pastirikova.gma@gmail.com

Dictionary with the British and American pronunciation

http://oxforddictionaries.com/

UČEBNICA https://elt.oup.com/student/englishfile/preint3/grammar/?cc=sk&selLanguage=sk

SLOVNÍK K UČEBNICI

Please, feel free to consult it if you are not familiar with any words or phrases in your textbook, just click on the link:

SLOVNÍK NÁJDETE 

EF_3e_Int_Slovak_WL-1(1).pdf

HOMEWORK

MONDAY 22nd October

anj: REVISE passive in Grammar bank page 142 and WB page 37/ 2 GRAMMAR ex. a, 38/ ex. b

SB 56/ 5 SPEAKING/ answer the question in 3.

Talk about Dagmara and St. Spielberg - Listening 3.36, 3.37

Revision: Housing

 

 

Slovakia + 3places of interest - presentation

YES!book, talk about 24th topic Books,Literature, and 17th Towns and Places

DEADLINE Monday 8th October

Use these expressions and phrases in your essay:

BOOK:  title, author, genre, topic, centred on the theme of, setting, story, plot, characters, content, conflict, idea

The author deals with/aims to show/depicts/ portrays/ pictures sth./ evokes the atmosphere of/describes/concentrates on /focuses on

The story is set in the time of.../ proceeds as follows (príbeh pokračuje takto...), the story is narrated by the main character/by one of the characters/by the author/is narrated in the first person, singular

a low-moving/lenghty  , the story has happy/sad/tragic/open/unexpected ending

The plot: simple/complicated plot, no plot/it lacks the  plot

How do you fancy...?

readable, it reads well, I was impressed

the work is fascinating/amusing/unusual/exciting/thrilling/mysterious/inspiring/depressing/moving-dojímavé/ funny/witty-vtipné

A Book I have recently read or A book I was deeply impressed by 

Writing - please, submit by Monday 8th October

Please, divide your essays/descriptions into paragraphs - introduction, body, conclusion, 1 paragraph - 1 point (bullet)
Write a description of a book by an English speaking author you like very much (220–250 words).
Include:

• the title and the writer; when the book was published for the first time
• some basic facts about the writer - life, family background,genre he/she writes, books published etc
• the reasons for your choice;
• a short description of the plot;
• the characters you admire in the book and why;
• why you would recommend it to your best friend.

Film Review

5. It is a short description of a film, where the writer:

• Provides details of the movie analysed
• Gives his/her opinion or recommendation of the film

 

5. The language used may be formal or semi-formal (formálny štýl s neformálnymi prvkami) depending on the addressees and kind of newspaper or magazine where it will be published.
5. Present tenses and a variety of adjectives are frequently used.

Structure of a film review

A/ Introduction

• Summarises all the background information of the film
• It may include references to the title, director, type of film, setting (place and time), if it is baased on a book, etc.

B/Body

• 2^nd par.: It offers a summary of the plot (dej) focusing on the main aspects.
• 3^rd par.: It includes general comments on the plot, the development of the main characters, the acting, the direction, etc.
• Note: the end should not be revealed to the reader

C/Conclusion

• 4^th par.: The writer provides a general assessment (všeobecné posúdenie) of the film, and his/her opinion about it.
• The writer recommends or does not recommend the movie. He/she should give reasons to support his/her opinion about the film

Useful language

• 1^st par.: This film is set in ..., the movie tells the story of ..., this excellent film is based on ...
• 2^nd par.: The storyline/plot focuses on ..., the film reaches its climax (vyvrcholenie deja)..., the story begins ...
• 3^rd par.: The acting (herecký výkon)/development of the main/leading character (vývoj hlavnej postavy) is fascinating/excellent..., The script (scenár) is bright (jasný, živý, zrozumiteľný)/dull (fádny, nudný)..., The end is surprising/predictable ...
• 4^th par.: It is worth seeing ..., I would/woul not recommend it because ..., Do not miss it ...

Types of films / Genres

• Science fiction (sci-fi)
• Comedy / sit-coms (situation comedies)
• Romance / love story
• Horror film
• Thriller
• Spy film
• Musical
• Detective story
• Mystery film
• Adventure / action film
• Biography
• Western
• Animated films / cartoons
• Historical
• War films

 

Useful expressions

• Soundtrack – hudba k filmu, zvuk
• Script - scenár
• Plot / storyline - dej
• stuntman – kaskadér
• special effects – zvláštne efekty
• box-office hit – “kasový trhák”
• rehearsal – skúška, nácvik
• masterpiece – dielo
• star (verb/noun) – účinkovať v hlavnej úlohe, hviezda
• hero / heroine – hrdina / hrdinka
• opening – otvorenie, začiatok
• end / ending – záver
• episode / sequence – časť, epizóda
• premiere
• climax – vyvrcholenie deja
• cast of characters – herecké obsadenie
• leading / supporting character

 

 

Useful adjectives (prídavné mená)

Positive                                                     Negative

interesting, good, exciting,               boring, sad, bad, poor,

funny, fantastic, amusing,                dull, terrible, dreadful (hrozný),

fascinating, moving, excellent,                  thrilling, predictable (predvídateľný),

entertaining, realistic,                       unimaginative (bez fantázie), scary,

well-developed (dobre rozvinutý)    weak (slabý), frightening (desivý),

convincing (presvedčivý),                unbelievable (neuveriteľný)

gripping (pútavý)                  

Pls learn a new topic The book - the friend of people (No. 24 in YES books).

 

BOOKBINDING

 

Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. It usually involves attaching a book cover to the resulting text-block. There are hardback books and paperback

books.

 

PARTS OF A CASE BOUND BOOK

GLOSSARY

back lining/headcap	chrbátnik
sheet paper/flat paper	čistý hárok
bookmaking finishing process	dokončovacie spracovanie, knihárske
over-and-over fold	dva lomy do kríža
foil proof/covering/coating	fóliový poťah
French fold	francúzsky lom,
concertina/ zigzag /accordion /fan /back and forth fold	harmonikový/ cik-cak lom
plastic comb binding	hrebeňová väzba
thickness of book back/spine	hrúbka knižného chrbta
thick sheet paper	hrubý formát
letter folding	jeden jednoduchý lom
simple fold	jednoduchý lom
head-band/bead	kapitálik
book joint/grove	knižná drážka
flag book mark	knižná záložka
signature	knižná zložka
book covers/cover boards	knižné dosky z kartónu
book hard plastic covers	knižné dosky z tuhých plastov
book cords/raised bands	knižné väzy
body of book	knižný blok
book sheet	knižný hárok
book cover gluing	knižný polep
feather proof/covering/coating	kožený poťah
wire-o binding/concealed double-loop/double-loop wire	krúžková väzba
laminating	laminovanie
laminated book proof/covering/coating	laminovaný poťah
verso	ľavá stránka, párna stránka, chrbtová strana
adhesive binding/perfect binding	lepená väzba
gluing	lepenie
glued book back	lepenie knižného chrbta
leporelo	leporelo
soft binding	mäkka väzba
untrimmed size	neorezaný formát
window fold	okienkový lom
edging of the body/trimming	orezanie knižného bloku
edge	oriezka/orezanie
paper proof/covering/coating	papierový poťah
paralel fold	paralelný lom
perforation	perforovanie
cloth book back	platený knižný chrbát
cloth proof/covering/coating	platený obťah
number of folds	počet lomov
half-hard binding	polotvrdá väzba
fold sequence	poradie/postupnosť lomov
printed endpaper	potlačená predsádka
fold position on the sheet	pozícia lomov na hárku
recto	pravá stránka, lícna strana, nepárna stránka
right-angle fold	pravouhlý lom
book jacket	prebal
front book board/cover	predná knižná doska
fore edge	predná oriezka/predný okraj knihy
endpaper	predsádka
industrial bookbinding	priemyslové väzby
cutting	rezanie
signature	signatúra
stitched soft binding	šitá mäkka väzba
stitching/sewing	šitie
saddle stitching/sewing by wire staples	šitie drôtenými skobkami na striešku, brožovanie
chopper blade	skladací nôž na priečný lom
folding machine	skladací stroj
folding cylinder	skladací valec/cylinder
gatefold	skladačka, lomy skladané do seba
folding	skladanie
spiral/coil/plastic binding	špirálová väzba
tail edge	spodná oriezka/spodný okraj knihy
snap-out	súbor listov lepených v lište
symmetrical/asymmetrical fold positions	symetrická/nesymetrická pozície lomov
hard cover binding/ cased binding	tvrdá väzba
adhesive hard binding	tvrdá väzba lepená
thread-stitched binding	tvrdá väzba šitá niťou
flyleaf	vakát
top edge	vrchná oriezka
crop/cropping	výsek, bigovanie
back book board/cover	zadná knižná doska
rounded back	zaoblený knižný chrbát
gathering-and-stitching machine	znášacia zošívačka
gathering	znášanie - skladanie potlačených listov do knižného

 

PARTS OF A BOOK

 

What is a book's FRONT MATTER? Front matter is the information that appears up front and first in a book. The front matter contains the nuts and bolts of the book’s publication—information like title, author, publisher, ISBN and Library Congress data. The front matter pages generally aren’t visibly numbered; when they are, the numbers appear as Roman numerals.

Here are the typical parts of a book's front matter:

Half title, sometimes called bastard title — is just the title of the book (you can think of it as a kind of half the title page) Frontispice — is the piece of artwork on the left (“verso”) side of the page opposite the title page on the right (“recto”) side. Title page – this is a page which contains the title of the book, the author (or authors) and the publisher. Copyright page — includes:

the declaration of copyright (that is, who owns the copyright, generally the authors)

other types of credits, such as illustrators, editorial staff, indexer, etc., and sometimes notes from the publishers

copyright acknowledgments — for books that contain reprinted material that requires permissions, such as excerpts, song lyrics

edition number — this number represents the number of the edition and of the printing. Some books will specifically note “First Edition”; others don’t declare that they are first editions, and instead is represent their printings with a number. In those cases, a first edition would look like:

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

A second edition would be noted as: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data – which includes information such as title, authors, ISBN, Library of Congress number, subject matter, year of publication.

Dedication — where the author honors an individual or individuals by declaring that the labor of the book is “To” [name or names] Acknowledgements — the author’s thanks to those who contributed time and resources towards the effort of writing the book. Table of Contents — outlines what is in each chapter of the book. Foreword — is a “set up” for the book, typically written by someone other than the author. Preface or Introduction — is a “set up” for the book’s contents, generally by the author.

 

ISBN

ISBN – International Standard Book Number precisely identifies a book, there should be no two books with the same number. The following publishing of the same book has a new number ISBN.

The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers.

The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108.

Since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with "Bookland" European Article Number EAN-13s.

An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if assigned before 2007.

An International Standard Book Number consists of 4 parts (if it is a 10 digit ISBN) or 5 parts (for a 13 digit ISBN):

 

 

 

The parts of a 10-digit ISBN and the corresponding EAN-13 and barcode.

Note the different check digits in each. The part of the EAN-13 labeled "EAN" is the Bookland country code.

For a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element - a GS1 prefix: so far 978 or 979 have been made available by GS1,

the registration group element, (language-sharing country group, individual country or territory)

the registrant element,

the publication element,and

a checksum character or check digit.

 

The 13-digit ISBN separates its parts (prefix element, registration group, registrant, publication and check digit) with either a hyphen or a space. Other than the prefix and the check digit, no part of the ISBN has a fixed number of digits.

The 10-digit ISBN also separated its parts (registration group, registrant, publication and check digit) with either a hyphen or a space.

 ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency. In Slovakia it is the National Agency ISBN in Martin.

 

What is a book's BODY MATTER?

