test.
               
            • opakované deje, ktoré začali v minulosti a opakujú sa aj v prítomnosti, alebo predpokladáme, že sa budú uskutočňovať aj naďalej. Používame s nimi príslovky often, frequently, three/four/many times
              Pr.:
              She has always worked hard. - vždy pracovala ťažko a aj bude
              I've watched him on TV for several times. - videl som ho v TV niekoľkokrát a je predpoklad, že ho ešte uvidím.

            Since alebo for?

            Since - používame s časovými výrazmi, ktoré označujú konkrétny bod na časovej osi

            Since alebo for
            He`s lived here since 1998.
            We`ve known each other since our childhood.
            I haven`t seen him since he left.
            prekladáme "od / odkedy"

            He`s lived here for 15 years.
            We`ve known each other for a long time.
            I haven`t seen him for two weeks.
            prekladáme "už"

            http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv1&sub=prespersim

            http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv2&sub=prespersim

            http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv3&sub=prespersim