Body matter is the core contents of the book— often divided into segments:

Parts

Sections

Chapters

 

The body matter is numbered with Arabic numerals beginning with the number “1” on the first page of the first chapter.

Art program — anything that isn’t text (photographs, illustrations, tables, graphs, etc.) is considered to be part of the book’s art program. The art program might be integrated into each page or appear all together within a separate “signature” somewhere in the book.

 

In non-fiction literature there there could be:

marginálie – marginalia

poznámky pod čiarou – footnotes

záhlavie- header, heading

 

What is a book's END MATTER? End matter is the materials at the back of the book, generally optional.

Glossary — Bibliography – most often seen in non-fiction like biography or in academic books,

a bibliography lists the reference sources used in researching the book. Index – the index is placed at the end of the book, and lists all the major references in the book (such as major topics, mentions of key people in the book, etc.) and their specific, corresponding page numbers. Publishing imprint: publishing and printing data: author(s), title, publisher, edition, printing house where a book was printed, circulation, number of publisher’s sheets, number of author’s sheets, production number

Errata (sg. erratum) – publishers issue an erratum for a production error

 

 

Printing

 

Printing was another Chinese invention in the ninth century AD. The first known book not written by hand was printed in what is now China, from engraved wooden blocks.

Because Chinese writing was in the form of a very large number of pictographs, moveable type was of little advantage. However such cast type did appear in Korea before developing quite independently in Europe.

 

Johannes Gutenberg's printing

 

A major advance in the West was Johannes Gutenberg's printing from cast metal type (c.1450 AD), still hand composed on a mostly wooden press.

The next great change was slow to arrive, being the metal printing press developed by Lord Charles Stanhope in 1803. This still relied on human power to operate, however.

A steam-powered press invented by the German Friedrich Koenig followed in 1810.

An American, Richard Hoe, invented the faster rotary press in 1846.

Printing raced further ahead when the mechanical composition of type was perfected in 1886 with the Linotype compositor.

Lithography was long used to print pictures for books.

From this method came the idea for offset printing, and the first offset press appeared in 1904.

In offset printing the method of "relief" printing from cast metal type, traditional since Gutenberg, is replaced by a smooth photographic plate. By 1980 offset printing was taking over from the older method in many countries.

That was only the beginning of the modern printing revolution. From 1968 computers became involved in printing (the Linotron). In 1983 the offset plate progressed to a format involving the laser-beam transference of stored digital information. Gradually, printing world-wide became a digital and computerized process, and mechanical printing began to disappear.

The Digital Revolution

 

It was only a matter of time that books could exist in a purely electronic form.

Digital books could be updated, be searchable electronically, include sounds & video and even a dictionary, and interact directly with the new Internet, and therefore contain instant links to further information.

 

E-Book

 

The electronic book or e-book (also spelt ebook and eBook) began in the last years of the twentieth century, existing as virtually stored in a digital file.

The book is one of humanity's most enduring cultural artifacts and treasures. The ability to read and write is our greatest tool in education, the most important medium for the transmission of ideas and the human culture.

 

Why should we continue to value, preserve, read and write books?

 

books record our past and progress

contain our experiments,  knowledge, and accumulated wisdom

proclaim our fears and ideas

champion our ideals, dreams, and hopes for the future

 

carry the heart and soul of our civilization forward, and keep it accessible. Long live the book.

Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)

 

 

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press - the most important invention in modern times.

Without books and computers we wouldn't be able to learn, to pass on information, or to share scientific discoveries. Prior to(before) Gutenberg invented the printing press, making a book was a hard process. It wasn't that hard to write a letter to one person by hand, but to create thousands of books for many people to read was nearly impossible. Without the printing press we wouldn't have had the Scientific Revolution or the Rennaisance. Our world would be very different.

He was born in Mainz, Germany around the year 1398. He was the son of a goldsmith. We do not know much about his childhood. He moved a few times around Germany, but that's all we know for sure.

Inventions

Gutenberg took some existing technologies and some of his own inventions to invent the printing press in the year 1450. One key idea he came up with was moveable type. Rather than use wooden blocks to press ink onto paper, Gutenberg used moveable metal pieces to quickly create pages. He made innovations all the way through the printing process enabling pages to be printed faster. His presses could print thousands of pages per day vs. 40-50 with the old method. This was a dramatic improvement an allowed books to be acquired by the middle class and spread knowledge and education like never before. The invention of the printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe and soon thousands of books were being printed using printing presses.

Among his many contributions to printing are:

• The invention of a process for mass-producing movable type;
• The use of oil-based ink for printing books (farba na olejovom základe)
• Adjustable moulds (nastaviteľné formy)
• Mechanical movable type (mechanická pohyblivá sadzba)
• The use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses (skrutkový lis) of the period

Combination of these elements into a practical system allowed the mass production of printed books.

Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a type metal alloy (sadzba zhotovená zo zliatiny kovov) and a hand mould (ručná forma) for casting type (odlievanie sadzby). The alloy (zliatina) was a mixture of lead (olova), tin (cínu), and antimony  (antimónu) that melted (tavila sa) at a relatively low temperature for faster and more economical casting (odlievanie), cast well (dobre sa odlieval), and created a durable type (a vytvoril trvácnu sadzbu).

 

First printed books

It is thought that the first printed item using the press was a German poem. Other prints included Latin Grammars and indulgences for the Catholic Church. His real fame came from producing the Gutenberg Bible. It was the first time a Bible was mass-produced and available for anyone outside the church. Bibles were rare and could take up to a year for a priest to transcribe. Gutenberg printed around 200 of these in a relatively short time.

The original Bible was sold for 30 florins. This was a lot of money back then for a commoner, but much, much cheaper than a hand-written version.

There are about 21 complete copies of Gutenberg Bible existing today. One copy is worth about 30 million dollars.

 

Vocabulary:

Printing press – tlačiarenský stroj                                                   invention – vynález

Pass on information – postúpiť, poslať ďalej informáciu

Share scientific discoveries – zdieľať, podeliť sa o vedecké objavy

Prior to – pred, skôr ako                                                                    invent – vynájsť

Nearly – takmer                                                                                 Scientific Revolution – vedecko-technická revolúcia

Goldsmith – zlatník                                                                            move – sťahovať sa

For sure – naisto, s istotou                                                                 key idea –kľúčová/hlavná myšlienka (nápad)

come up with – prísť s čím, vymyslieť                             moveable type – pohyblivá sadzba

rather than – radšej ako, skôr ako                                  wooden blocks – drevené bloky/kvádre

ink – farba, atrament                                                     metal pieces – kovové kusy

all the way through – úplne, v celom                               enable – umožniť

improvement – zlepšenie                                               allow – dovoliť, povoliť

acquire – získať, dosiahnuť                                           spread – šíriť

knowledge – vedomosti, znalosti                                               education – vzdelanie

mass-produce – masovo vyrábať                                    oil-based ink – farba/atrament na olejovom základe

adjustable – nastaviteľný                                               mould – forma

wooden – drevený                                                         similar to – podobný ako

agricultural – poľnohospodársky                                                screw press – skrutkový lis

mass production – masová výroba                                 considered – považovaný

consider – považovať                                                    include – zahŕňať

type metal alloy – sadzba zhotovené zo zliatiny kovov    alloy – zliatina

hand mould – ručná forma                                                         casting type – odlievanie sadzby

type – sadzba                                                              mixture – zmes

lead – olovo                                                                 tin – cín

antimony – antimón                                                          melt – taviť sa

low temperature – nízka teplota                                     durable – odolný, trvácny

item – položka, kus                                                      German – nemecký

poem – báseň                                                              indulgences – odpustky

Catholic Church – katolícka cirkev                                 real – skutočný

Fame – sláva                                                               available – dostupný

Rare – vzácny, zriedkavý                                              take up to a year – trvať až rok

Priest – kňaz                                                                    transcribe – prepísať

Original – pôvodný                                                        commoner – bežný človek

Copy – výtlačok                                                      worth - hoden

 

copy this worksheet into your exercise books and fill it in plus learn parts of a book Parts_of_a_book_workshhet_filled_in.docx

watch the following videos:

Parts of a book:

1.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DM1_ON0wIE8

2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQyntYcGwik

for more info click on the following linkhttps://www.slideshare.net/emaness4/parts-of-a-book?next_slideshow=1

Acknowledgements/poďakovanie	Contents/obsah	Illustrations/ilustrácie
Appendix/dodatok	Cover(board)/kartónová obálka/ doska	Index/index
Bibliography/zoznam použitej literatúry	Footnote/poznámka pod čiarou	Jacket/prebal
Blurb/anotácia, vydavateľská poznámka	Foreword/predhovor, preddslov	Preface/úvod
Chapter/kapitola	Glossary/glosár(slovník)	Title/titul

4.  A __BIBLIOGRAPHY_______ is a list of the books and articles that were used in the preparation of a book. It usually appears at the end.
5. The _ILLUSTRATIONS_____ are the photographs or drawings that are found in a book.
6. The __ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS____ at the beginning or end of a book are where the author thanks everyone who has helped him or her, plus who supplied photographs, etc.
7. A ____PREFACE_____________ is an introduction at the beginning of a book, which explains what the book is about or why it was written and it is written by the author..
8. A ___CHAPTER______ is one of the parts that a book is divided into. It is sometimes given a number or a title.
9. An ___APPENDIX______ to a book is extra information (charts, tables or diagrams) that is placed after the end of the main text.
10. A _____ FOREWORD ____ is a preface in which someone who knows the writer and his or her work says something about them.
11. An___ INDEX ___ is an alphabetical list that is sometimes printed at the back of a book which has the names, subjects, etc. mentioned in the book and the pages where they can be found.
12. The ___CONTENTS ___ is a list at the beginning of a book saying what it contains.
13. The ____GLOSSARY_______ is an alphabetical list of the special or technical words used in a book, with explanations of their meanings.
14. A __FOOTNOTE____is a note at the bottom of a page in a book which gives the reader more information about something that is mentioned on the page.
15. The ____BLURB____ is a short description by the publisher of the contents of a book, printed on its paper cover or in advertisements.
16. 
17. páska na knihe - belly band
18. záložka prebalu - flap (front flap/back flap)
19. prebal - dust jacket (includes title, author, illustrator and the publisher on the front and ISBN on the back
20. knižný chrbát - spine (book back)
21. kapitálik - head band (horný kapitálik) tail band (spodný kapitálik)
22. oriezka - edging; horná oriezka - top edge, spodná oriezka - tail edge, fore edge -predná oriezka/okraj
23. záložková stužka - flag book mark
24. papierová záložka - paper book mark
25. chrbátnik - head cap 
26. polep - gluing
27. knižné dosky - boards, back board -  zadná doska, front board - predná doska
28. knižná drážka vonkajšia - joint
29. vnútorná knižná drážka - hinge
30. predsádka - endpaper, zadná p. - rear endpaper
31. vakát - fly leaf
32. knižný hárok - sheet
33. list - leaf
34. knižná zložka - signature
35. kníhviazačstvo - bookbinding
36. knižný blok - text blok
37. titulný list - title page
38. vydavateľský záznam - copyright page
39. protititulný obrázok - frontispice
40. patitul - half-title/bastard title
41. ľavá strana - verso, pravá strana - recto

 

 

 

HOMEWORK

MODALS OF OBLIGATION

https://www.oxfordonlineenglish.com/must-have-to-should

http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar-vocabulary/grammar-videos/have-must-should-obligation-advice

https://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2009101801-cviceni-modalni-slovesa-1

REVISION

SB 34-37, WB 24-26

 

REVISE and talk about driver´s distractions SB 27-28, Listening Section 124/2.15, learn expressions from your exercise-books

SB 28-29 Stereotypes - talk about the two researches

Predložkové väzby

http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2011090304-pridavna-jmena-s-predlozkami

http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2011090703-slovesa-s-predlozkami

 

adjective + preposition

Niektoré prídavné mená viažu na seba predložku. Väčšinou za predložkou nasleduje fráza s podstatným menom alebo zámeno. Niekedy môže nasledovať –ing forma.

Neexistuje pravidlo, podľa ktorého priraďujeme predložky k prídavným menám. Učíme sa ich naspamäť.

adjective + of somebody to do something (od niekoho pre niečo)
nice of kind of good of generous of polite of stupid of silly of	milé láskavé dobré štedré slušné hlúpe pochabé	It was very kind of you to help me.   It is stupid of me to go out without a coat in such cold weather.
adjective + to somebody (na niekoho)
nice to kind to good to generous to polite to rude to friendly to cruel to	milý láskavý dobrý štedrý slušný drzý priateľský krutý	They have always been nice to me.   Why were you so unfriendly to Lucy?
adjective + of
afraid of* frightened of* terrified of* scared of*	bojaci sa vystrašený vydesený majúci strach	„Are you afraid of spiders?“ „Yes, I´mterrified of them.“
fond of	majúci rád	I am fond of cooking.
proud of	hrdý	I´m proud of my son.
ashamed of	hanbiaci sa	He´s a fool. I´m ashamed of him.
jealous of	žiarlivý	Why are you always so jealous of other people?
envious of	závistlivý	He is very envious of his brother.
suspicious of	nedôverčivý	He didn´t trust me. He was suspicious of my intentions.
critical of	kritický	They were critical of Government´s new law.
aware of conscious of	byť si vedomý	„Did you know he was married?“ „No, I wasn´taware of that.“
full of	plný	The letter was full of mistakes.
typical of	typické	He´s late again. It´s typical of him to keep everybody waiting.
tired of sick of	byť unavený chorý	Let´s go, I´m tired of waiting.
sure of/about	byť si istý	I think she´s arriving this evening, but I´m notsure of/about that.

*synonymá

adjective + with/about/at/by
angry with* annoyed with* furious with*	byť nahnevaný	with somebody for doing something(pokiaľ sme nahnevaní na niekoho kvôli niečomu) Are you annoyed with me for being late?   Pokiaľ sme nahnevaní na niečo používame predložku about It´s stupid to get angry about things that don´t matter.
excited about worried about upset about nervous about happy about	vzrušený majúci obavu nahnevaný nevózny šťastný	about a situation – z nejakej situácie Are you excited about going away next week? Linda is upset about not being invited.
delighted with* pleased with* satisfied with happy with disappointed with	byť potešený   byť spokojný byť šťastný byť sklamaný	with something you receive, or the result of something (z niečoho čo ste dostali alebo z výsledku niečoho)   I was delighted with the present you gave me. Were you happy with your exam results?
fed up with bored with	mať plné zuby	I don´t enjoy my job any more. I´m fed up with it. I´m bored with it.
crowded with	preplnený	The streets were crowded with tourists.
impressed with/by	zaujatý	I´m very impressed with/by her English.
surprised at/by shocked at/by amazed at/by	prekvapený šokovaný ohromený	Everybody was shocked at/by the news. I hope you weren´t surprised at/by what I said.

*synonymá

sorry + about/for (pociťujúci ľútosť)
sorry about	nad situáciou alebo niečím, čo sa stalo	I´m sorry about the mess. We´re all sorry about Julie losing her job.
sorry about/for	nad niečím, čo si urobil	Alex is very sorry about/for what he said. I´m sorry about/for shouting at you yesterday. v tomto prípade môžeme predložku vynechať I´m sorry I shouted at you yesterday.
feel/be sorry for	pociťovať ľútosť nad niekým kto je v zlej situácii	I feel sorry for Matt. He´s had a lot of bad luck.

adjective + at/to/from/in/on/for
good at bad at brilliant at better at hopeless at	dobrý v zlý v brilantný v lepší v zúfalý v	I´m not very good at repairing things. She´s hopeless at maths.
married to engaged to	vydatá/ženatý zasnúbená/ý	Linda is married to an American. but Linda ismarried with three children. (she has three children)
similar to	podobný	Your writing is similar to mine.
different from/to	odlišný	The film was different from/to what I´d expected.
interested in	majúci záujem	Are you interested in art?
involved in	zúčastňujúci sa	Some of the students are involved in the exchange programme.
keen on	dychtivý, nadšený	We stayed at home because Chris wasn´t verykeen on going out.
dependent on	závislý	I don´t want to be dependent on anybody.but independent of
famous for	slávny	The Italian city of Florence is famous for its art treasures.
responsible for	zodpovedný	Who was responsible for all that noise last night?
prepared for ready for	pripravený	Are you prepared for writing a test

 

23rd February

Talk about the British car magazine test in the simulator and all the distractions whren driving a car

Revision: Adelante Africa, Amazon Callenge + Listenings

              Weak and strong adjectives

              Comparatives, superlatives and comparison

              Talk about transport in London and in Bratislava

 

31th January

Písomčica

Revise and talk about Changing lives Listening section  1.45,46,52 + learn Reading TV presenter´s Amazon challenge, focus on grammar- tenses and vocabulary

Revise Irregular verbs 164 and the Present Perfect Simple and Continuous

 

19th December

WB 12 and 14/ GRAMMAR EXERCISES

18th December

SB 17/ Read and  retell the millionaire´s story.

Use the layout and the expressions below:

James Pearce (James, his real name , he could never spell - Jeff was easier)

FAMILY BACKGROUND: his childhood:

• he couldn´t read and write, not many people knew about dyslexia
• he was good at selling things, his first experience as a salesman, going door-to-door asking for..., selling in the market
• he could make many from anything
• he was successful and famous

Investments:

1. In 1983 - owned a small boutique, leather trousers went on sale
2. the nineties - he lost most of his money in the recession, was broke , even had to go back selling clothes in the markets

• he never gave up
• He set up a new business - a department store called Jeff´s made him a millionare again.
• Even his two daughters did not realize that his father couln´t read ( a bedtime story, he felt ashamed, Why?)

WORK

• he calculated figures
• his wife wrote cheques and read contracts

       

       3. In 1992 Pearce was awarded a Businessman of the YEAR prize for the best clothes store in Liverpool.

• he told his friends and coleagues the truth
• he decided to write a book abouth his experiece
• first he had to learn to read and write - he went to evening classes and emploed a private teacher - a difficulty
• then with the help of a ghost-writer, his autobiography A POCKET OF HOLES AND DREAMS was published  and became a bestseller.
• His family were proud of him.

 

 

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs Example: I spoke	irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken he / she / it has spoken
regular verbs: infinitive + ed Example: I worked	regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed': when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played

See also explanations on Simple Past and Present Perfect Simple

Use

In British English, the use of Simple Past and Present Perfect is quite strict. As soon as a time expression in the past is given, you have to use Simple Past. If there are no signal words, you must decide if we just talk about an action in the past or if its consequence in the present is important.

Note that the following explanations and exercises refer to British English only. In American English, you can normally use Simple Past instead of Present Perfect. We cannot accept this in our exercises, however, as this would lead to confusions amongst those who have to learn the differences.

Certain time in the past or just / already / yet?

Do you want to express that an action happened at a certain time in the past (even if it was just a few seconds ago) or that an action has just / already / not yet happened?

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
certain time in the past Example: I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago.	just / already / not yet Example: I have just phoned Mary.

Certain event in the past or how often so far?

Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action has happened till now?

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
certain event in the past Example: He went to Canada last summer.	whether / how often till now Example: Have you ever been to Canada? / I have been to Canada twice.

Emphasis on action or result?

Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasise the result (a past action's consequence in the present)?

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
Emphasis on action Example: I bought a new bike. (just telling what I did in the past.)	Emphasis on result Example: I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually want to express that I have a new bike now.)

Signal Words

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
yesterday ... ago in 1990 the other day last ...	just already up to now until now / till now ever (not) yet so far lately / recently

 

Learn vocabulary EF 1 on the tab IV.GMB

EF 2A REVISE words + exercises + Vocabulary Bank 154

Future forms

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/future.htm

22nd November

Write a for and against essay on the topic Being a sibling and being an only child.

These pages we have recently gone through will help you: SB 10-11, Vocabulary Bank 153 and Listening section page 122/Listening 1.27.

Revision: EVENTS in NOVEMBER (Guy Fawkes Day/Bonfire Night, Thanksgiving)

Dopisovači: Personality adjectives VB 153

LINKING PHRASES

In case you did not manage to do so in the class..

For instance - for example (napríklad)

One advantage is that - on the plus side

pros and cons (klady a zápory) - advantages and disadvantages

One disadvantage is that - For one thing

Finally, (nakoniec) - Last of all, (a nakoniec)

All things considered, (berúc všetko do úvahy, všetko zvážiac) - All in all, (celkove)

In my opinion,  (podľa môjho názoru) - I think

In conclusion, (v závere) - to sum up, (aby sme to zhrnuli)

In fact, (v skutočnosti) - the reality is that.. (skutočnosť je taká, že...)

Another point is that.. (Ďalší bod je, že...) - What is more, (a čo viac,...)

Moreover (navyše) - On top of that (a na dôvažok, a ešte k tomu)

 

8th October

Write 3 positive and 3 negative personal qualities of your English teacher. Use some personality adjectives and explanations. Example: Our English teacher is disorganized. Her books and things are everywhere on her desk.

Learn or revise Guy Fawkes/Bonfire Night and Thanksgiving

Also, revise verbs associated with a recipe.

26th October

YES!book WRITE A RECIPY MEATLOAF WITH CHEESE, Vocabulary on yout tab III.GMT KAJ

LEARN FOOD

25th October

Grammar Bank 132 /ex. a, b Bring YES!book and ENGLISH FILE.

24th October

Writing section 115/ ex. d

23rd October

Revise Mood Food and The truth abouth healthy eating. TEST.

20th October

WB 6 The truth about healthy eating

13th October

Talk about Mood Food using the epressions below and Yes!book the topic  FOOD - Vocabulary on 93-94

• daily life makes us feel tired, stressed, or depressed
• alternative therapies
• food contain substances which affect how you think and feel
• food high in carbohydrates - pasta and creamy sauce
• be on a diet
• make us feel awake and focused
• food rich in proteins - meat
• food low/lower in proteins , e.g. white-flour bread, rolls
• a secret weapon in the fight against crime
• late-night violence
• nightclub owners came up with a solution
• a reduction in vilent incidents
• the brain releases feel-good chemicals caleed endorphines
• chocolate  can help stoplate-night tiredness
• a powerful mood changer

 

12th October - PLS bring your YES!book and English File B

1 Vocabulary bank 152

2 WB 4-5

9th October

Gutenberg + 2D and 3D Graphics + COLOURS = Testík

28th SEPTEMBER

1Learn about 2D and 3D  Graphics

2 LEARM MAking a good layout

3 Revise J. Gutenberg

 

COLOUR THEORY:

 

Whatever is used in the way of technical aids or colour classification systems must be aligned with

1. the colour perception of the eye of the human observer
2. and in the range of spectrum of electromagnetic waves visible to the human eye.

Both additive and substractive colour mixing processes occur in modern reproduction theory.

WATCH!!!!!!!

video explaining primary, secondary and tertiary and complimentary colours https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1CK9bE3H_s&t=2s

video about psychology of colours https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6ImJkv7F_Q

or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8n9BzzWy4zY

In additive colour mixing light is emitted by the source of its own.

COLOUR MIXING

video we watched today dealing with rgb vs cmyk  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hirYMZ7PQc

 

Additive Colour Mixing RGB	Subtractive Colour Mixing CMYK
Red + Green = Yellow	Cyan + Magenta = Blue
Blue + Green = Cyan	Magenta + Yellow = Red
Red + Blue = Magenta	Cyan + Yellow = Green
Red + Green + Blue = White	Cyan + Magenta + Yellow = black (Key)

Used in: monitors, projectors, scanners                Used in: printers

 

Colour psychology

 

By using color psychology, you can send:

• a positive or negative message
• encourage sales
•  calm a crowd

The latest colour psychology is focused  on marketing, particularly:

• in logo design
• web site design
• the cover of a book
• the package of a product.

NOTE:

This information will help you decided what colors to use in your marketing projects.

Also remember for the World Wide Web, that different cultures have differing views on the meaning of color.

Black

Black is the color of authority and power, stability and strength. It is also the color associated with intelligence (doctorate in black robe). Black clothes make people appear thinner. In the western hemisphere black is associated with grieving.

White

For most of the world this is the colour associated with purity (wedding dresses); cleanliness (doctors in white coats) and the safety of bright light. 

White is also associated with creativity (white boards, blank slates). It is a compression of all the colors in the color spectrum.

Gray

Gray is most associated with the practical things in life. Some shades of gray are associated with old age, death, taxes, depression or a lost sense of direction but gray is often associated with giving a helping hand, strong character

Red

Red is the colour of energy. It's associated with movement and excitement. 

Red is the symbol of life and, for this reason, it's the colour worn by brides in China. Red is used at holidays that are about love and giving (red roses, Valentines hearts, Christmas, etc.)

Blue

Seeing the colour blue actually causes the body to produce chemicals that are calming; but that isn't true of all shades of blue. Over the ages blue has become associated with wisdom and loyalty (note how many uniforms are blue). People tend to be more productive in a blue room.

Green

The colour of growth, nature, and money. A calming colour also that's very pleasing to the senses. It is also the colour associated with envy, good luck, generosity and fertility.

Yellow

Cheerful yellow is the colour of the sun, associated with laughter, happiness and good times. It has the power to speed up our metabolism and bring out some creative thoughts. Some shades of yellow are associated with cowardice; but the more golden shades with the promise of better times.

Orange

It's the colour associated with funny times, happy and energetic days, warmth and organic products. It is also associated with ambition.

Purple

most royal colour that is associated with wealth, prosperity, rich sophistication. This colour stimulates the brain activity used in problem solving.

Brown

This colour is most associated with reliability, stability, and friendship and  with things being natural or organic. In India it is the colour of mourning.

2D and 3D GRAPHICS

GRAPHICS

There is a basic difference between pixel and vector graphics.

2D Graphics

    Pixel graphics use a grid or screen of small square picture elements (pixels) for displaying graphics (bitmaps). Each pixel has a particular position and a particular colour value. Because the total number of pixels is always the same, the resolution is reduced if  the image is enlarged and the image then often looks jagged, not so sharp. Pixel graphics are created in drawing programs such as Microsoft Paint, MacPaint, Photoshop.

     Vector graphics are created from mathematically defined lines (vectors) and curves (exclusively Bézier curves that can be processed in PostScript). Vectors draw pictures on the basis of their geometrical characteristics. Vector graphics are always suitable for showing sharp contour and details.

Well known vector graphic programmes are Macromedia Freehand, Adobe Illustrator, and CorelDraw.

Exchanged formats for vector graphics are, for example, EPS (Encapsulated PostScript), WMF (Windows MetaFile) and MacPICT. These formats are metafiles, that is, they can contain vectors as well as bitmaps.

Note: HTML does not support vector data, so that all vector graphics must be changed into pixel format.

JPEG is preferred on the Internet for contone images (photos.)

2D computer graphics

are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as typography, cartography, technical drawing, advertising, etc. The two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a real/world object. The 2D computer graphics give more direct control of the image than 3D computer graphics.

2D graphics models may combine:

·        geometric models (also called vector graphics),

·        digital images (also called raster graphics),

·        text to be typeset ( defined by content, font style and size, colour, position, and orientation)

       ·        mathematical functions and equations, and more.  

These components can be modified and manipulated by two-dimensional geometric transformation such as translation,

rotation, scaling.

2D graphics software

MacDraw(Macintosh), Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, free editors or drawing programs are e.g. xfig or Inkscape.

 There are also many 2D graphics editors specialized for certain types of drawings such as electrical, electronic diagrams, topographic maps, computer fonts, etc.

3D computer graphics

use a three dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images.

In computer graphics software, the difference between 2D and 3D is blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and 3D may use 2D rendering techniques. (Rendering means the generation of pictures from digitally available scenes.)

ANIMATION

ANIMATION concerns the artificial generation by computer of objects in scenes.

The chronological course of the scene is  determined by:

·        the sequence of movements

·        the viewer position

·        the line of vision

The sequence is predetermined and cannot be changed by the viewer.

Animation uses 3D visualizing technology and proceeds via extensive rendering processes back to series of halftone images, which, depending on quality, can achieve displays almost in photographic quality. FLASH is used frequently for animation.

Rendering means the generation of pictures from digitally available scenes.

VIDEO

By VIDEO we mean the recording of chronologically arranged sequences of pixel images.

The resolution and the number of images per second are determining factors for the amount of data.

Digital formats are playing an increasing role in recording and transmission. All videos that are distributed via the Internet are digital. Examples are the Coding Standards Motion JPEG and MPEG.

MPEG also allows the coding of a synchronized audio signal in addition to the video, i.e. picture and sound sequences.

By SOUND/AUDIO we mean changes in pressure in gases, liquids or solids.

In order to record acoustic signals, the sound signal is converted into an electrical signal, e.g. by microphone. If a signal is needed in a digital form, the acoustic/electric signals are scanned.

You are learning the program for producing videos – PremiérPRO.

VIRTUAL REALITY

If one combines data of animations and adds an interactive component, e.g. joystick, 3D mouse, headset, or data glove, then one enters into virtual reality.

On hardware side, it requires sophisticated projection or display technologies as well as the possibility to change the position and the viewing angle using a suitable tracking system.

 

The variety of projecton technologies ranges from data helmets to projection rooms called CAVEs (CAVE = Cave Automated Virtual Environment).

The basis for the necessary software is 3D visualization technology.

The calculations for VR must be carried out in real time, that is, at the same time as it is displayed.

MAKING A GOOD LAYOUT

A Good Layout:

• works (helps a reader quickly and easily understand a message)
• is well-organized (shows what comes first, second, third, etc.)
• is attractive (grabs a reader’s attention) to effectively communicate a message.
•  

The Elements of Design

Knowing what the basic elements of design are and how to use them will help you make the right choices to create a good layout:

1. LINE – any mark connecting any points
2. SHAPE – anything that has height and width
3. TEXTURE – the look or feel of a surface
4. SPACE – the distance or area between or around things
5. SIZE – how big or small something is
6. VALUE – the darkness or lightness of an area
7. COLOUR – the ultimate (neprekonateľný, vrcholný) tool for symbolic communication

 

Basic Principles of Design and Layout

How to organize:

1. Use different sizes of type. (e. g. headlines are bigger than subheads)
2. Put colours behind an important area of information.
3. Use rules to separate information into groups.
4. Change the weight of the type. (e. g. semi-bold stands out, but bold really stands out)
5. Leave white area around information.
6. Pick the best location. (e. g. the upper left corner is usually read first)
7. Put pictures next to important copy. (e. g. they attract the eye and reinforce(posilniť, support) the message)
8. Put type (písmo) in a box or give it an interesting shape.
9. Call out items by putting bullets on front of them.
10. Use different coloured or reversed type to separate and emphasize.

 

How to attract:

• Enlarge a photo of something small.
• Surround a very small picture with a lot of open space.
• Choose bright colour when the piece will be viewed in a grey environment, such as a text-heavy magazine.
• Use a solid black area or a large white area for a newspaper ad.
• Crop an image in an unusual way. (e. g. show an eye, not a whole face)
• Use very large type for a thought-provoking or humorous headline.
• Make the piece a different size and shape from other similar pieces.
• Choose a paper with an interesting, noticeable texture or colour.
• Set important information in an atypical way, e.g. set a headline on a curve or try a script font or face).

 

Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)

Pls, learn the basics about Johannes Gutenberg plus learn the vocabulary you can find below the text. In case you wish to download the stuff, just click on the following link J._Gutenberg2017._upravene.docx

Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)

 

Johannes Guttenberg invented the printing press - the most important invention in modern times.

Without books and computers we wouldn't be able to learn, to pass on information, or to share scientific discoveries. Prior to Gutenberg invented the printing press, making a book was a hard process. It wasn't that hard to write a letter to one person by hand, but to create thousands of books for many people to read was nearly impossible. Without the printing press we wouldn't have had the Scientific Revolution or the Rennaisance. Our world would be very different.

He was born in Mainz, Germany around the year 1398. He was the son of a goldsmith. We do not know much about his childhood. He moved a few times around Germany, but that's all we know for sure.

Inventions

Gutenberg took some existing technologies and some of his own inventions to invent the printing press in the year 1450. One key idea he came up with was moveable type. Rather than use wooden blocks to press ink onto paper, Gutenberg used moveable metal pieces to quickly create pages. He made innovations all the way through the printing process enabling pages to be printed faster. His presses could print thousands of pages per day vs. 40-50 with the old method. This was a dramatic improvement and allowed books to be acquired by the middle class and spread knowledge and education like never before. The invention of the printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe and soon thousands of books were being printed using printing presses.

Among his many contributions to printing are:

• The invention of a process for mass-producing movable type;
• The use of oil-based ink for printing books (farba na olejovom základe)
• Adjustable moulds (nastaviteľné formy)
• Mechanical movable type (mechanická pohyblivá sadzba)
• The use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses (skrutkový lis) of the period

Combination of these elements into a practical system allowed the mass production of printed books.

Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a type metal alloy (sadzba zhotovená zo zliatiny kovov) and a hand mould (ručná forma) for casting type (odlievanie sadzby). The alloy (zliatina) was a mixture of lead (olova), tin (cínu), and antimony  (antimónu) that melted (tavila sa) at a relatively low temperature for faster and more economical casting (odlievanie), cast well (dobre sa odlieval), and created a durable type (a vytvoril trvácnu sadzbu)

First printed books

It is thought that the first printed item using the press was a German poem. Other prints included Latin Grammars and indulgences for the Catholic Church. His real fame came from producing the Gutenberg Bible. It was the first time a Bible was mass-produced and available for anyone outside the church. Bibles were rare and could take up to a year for a priest to transcribe. Gutenberg printed around 200 of these in a relatively short time.

The original Bible was sold for 30 florins. This was a lot of money back then for a commoner, but much, much cheaper than a hand-written version.

There are about 21 complete copies of Gutenberg Bible existing today. One copy is worth about 30 million dollars.

Vocabulary:

Printing press – tlačiarenský stroj                                                   invention – vynález

Pass on information – postúpiť, poslať ďalej informáciu

Share scientific discoveries – zdieľať, podeliť sa o vedecké objavy

Prior to – pred, skôr ako                                                                    invent – vynájsť

Nearly – takmer                                                                                 Scientific Revolution – vedecko-technická revolúcia

Goldsmith – zlatník                                                                            move – sťahovať sa

For sure – naisto, s istotou                                                              key idea –kľúčová/hlavná myšlienka (nápad)

come up with – prísť s čím, vymyslieť                                            moveable type – pohyblivá sadzba

rather than – radšej ako, skôr ako                                                  wooden blocks – drevené bloky/kvádre

ink – farba, atrament                                                                          metal pieces – kovové kusy

all the way through – úplne, v celom                  enable – umožniť

improvement – zlepšenie                                     allow – dovoliť, povoliť

acquire – získať, dosiahnuť                                 spread – šíriť

knowledge – vedomosti, znalosti                        education – vzdelanie

mass-produce – masovo vyrábať                        oil-based ink – farba/atrament na olejovom základe

adjustable – nastaviteľný                                     mould – forma

wooden – drevený                                                 similar to – podobný ako

agricultural – poľnohospodársky                         screw press – skrutkový lis

mass production – masová výroba                     considered – považovaný

consider – považovať                                            include – zahŕňať

type metal alloy – sadzba zhotovené zo zliatiny kovov            alloy – zliatina

hand mould – ručná forma                                                          casting type – odlievanie sadzby

type – sadzba                                                                                  mixture – zmes

lead – olovo                                                                                     tin – cín

antimony – antimón                                                                       melt – taviť sa

low temperature – nízka teplota                                                  durable – odolný, trvácny

item – položka, kus                                                                        German – nemecký

poem – báseň                                                                                 indulgences – odpustky

Catholic Church – katolícka cirkev                                               real – skutočný

Fame – sláva                                                                                   available – dostupný

Rare – vzácny, zriedkavý                                                                 take up to a year – trvať až rok

Priest – kňaz                                                                                     transcribe – prepísať

Original – pôvodný                                                                          commoner – bežný človek

Copy – výtlačok                                                                                 worth - hoden

 

 

 

 

 

Opravná komisionálna skúška z ANJ v školskom roku 2016/2017

Róbert Szabo, Athiwat Somnam, II.GMT

1 Preštudujú všetky články v SB a WB v lekciách EF od 7 až po 12. Budú ovládať slovnú zásobu a rozprávať podrobne obsah. Dôkladne si doštudujete VOCABULARY BANK and GRAMMAR  BANK +  NEPRAVIDELNÉ SLOVESÁ - IRREGULAR VERBS, CELÉ OPAKOVANIE lekcií EF 7-12

+ elektronický slovník k učebnici uvedený na stránke: polygraficka.edupage.org pod Učitelia/Pastiriková/II.GMT

GRAMMAR od 12 lekcie po 7

Questions without auxiliaries, REPORTED SPEECH, Past Perfect, So/Neither do I,expressing movement, phrasal verbs and word order of phrasal verbs PHRASES WITH GET in Vocabulary bank 159 + WB 51/ 2 Vocabulary + Confusing verbs in VOCAB. bank page 160 + WB 53 + present perfect or past simple?  SECOND CONDITIONAL if + past, would +I nfinitive,possessive pronouns,  CONDITIONALS I, GIVE ME ADVICE: You should / ought to ...  You shouldn´t / oughtn´t… MUST, MUSTN´T, HAVE TO ,  DON´T HAVE TO, uses of gerund, uses of infinitive with to

SB 66-67 REVISE AND CHECK - Grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, reading

SB 82-83 REVISE AND CHECK - Grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, reading

SB 98-99 REVISE AND CHECK - Grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, reading

DIALOGUES:

SB 98-99 Practical English: GETTING AROUND – DIRECTIONS -  zopakujte si všetky frázy.

SB 90-91 Telephone conversations- phrases

TOPICS for speaking and writing

HEALTH CARE from the worksheet: Human body, Symptoms and illnesses + At the doctor´s + Vocabulary,

WB 70/ ex. b LAST DAY AT SCHOOL FOR BOY WITH DIRTY SHOES , Vocabulary bank 162 + WB 69,  Vocabulary bank 163 Learn all the phrasal verbs + WB 71, 72 STILL TIRED IN THE MORNING?

SB 86 EARLY BIRD +  ex. a,b,c, d  

SB Writing section page 117 + THERE ARE TOO MANY REALITY SHOWS ON TV. Do you agree?

Všetky frázy a výrazy týkajúce sa rozhodovania pri veľkom výbere vecí: IS TOO MUCH CHOICE MAKING US UNHAPPY?

TELL the content of the story DOLPHINS SAVE SWIMMERS FROM A SHARK ATTACK and retell it. Nezabudnite používať: suddenly, at that point, fortunately, then/after that, but/however, in the end.

• who was swimming and where
• why dolphins appeared and how they were behaving
• a shark was sharing the water, describe it the situation, what dolphins were doing
• the happy end

The mothers of invention SB 76 Listening section 124 / 4.37 and Did you know...? SB 77, WB 67 the whole page

Naučiť sa rozprávať o vynálezoch a používať vety v trpnom rode: ... was invented/was discovered/ were invented/were discovered Talk about one invention that changed your life.

TALK ABOUT OUR SCHOOL:

• What subjects (compulsory/elective; general/specialized) you learn. What you learn at practical training lessons. What subject you are good/weak at and why. What your most/least favourite subject is and why. 2 things you like about studying at your school. 2 things you would like to change and how.Who you would recommend to study at this school.

·         I am studying at Secondary School of Printing and Publishing. Now I am in the 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th class. This school prepares students for different professions in the fields of printing and publishing. A lot of its graduates start to work in publishing companies, printing houses, advertising agencies or graphic studios as web-designers (návrhári webových stránok), digital media designers (dizajnér digitálnych médií), pre-press technicians (technickí pracovníci zodpovední za prípravu tlače), printing machinery operators (operátori tlače),  digital printing operators (operátori digitálnej tlače), and bookbinders (kníhviazači). When I graduate I would like to work in___________ as

A BIOGRAPHY - grandmother/grandfather/mother or father/ an actor/actress/singer, pripravte si životopis podľa predlohy na strane 116 v časti WRITING, cvičenie d

SB 70-71 Phobias and words related to fear (máte ich v poznámkovom zošite: be afraid of, be scared of, be frightened of, feel a fear of)

WB 48 READING about methods/ways how to learn foreign languages.

SB 57/I will survive (in Spanish) or will I? Talk about the experiment in detail. Use all the phrases and expressions written in your exercises book.

The Internet - Friend or Foe? Naučiť sa s použitím linking words rozprávať o pozitívach a negatívach elektronickej čítačky kníh: WB 46

SB 54 Happiness is… What happiness is for you,  begin with HAPPINESS IS...

SB 52: HOW TO ... Survive Meeting Your Girlfriend´s parents for the First Time + 3.23 Listening - your notes: Expressions to remember and use in your conversation: common interests. it´ll be easy to have a conversation with..., to make the right impression, it´s important NOT TO be late, shake the hand firmly / a weak handshake, be ready to answer, to want to know everything about your ambitions, offer to do the washing-up, don´t be a  "yes"man, ask for your opinion, try NOT TO talk about controversial subjects - this isn´t the moment to give your views on religion and politics,if the conversation is dying and you can´t think what to say..., it shows you have a deep interest in something.

 

1 REVISION EF 7-12

2 Revise IRREGULAR VERBS

so slovenským prekladom

http://www.gjar-po.sk/~visnovskyt4d/irregularverbs.pdf

 

22 MAY

http://a4esl.org/q/h/9901/tm-reported1.html

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-reported-speech.php

http://www.examenglish.com/grammar/B1_reported_speech.htm

In the lesson with Mrs. Prívozníková you will practise Past Tenses (Reported Speech  + BrE and AmE)

In the second lesson with Mrs. Vozarská do the exercises on SB 98-99 Revise and Check

18-19 MAY

1 WB page 80/ 2 VOCABULARY ex. b, c

2 REVISION EF 12 A, B, C

 

4 MAY

REPORTED/INDIRECT SPEECH

Backshift

You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e. g. He said). This is called backshift.  Example:

He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Simple Present	Simple Past
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Simple Past	Past Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple
Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Future I (going to)	was / were going to
Future I (will)	Conditional I (would)
Conditional I (would)

The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to do not normally change.

Example:

He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right.

In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into reported speech.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
today	that day
now	then
yesterday	the day before
… days ago	… days before
last week	the week before
next year	the following year
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
here	there
this	that
these	those

REPORTED SPEECH/Indirect speech

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/reported.htm

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/102.html

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?09

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?04

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?06

3 MAY

WB 78

 I will check your notes about PAST PERFECT TENSE in GRAMMAR BANK 148

1 Revise IRREGULAR VERBS

so slovenským prekladom

http://www.gjar-po.sk/~visnovskyt4d/irregularverbs.pdf

2 Phrasal verbs VB 163, WB 72, 77/ 3 VOCABULARY

3 TRANSLATION EF 11, 12A, + Practical English SB 90-91

4 REVISION: PAST PERFECT WB 76

 

 

 

24 APRIL

WB 74/READING ex. a, b

WB 76 + make notes about PAST PERFECT TENSE in GRAMMAR BANK 148

21 APRIL

WB 76 + make notes about PAST PERFECT TENSE in GRAMMAR BANK 148

19-20 APRIL

TEST: Revise grammar - expressing novements WB 69, SO / NEITHER WB 73, phrasal verbs WB 71-72, prepostions WB 70, GRAMMAR BANK 146-147, SB 84-89 reading, listening and vocabulary parts + VOCABULARY BANK 162-163

WRITING AN ARTICLE

 

AN ARTICLE is usually written for an English-language magazine or newsletter. The main purpose is to inform, interest and engage the reader, so there should be some opinion or comment.

Hints

• Add a short title to catch the reader's attention. Make sure it is relevant. You can use the one in the question or invent one of your own.

• Introduce the topic. Although you don't know the readers personally, you can address them directly and ask them a rhetorical question. It helps to involve them.

• Divide your report into sections according to the input. One or two paragraphs will do.

• Develop the ideas in the task input. Remember .

  • Use a personal or more neutral style, but not formal (you might use contractions).

  • It is important that you show a range of structures.

  • Give examples where appropriate to bring your article to life

  • Use humour where appropriate.

• Give a conclusion and summary in the last paragraph.

•  

• Useful language for an article

Involving the reader

• Just imagine... Have you ever...? How would you feel if ...? Are you one of those people who ...?

If the answer is ..., you should.... What would live be like if..

Making the article lively and interesting

• I was absolutely terrified when I realised... More importantly, it was something I...Not surprisingly, it's a good way of raising money. The tent was worryingly small for three people! It was the most amazing experience I have ever had

Developing your points

• Let's start with ... Another advantage of ... On top of that, ...

Giving your own opinion

• I think that / In my opinion ... It seems to me that ... If you ask me, ... To my mind...

 

 

Article – Model question 1

A charity event to remember
What is the most unusual way you've raised money for charity? How did you do it? What did you have to do? Was the event a success? Would you do it again?
Write us an article answering these questions.
We will publish the best articles on our website.

Write your article in 140-190 words in an appropriate style.

Article - Model answer 1

A charity event to remember

So why did I decide to do a 90-km walk in six days along the Great Wall of China? Well, the reason was that our local children's hospital needed to raise money or it would be close. However, I didn't realise how big a challenge it would be.

Before I went, I thought that I would be walking along a flat surface but when I saw the Great Wall, my heart sank. Part of the time we would be trekking up hundreds of high steps and, worryingly, some of the paths had steep falls on either side and there was nowhere to go because we were surrounded by mountains and forests. However, after a while, I started to love the experience. I was in one of the most amazing places on earth and the views were incredible.

In the end, the adventure was a great success. The hospital was delighted because a group of us managed to raise several thousand pounds.

Would I be keen to help the hospital again next year? Yes, but I think I'll try and find an easier challenge next time!

[+/- 190 words]

---

Article - Model question 2

TASK: You see this announcement in an international magazine.

Life on a desert island
Imagine you were on a desert island. What important object, person or place in your life would you miss most? What would be the reasons?
Write us an article answering these questions.
We will publish the best articles in the magazine.

Write your article in 140-190 words in an appropriate style.

Article - Model answer 2

Life on a desert island

How would you feel about living on a desert island? I can't imagine anything worse! I'd miss a lot of things but most of all, I would miss my home.

My home is a small house on the outskirts of a city. It was built about 50 years ago and has a small garden. In the summer, our country gets very hot but our house is always cool. You'd probably think our house is nothing special, but I have lived there all my life and all my friends live nearby. It's a happy place, where I feel completely safe. Whenever I go away, I look forward to coming back, lying on my bed, reading a book and listening to my brother and sister arguing downstairs!

I love travelling and meeting new people, but if I were on a desert island, I'd be away from the place I love most: my home; and I would hate that. [+/- 160 words]

Article- Model question 3

TASK

You see this announcement in an international magazine. 

Articles wanted

Lucky winners
What would you do if you won a large sume of money. How would your life change? 
Write us an article answering these questions. Give reasons.
We will publish the best articles next month.

Write your article in 140-190 words in an appropriate style.

Article - Model answer 3

Don't throw it all away!

Have you ever dreamt of becoming rich unexpectedly? Just imagine what your life would be like! However, some people who get rich quickly are very careless with their money and end up being poorer than they were before.

That's why I'd be very careful. I wouldn't want a completely different kind of life, so I'd start by putting some of it away, in case everything went wrong - set up a kind of "emergency fund". Then I would buy my hard-working parents a new home. They deserve it because they have always provided me with everything I've always wanted, even if it meant they had to go without. I would also give some money away to needy people who are struggling in the world and have no food. It would not be right to just spend the money on myself. Then I think I would take a year off from studying and travel round the world in great comfort. I've spent most of my live travelling on a limited budget and sleeping in hostels.

After that, who knows? I'll see, but I certainly won't be buying any luxury cars

 

6 April

WB 72 TALK about 5 tips for getting a better night´s sleep + TIRED OF TECHNOLOGY

5 April

WB 72 READ about 5 tips for getting a better night´s sleep

4 April

REVISION
TEXT ABOUT SB 83 DOLPHINS + SB 85 BAD LOSERS learn and be prepared for translation S-A

WB 71 the whole page

23 March

NA SUPLOVANÝCH  HODINÁCH vo štvrtok:

1 GRAMMAR BANK 147/11A, ex.b

2 SB 85 / 4 READING and Speaking + exercises,

3 SB 85 / 5 WRITING/ ex. a, b

FRIDAY  24 March

REVISION EF 9+10, retelling the contents of the articles SLEEP (WB 68), DOLPHINS (SB 83)

22 March

REVISE AND CHECK 83/READING + retell the story using appropraite language,  WB 68- read and be prepared to talk about SLEEP

21 March

After your practical training lessons + WB 68/4 READING

Write an essay of about 200 - 250 words about your school. After introducing it and saying what year and branch of study you are studying include:

• What subjects (compulsory/elective; general/specialized) you learn

• What you learn at practical training lessons

• What subject you are good/weak at and why

• What your most/least favourite subject is and why

• 2 things you like about studying at your school

• 2 things you would like to change and how

• Who you would recommend to study at this school

Don’t forget about paragraphs, at least three – introduction, body, closing. Please, submit your essays to your English teacher by the end of the following week.

13 March

1 SB 82-83 Revise and check

2 Revise, pls. - The Mothers of  Inventions and Did you know....? SB Listening section page 124 4.37, SB 77. Focus on vocabulary (words, phrases) and understanding the text. Grammar is also important (the passive voice)

Try to translate the example:

Keď bola ľuďom v hračkárskej spoločnosti po prvýkrát ukázaná spoločenska hra Monopoly, nemali záujem a povedali, že má 52 zásadných chýb vrátane toho, že ju trvá dlho hrať.

 

10 March

SB 81/4 VOCABULARY ex. b

81/ 3 Speaking and Reading ex. b

9 March

Revise,pls. - Inventions and Did you know....? SB Listening section page 124 4.37, SB 77

Grammar bank 145/10B ex. b to finish a few sentences

WB 65/2 Grammar ex. a, b

5 sentences + and - about your activities which you don´t do anymore now (USED TO)

WB 63-64/ 2 GRAMMAR ex. a, b, c

 

PASSIVE

Trpný rod (the passive voice)

TRPNÝ ROD v angličtine (THE PASSIVE VOICE) – tvorba / význam / použitie / základné pravidlá.

precvičte si pasív: http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1870

Tense	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Peter builds a house.	A house is built by Peter.
Simple Past	Peter built a house.	A house was built by Peter.
Present Perfect	Peter has built a house.	A house has been built by Peter.
Past Perfect	Peter had built a house.	A house had been built by Peter.
will-future	Peter will build a house.	A house will be built by Peter.
going to-future	Peter is going to build a house in summer.	A house is going to be built in summer by Peter.

27 February

REVISION: PRESENT PERFECT and  PASSIVE + BIOGRAPHIES - orally without using any notes+ inventions

PRESENT PERFECT

http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv1&sub=prespersim

http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv2&sub=prespersim

http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv3&sub=prespersim

PASSIVE

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/passiv.htm

Monday 13the February -deadline by 7:00 PM

A Biography (Writing section 116/ex. c). My mother/father/gradma/grandpa

WB 64/2 Grammar ex. b, c

 

 

 

10 February

WB 63/2 Grammar ex. a

1 invention (who, when, why?)

 

PASSIVE

Tense	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Peter builds a house.	A house is built by Peter.
Simple Past	Peter built a house.	A house was built by Peter.
Present Perfect	Peter has built a house.	A house has been built by Peter.
Past Perfect	Peter had built a house.	A house had been built by Peter.
will-future	Peter will build a house.	A house will be built by Peter.
going to-future	Peter is going to build a house in summer.	A house is going to be built in summer by Peter.

 

 

9 FEB

Grammar bank 145/10A ex. a (Passive)

8 Feb

SB 74-75 2 DIRECTIONS  3 Asking how to get there: learn all the phrases

7 February

1 Writing section page 116/Complete the sentences using the correct forms of verbs.

2 Write a biography of an actor/actress, a singer on an extra paper according the instruction in Writing section, page 116/ex.c

3 Learn Bob Marley and Ziggy Marley - biographies

4 Revise Phobias

Grammar bank 143/9B, ex. a, b

Present perfect simple
(Predprítomný čas jednoduchý)

Je to čas, ktorý spája minulosť s prítomnosťou. Označuje aktivity, ktoré buď prebehli v minulosti a nejakým spôsobom súvisia s prítomnosťou alebo začali v minulosti a pretrvávajú do prítomnosti.

1/ Ako tvoríme predprítomný čas jednoduchý

Tvoríme ho pomocným slovesom "have / has (v 3. os. jed. čísla)" v spojení s trpným príčastím plnovýznamového slovesa.

a) oznamovacie vety

Pozor !!!

V bežnej neformálnej komunikácii sa používa skrátený tvar pomocného slovesa:
have -> have -> 've (z pôvodného "have" vypadla slabika "ha" a nahradili sme ju apostrofom )
Pr.:
I've done it
We've already asked

has -> has -> 's

Pr.:
He's been there.
My brother's left.
 

b) opytovacie vety bez opytovacieho slova

c) opytovacie vety s opytovacím slovom

d) záporné vety

2/ Použitie jednoduchého predprítomného času

• označuje deje, ktoré majú svoj (pôvod) začiatok v minulosti a pokračujú resp. platia aj v súčasnosti. Spájajú minulosť s prítomnosťou a často s nimi používame nasledovné časové príslovky: before now, so far, up till now, up to the present, It's the first time ..., ever, never, not...ever, since, for
  
  past -------------------------------> present
  
  Pr.:
  She has never eaten a mango before. (Ešte nikdy predtým nejedla mango. - hovorím to v súčasnosti a mám na mysli obdobie od minulosti až k momentu prehovoru)
  Tom hasn't been home since he was a boy.
  I've lived here for 5 years.
  I've planted about 20 bushes so far this morning. (do dnes rána)
  
  Pozor!!! Všimnite si rozdiel pri zmene časov:
  
  I've lived here for 5 years. - žijem tu už 5 rokov (stále)
  I lived here for 5 years. - žil som tu, ale už tu nebývam
  I am here for 5 weeks. - chystám sa tu zostať 5 týždňov
  I've been here for 5 weeks. - som tu už 5 týždňov
   
• deje, ktoré sa uskutočnili v presne nešpecifikovanom čase resp. nie je dôležité, kedy sa odohrali, ale podstatné je, že vôbec prebehli. Zaujímajú nás skôr ich dôsledky. Používajú sa bez časových prísloviek alebo s príslovkami:
  Pr.:
  Have you written that letter? (zaujíma ma výsledok činnosti t.j. či je napísaný)
  Has he invited his parents for the party? (chcem vedieť, či prídu t.j. aký je dôsledok tejto aktivity)
  
  Ale
  
  Did he invite his parents for the party last week? (zaujíma ma nie dôsledok ale čas, kedy ich pozval)
  
  Príslovky typické pre tento druh deja:
  I've just arrived. - just stojí vždy za "have/has"
  He's recently arrived from London.
  I've already done it. - already sa používa len v oznamovacích vetách a stojí vždy za "have/has"
  Have you passed your driving test yet ? - yet sa používa len v otázkach a záporoch
  I haven't passed my driving test yet.
  I still haven't passed my driving test.
   
• opakované deje, ktoré začali v minulosti a opakujú sa aj v prítomnosti, alebo predpokladáme, že sa budú uskutočňovať aj naďalej. Používame s nimi príslovky often, frequently, three/four/many times
  Pr.:
  She has always worked hard. - vždy pracovala ťažko a aj bude
  I've watched him on TV for several times. - videl som ho v TV niekoľkokrát a je predpoklad, že ho ešte uvidím.

Since alebo for?

Since - používame s časovými výrazmi, ktoré označujú konkrétny bod na časovej osi


He`s lived here since 1998.
We`ve known each other since our childhood.
I haven`t seen him since he left.
prekladáme "od / odkedy"

He`s lived here for 15 years.
We`ve known each other for a long time.
I haven`t seen him for two weeks.
prekladáme "už"

http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv1&sub=prespersim

http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv2&sub=prespersim

http://gymnolearn.euweb.cz/index.php?act=test&lang=aj&chapter=tenses&exf=cv3&sub=prespersim

 

 

• TALK ABOUT PHOBIAS using words related to fears  and DANGEROUS ANIMALS using conditional II
• CONDITIONALS I and II - Grammar bank + WB
• Revise PHRASES WITH GET in Vocabulary bank 159 + WB 51/ 2 Vocabulary + CONFUSING VERBS in VOCAB. bank page 160 + WB 53 
• PHOBIAS using words related to fears  and DANGEROUS ANIMALS using conditional II

 

• LEARN VOCABULARY + definitions: NATURAL DISASTERS
• LEARN PHRASES WITH GET in Vocabulary bank 159 + WB 51/ 2 Vocabulary + Confusing verbs in VOCAB. bank page 160 + WB 53 + Conditional I WB 52
• SB 66-67 REVISION - Grammar, vocabulary...

 

1 Vocabulary bank: phrases with GET, confusing verbs - test

2 LEARN HEALTH CARE from the worksheet:  2 Human body, Stress and fitness + At the doctor´s ... + the text below Health Care

PRACTISE: Conditionals = podmienkové vety

nulový kondicionál si môžete precvičiť v nasledovnom cvičení https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions1stedition/preint_unit_page/unit6/grammar/exercise2?cc=sk&selLanguage=sk

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/first-conditional-exercise-1.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/second-conditional-exercise-1.html

 

Conditional sentences

Conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English as a second language.

Watch out:

1. Which type of conditional sentences is it?
2. Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)?

There are three types of conditional sentences.

1. Form

2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

3. Examples (if-clause at the end)

4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)

* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).

• I would pass the exam.
• I could pass the exam.
• I might pass the exam.
• I may pass the exam.
• I should pass the exam.
• I must pass the exam.

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

 Written homework:  SB page 60 for motivation:  page 61/ 6  WRITING ex. a Pick just one problem.

 Giving advice: I think you should..., You shouln´t ..., I don´t think you shoul... Why don´t you...?, You could...

                                                                                                        ..

BETKA, dopisovali ste iný test. Potrebujete doplniť preklad a gramatiku. + Hoang a Laura

HEALTH CARE

a) human body

b) common diseases and diseases caused by current lifestyles, injuries, mental and physical conditions, seeing a doctor, at the chemist’s/pharmacy

c) healthy lifestyles, physical and mental hygiene

d) health care (prevention, vaccination)

e) national/public and private health care, health insurance, specialists

More and more people today start to realise that good health means a longer and happier life. That is why they take better care of their health than before.

Most kinds of medicine begin when you’re ill. Preventive medicine begins when you’re well. The idea is very simple. If you make your body strong and healthy, then you won’t become ill. There are three ways to do this. They are: diet, relaxation, exercise. In general, a healthy person does not smoke, is at a healthy weight, eats healthy and exercises. The trick to healthy living is making small changes – taking more exercise, adding fruit and vegetables to your diet (strava), adding fruit to your cereal, having an extra glass of water, having enough sleep, avoid stress – these are just a few ways you can start living healthy without drastic changes.

For many people, bad health begins with a bad diet. Some eat the wrong kind of food. Others eat too much or too little. It’s not surprising that people like this often become ill. On the other hand, people concerned about their health eat healthier food. They try to eat regularly, avoid eating chips, hamburgers, food in tins and packets. Instead, they try to eat fresh fruit and vegetables, brown bread, fish and white meat and reduce the amount of salt, fat, and sugar.

Modern life is full of pressure and problems. Some people can control these. They sleep well, enjoy life, don’t worry very much and try to avoid stressful situations as much as possible. They know how to relax and that relaxation helps the body to rest and repair itself. Others are the opposite. They sleep badly, don’t enjoy life and worry all the time. People like this are suffering from stress. Stress is a kind of illness itself and it can lead to many others.

Exercise is very important for good health. Without it the body becomes slow and fat. It also becomes weak and less able to fight illness. Unfortunately, modern life makes it very easy to be lazy.

When we are ill, we usually see a doctor (GP – general practitioner). The doctor examines our body, asks about the symptoms and usually prescribes some medication, which is usually available on prescription in a pharmacy. In some cases we need to make an appointment with a specialist. When the illness is too serious to be treated at home, we are taken to hospital and sometimes even undergo surgery.

People who are employed pay their health insurance monthly. They do not need to pay for basic health care and basic medication. When they want extra care or special treatment, they have to pay the extra costs. Some people decide to go to a private health care establishment (zariadenie), usually for surgical interventions, delivery or dental care.

Everybody goes through various diseases during their childhood and adult life. Most of the diseases are not serious and do not take a long time to cure because we have efficient medication against them. Such diseases are flu, tuberculosis, or scarlet fever. However, there are diseases which we have problems to cure or cannot cure at all yet, such as cancer, AIDS or heart attacks (infarkt, srdcový záchvat).

A healthy lifestyle, prevention and personal responsibility for our health can help us avoid possible dangers. Many people care about their health, go to the doctor for check-ups (kontroly), get eye exams done, weigh themselves regularly, get vaccinated and see the dentist twice a year. Others still need to learn that good health means a longer and happier life and that they need to care about themselves.

                Human body consists of a head, neck, trunk, upper and lower limbs. It consists of blood, bones, muscles, skin and inner organs. The most important organs include a heart, lungs, stomach, liver (pečeň) and kidneys (obličky). A head consists of  hair and a face with eyes, ears, nose, mouth, lips, teeth, tongue, cheeks, chin, eyebrows, eyelashes, forehead and moustache or beard in men. An upper limb consists of a shoulder, an arm, an elbow, a wrist, a hand with fingers (index finger, middle finger, ring finger, little finger and a thumb). Trunk consists or chest in men and breasts in women (u žien), back, waist, sex organs and hips (boky). A lower limb consists of a thigh, a knee, a calf (lýtko), a shin (píšťala), an ankle, a foot with toes and a heel.

                When you get ill, for example when you get food poisoning, flu, twisted ankle or cold you should see a doctor. If you want to see GP (general practitioner) you don’t have to make an appointment. If you need to see a specialist (an eye doctor) you have to make an appointment. You wait in the waiting room until the nurse calls your name. At the doctor’s surgery he usually asks about your symptoms. You tell him your symptoms. Then he takes your temperature and he examines your body. He tells you your diagnosis and prescribes you some pills, tablets, painkillers or drops. You go to the pharmacy/chemist’s and you show your prescription. They give you your medicine, you pay for the prescription and you go home. When you have got flu, you have to stay in bed, take your medicines, drink plenty of herbal tea with lemon and honey.

 

SB 57 I will survive (in Spanish) or will I? -Talk in detail about doing a one-month intensive course in Spanish and about the tests Listening section page 22/L 3.38.

V. Preiner - The Internet: Friend or Foe?

Argumentative essay:  Childhood - the Best Time of Your Life?

PRACTISE ONLINE

http://www.examenglish.com/grammar/A2_Gerund_infinitive.htm

Verb Patterns (slovesné vzorce)

 

Slovesné vzorce, ač to zní matematicky, nemají s matematikou nic společného a jedná se v podstatě o jev, kdy se nám ve větě objeví dvě slovesa za sebou.

 

Budu konkrétní:

I can ski. – sloveso v infinitivu bez TO
I want to ski. – sloveso v infinitivu s TO
I enjoy skiing. – sloveso v gerundiu (-ing)
I talked about skiing. – slovesná vazba s předložkou

Sečteno a podtrženo, s jinými tvary druhého slovesa ve větě se nemůžete v angličtině setkat. Problém je však v tom, kdy který tvar zvolit a pravidla tady bohužel jsou jen minimální. Proto nezbývá nic jiného, než se naučit každé sloveso a jeho “vzorec” samostatně.

Není třeba nikam spěchat. Mírně pokročilí studenti (a někdy i začátečníci) asi už znají všechny čtyři výše zmíněné příklady. Úmyslně jsem v úvodu zvolil slovesa základní, která patří do základní slovní zásoby.

S vyšší pokročilostí ovšem přibývají další a další slovesa, ale jelikož se s nimi nesetkáte tak často jako např. se slovesem WANT, nemusíte si být jisti, který tvar druhého zvolit. Pokročilejší studenti se pak vzorce musí jednoduše naučit / nadrtit / nabiflovat.

Slovesa následovaná infinitivem bez TO

V této kategorii je sloves naštěstí jen několik. Hlavně jde o modální slovesa, kde studenti většinou nechybují.

1) modální (způsobová) slovesa

základní = can, may, must
pokročilejší = could, might, will, would, shall, should

I can do it.
May I help you?
You must obey! 

2) slovesa LET a MAKE

Další dvě specifická slovesa jsou LET a MAKE.

Let me open the door for you.
Don't make me laugh! 

V trpném rodě se sloveso MAKE váže s inifitivem s TO:

I was made to do it. 

 

3) sloveso HELP

Se slovesem HELP můžete použít infinitiv bez TO, ale také s TO:

He helped her open the door.
He helped her to open the door. 

 

4) sloveso DARE

Poslední v této kategorii je sloveso DARE (opovážit se, troufnout si), které může být modální (způsobové) sloveso, a váže se tady s infinitivem bez TO. Pracujeme s ním pak jako s modálním slovesem.

zápor: DARE + NOT = DAREN'T
otázka: DARE YOU…?

Používá se však i jako běžné sloveso, se kterým pracujete jednoduše a váže se s infinitivem s TO, ale také bez TO.

zápor: DON'T DARE
otázka: DO YOU DARE…?

Jako modální sloveso (bez TO):

I dare not go. = I daren't go.
Dare you do it?
How dare you do it? 

Jako běžné sloveso (s TO i bez TO):

I didn't dare (to) go.
Do you dare (to) do it?
Nobody dared (to) speak. 

Slovíčko DARE patří také do kategorie sloves, po kterých je nejprve předmět a poté infinitiv (tato kategorie je zmíněna níže), a znamená pak “vyzvat někoho k něčemu”

I dare you to drink it! 

Slovesa následovaná infinitivem s TO

Tato kategorie je společně s následující kategorií ‘gerundium’ nejobsáhlejší, a taky se pokročilejším studentům nejčastěji plete.

“Bude po slovese infinitiv nebo gerundium?” Nezbývá nic jiného, než se naučit jednotlivá slovesa.

Bohužel není vše černobílé a anglická gramatika je toho důkazem. Problematika INFINITIV vs. GERUNDIUM není jen o tom naučit se zpaměti všechna spojení. Jde to ještě dál: některá slovesa se mohou pojit s infinitivem NEBO s gerundiem a nedochází ke změně významu. Jsou tu však i taková slovesa, kde dochází ke změně ve významu. Více se dozvíte níže.

Ale nepředbíhejme. Následují příklady sloves, po kterých je infinitiv. (obsáhlejší seznam naleznete níže)

Slovesa v této kategorii se dají rozdělit na dvě základní skupiny:

1) slovesa, po kterých je přímo infinitiv

 

afford: I couldn't afford to buy the book.
agree: Susan agreed to help them.
appear: He appears to be tired.
decide: I have decided to leave on Friday.
hesitate: Don't hesitate to contact us.
hope: Jack hopes to arrive on Saturday.
offer : They offered to help us.
plan : I am planning to have a party.
refuse: I simply refuse to believe it.
want: I want to tell you the truth.
wish: She wishes to come with us. 

 

2) slovesa, po kterých je nejprve předmět a pak infinitiv

 

ask: I asked Jim to help us.
expect: I expect you to be here on Monday.
hire: She hired a boy to mow the lawn.
instruct: He instructed them to be careful.
invite: Harry invited the Jacksons to come to his party.
lead: The article leads me to believe it's true.
order: The judge ordered me to pay a fine.
teach: My brother taught me to swim.
want: I want you to do it. 

Určitě si všimnete, že některá slovesa jsou v obou kategoriích – může po nich být přímo infinitiv, nebo nejprve zájmeno a až pak infinitiv. Např:

I want to do it.
I want you to do it. 

 

Slovesa a vazby následované gerundiem (-ing)

Další velice obsáhlá sekce jsou slovíčka následovaná gerundiem (sloveso zakončeno -ing). I tato kategorie má několik podsekcí, jelikož sem patří i určité vazby. Opět si uvedeme jen několik příkladů, podrobnější seznam najdete níže.

1) slovesa následovaná gerundiem (-ing)

 

admit: He admitted stealing the money.
avoid: He avoided answering my question.
deny: She denied committing the crime.
enjoy: We enjoyed visiting them.
fancy: I don't really fancy doing it.
imagine: Can you imagine living here?
keep: I keep hoping he will come.
miss: I miss being with my family.
postpone: Let's postpone leaving until tomorrow.
quit: He quit trying to solve the issue.
recall: I don't recall meeting him before.
recommend: I recommended calling her.
suggest: She suggested going to the cinema. 

Pozor si dejte například na sloveso suggest:

She suggested going to the cinema.
She suggested that he go to the cinema. 

Podobně se chovají například slovesa recommend, propose, request, insist atd. Tento pro mnohé zvlášní gramatický jev se jmenuje konjunktiv.

 

2) vazby se slovesem GO

Pokud jdeme nebo jedeme dělat nějakou činnost (většinou sport nebo hobby), používáme sloveso GO, po kterém je také vždy gerundium. Zde jsou příklady:

go bowling, go camping, go canoeing, go dancing, go fishing, go hiking, go hunting, go jogging, go running, go sailing, go shopping, go sightseeing, go skating, go skateboarding, go skiing, go swimming

I usually go swimming in summer.
I went shopping yesterday. 

 

Po slovesu GO může být i infinitiv (s TO i bez TO), pokud se nejedná například o oblíbenou činnost, ale o konstatování, že jdete něco udělat:

I should go to see a doctor.
I should go see a doctor.
I should go and see a doctor.

 

POZOR!

Zde bych rád zmínil jednu typickou chybu.
Pokud chci říct Uvažuji, že pojedu lyžovat, dochází k zajímavému jevu:

jet lyžovat = go skiing (vazba se slovesem go, viz výše)

uvažovat = consider (sloveso, po kterém je vždy gerundium)

Celá tato věta je v přítomné čase průběhovém, proto:

I am considering going skiing.

Ano, budou tady tři slovesa s koncovkou -ING za sebou.

Jedná se o průběhový čas, proto I AM CONSIDERING.
Sloveso ‘consider’ se váže vždy s gerundiem, proto je GOING.
‘Jet lyžovat’ je ve vazbě GO SKIING.

Studenti se na konci věty většinou “vylekají” a řeknou si, že nemůže být ING 3× za sebou a udělají chybu jako třeba I am considering going to ski.
Tady jsou jasná pravidla a není důvod je porušovat, i když se vám zdá, že “to tak přece nemůže být”.

 

3) ustálená spojení následovaná gerundiem

 

Zde bych rád nakousl ještě jednu kategorii. Nejedná se o klasický slovesný vzorec, protože se tady nebudou za sebe klást dvě slovesa, ale jedná se přímo o vazby.

have a good time: We had a good time playing soccer.
have a hard time: We had a hard time finding the house.
have a difficult time: I will have a difficult time making up my mind.
have fun: We had fun playing football.
have trouble: We had trouble looking for our car.
have difficulty: We had difficulty filling in the form. 

 

4) vazby sloves s předložkami (následované gerundiem)

 

Asi nebude novinkou, že po předložkách je vždy gerundium, ale problém je vybrat tu správnou předložku. Tady opět nezbývá nic jiného, než se tyto vazby naučit. Proto bez dlouhého vysvětlování následuje seznam těch nejužitečnějších:

ABOUT

argue about: We argued about going on holidays.
be excited about: I am excited about going on holiday.
be thrilled about: I was thrilled about going camping.
be worried about: I am worried about taking the exam. 

ABOUT / OF

complain about / of: Susan complained about having a headache.
dream about / of: I dream about going to Hawaii.
speak about / of: He spoke about being concerned about his health.
talk about / of: Peter talked about being too busy.
think about / of: I was thinking about going on holiday. 

FOR

apologize for: David apologized for being late.
be responsible for: Who is responsible for taking care of invoices?
be thankful for: I was thankful for not having to go there.
blame (sb) for: Don't blame me for breaking it.
forgive (sb) for: Please forgive me for doing that.
have an excuse for: He always has an excuse for not coming.
have a reason for: Paul has a good reason for doing it.
thank (sb) for: Thank you for coming. 

FROM

discourage (sb) from: My girlfriend discourages me from racing.
keep (sb) from: She kept me from finishing the task.
prevent (sb) from: He prevented her from going there.
prohibit (sb) from: Paul prohibited us from smoking.
stop (sb) from: He stopped the child from running into the street. 

IN

believe in: I believe in doing good deeds.
be interested in: I am interested in skiing.
participate in: He participated in searching.
succeed in: She succeeded in setting up her own business. 

OF

approve of: My parents don't approve of me coming home so late.
be accused of: She was accused of stealing the present.
be capable of: He isn't capable of telling lies.
be guilty of: The jury found him guilty of stealing the bike.
be tired of: I am tired of having to work all day.
instead of: *Instead of* watching TV, I decided to go to the cinema.
take advantage of: You should take advantage of living here.
take care of: She took care of welcoming the guest. 

ON

concentrate on: I concentrated on doing it perfectly.
depend on: Our health depends on taking time to recharge our batteries.
insist on: I insist on knowing the whole truth!
plan on : I'm planning on attending the meeting.
rely on: I really relied on being accepted to that school. 

 

TO

admit to: She admitted to going there secretly.
be accustomed to : I am accustomed to working late hours.
be committed to : We are committed to providing the best medical care.
be opposed to: She was opposed to him doing such things.
be used to: I am used to getting up early.
confess to: She confessed to having an affair.
look forward to: I look forward to seeing you.
object to: I object to him saying such things. 

 

POZOR!

Poslední část je pro studenty nejsložitější. Má to jeden velmi prostý důvod – předložka TO. Problém je v tom, že tady je TO předložka, a proto je po ní gerundium (to going). Jenže slovíčko TO může být taky částice infinitivu (to go).

A v tom je právě kámen úrazu. Studenti mají tak silně zakořeněnou právě infinitivní vazbu TO GO, že jim spojení TO GOING přijde jednoduše špatně.

Výsledkem je pak klasická chyba např. v dopisech: I look forward to see you.

Sloveso těšit se (look forward) je vždy následováno předložkou TO.

těšit se NA něco = look forward TO something

I look forward to seeing you.

Několikrát se mi stalo, že mi studenti jednoduše nevěřili, protože již tolikrát viděli v dopisech např. “I look forward to see you” nebo “I look forward to hear from you.”

Pokud se vám to taky nezdá, tak přemýšlejte se mnou:

go swimming = jít plavat

I talked about going swimming.
Tady vás spojení about going asi nepřekvapí. ABOUT je přece předložka.

I am looking forward to going swimming.
Tady je spojení to going a i zde je předložka, tentokrát TO.

Stejné by to bylo napřiklad v další klasické chybě

I am used to get up early.

jsem zvyklý NA něco = I am used TO something

TO je tady předložka, proto bude správně věta:

I am used to getting up early.

 

INFINITIV vs. GERUNDIUM

Když se na tento gramatický jev podíváte jako na celek, tak zjístíte, že první krátká kategorie sloves, po kterých je infinitiv bez TO, je docela jasná – jde skoro výhradně o modální (způsobová) slovesa. Další kategorie jsou vazby. Co je ovšem největší problém i pro pokročilé studenty, to je INFINITIV vs. GERUNDIUM.

Jak jsme si ukázali výše, někdy je po slovesech infinitiv, někdy gerundium. V odstavcích výše bylo jen několik příkladových sloves, podrobnější seznam najdete v závěru článku.

Další problém však je, že některá slovesa se mohou pojit jak s infinitivem, tak s gerundiem. A někdy dochází ke změně ve významu a někdy ne.

 

1) infinitiv vs. gerundium – bez změny významu

Jako první uvedu slovesa z té jedodušší kategorie – ať po nich dáte infinitiv nebo gerundium, význam zůstává stejný:

advise: She advised me to wait. / She advised waiting.
can't bear: I can't bear to wait / waiting in long lines.
begin: It began to rain / raining.
continue: He continued to speak / speaking.
prefer: Janet prefers to walk home. / I prefer walking to running.
start: It started to rain / raining. 

V zásadě však platí pravidlo, že pokud je již ve větě jedno gerundium, a my si můžeme vybrat, volíme infinitiv: It's starting raining It's starting to rain

Pokud ve větě gerundium není, výběr je na nás:
It started raining = It started to rain

Malý problém nastává u sloves ADVISE a PREFER – jejich význam se však nemění:

ADVISE

Uvedeme-li ve větě předmět, musíme použít infinitiv:
He advised me to buy a Volvo. 

Bez předmětu je pak nutno použít gerundium:
He advised buying a Volvo. 

V trpném rodě je však i bez zájmena infinitiv:
I was advised to buy a Volvo. 

PREFER

Samotné sloveso PREFER se váže většinou s infinitivem:
I prefer to stay home. 

Se slovesem PREFER se však váže předložka TO, jako např. ve větě:
I prefer tea to coffee. 

Proto musíme použít u dalších sloves gerundium:
I prefer staying home to going to the concert. 

S infinitivem je to taky možné, ale věta bude složitější:
I'd prefer to stay home rather than to go to the concert.

Ve zkrácené podobě pak:
I'd prefer to stay home than go to the concert.

 

2) infinitiv vs. gerunidum – změna ve významu

Některá slovesa se vážou s infinitivem i gerundiem, ale dochází ke změně ve významu:

REMEMBER + FORGET
U těchto dvou sloves platí stejné pravidlo, proto si je vysvětlíme společně.

She always remembers to lock the door.
He often forgets to lock the door. 

Ve větách výše chronologicky nejprve přichází děj slovesa remember / forget a pak činnost:
nejprve si vzpomene, pak zamkne
nejprve zapomene, aby pak zamkl

I remember seeing the Alps for the first time.
I'll never forget seeing the Alps. 

V těchto větách naopak nejprve přišla nějaká činnost, na kterou budu vzpomínat nebo zapomenu:
nejprve jsme viděl Alpy, a to si pak budu pamatovat
nejprve jsem viděl Alpy, a na to pak nikdy nezapomenu

Pro lepší pochopení se nyní pojďme věty se zamykáním a Alpami přehodit:

She remembered to lock the door. X She remembers locking the door.
She remembered to see the Alps. X She remembers seeing the Alps. 

She forgot to lock the door. X She forgot locking the door.
She forgot to see the Alps. X She forgot seeing the Alps. 

REGRET

Podobné je to se slovesem regret. Když použiji infinitiv, nejprve lituji toho, co pak udělám. Naopak pokud použiji gerundium, lituji toho, co jsem před tím udělal:

I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
I regret lending him the money. 

HATE

Podobně i zde, pokud použijete infinitiv, jste neradi, že musíte něco udělat. Gerundium naopak označuje obecnou nevoli:

I hate to tell you that you failed the test.
I hate making such stupid mistakes. 

TRY

Se slovesem TRY je to trochu jinak. Pokud použijeme infinitiv, pokusíme se něco udělat. Nevíme, jestli se nám to podaří.

Pokud použijeme gerundium, pak víme, že se nám to podaří, ale jde nám o výsledek.

I'm trying to learn English.
Can you try to open the window? I think it's stuck.
The room was hot. I tried opening the window, but it didn't help. 

LIKE

Rozdíl mezi použitím gerundia a infinitivu je pouze drobný:

I like going to the cinema.
They like working out. 

He likes to go swimming in the morning.
She likes to buy a strong coffee before work. 

Zde si můžeme pomoci tím, že pokud se bavíme obecně, použijeme gerundium. Naopak pokud se bavíme o konkrétnější situaci, použijeme infinitiv. Dokonce třeba ani nechceme říct, že je to naše oblíbená činnost, ale prostě to rádi děláme z nějakého důvodu.

Toto pravidlo však rozhodně není černobílé. Například v AmE se setkáte nejčastěji s infinitivem.

NEED

Za sloveso NEED dáváme běžně infinitiv:

You need to go there and tell him.
We need Chris to help us. 

Pokud však říkáme, že něco potřebuje nějakou činnost, a někdo to musí udělat, použijeme gerundium:

The car needs washing. 

MEAN

Sloveso MEAN má dva základní významy. Pokud vyjadřuje “znamenat” a zajímá nás výsledek, použijeme gerundium:

Do you really want to pass the test? It will mean studying very hard. 

MEAN ale může znamenat také “zamýšlet, mít v úmyslu”. Pak použijeme infinitiv:

I didn't mean to hurt you. 

 

STOP

Pozor na sloveso STOP. Je po něm pochopitelně gerundium (stejně jako po všech slovesech, která znamenají ukončení činnosti). Ale lze po něm použít také infinitiv účelu:

I stopped smoking. = Přestal jsem kouřit.
I stopped to smoke. = Zastavil jsem se, abych si zakouřil.

 

infinitiv vs. gerundium – obecná pomůcka

Pokud jste v situaci, kdy se máte rozhodnou jestli po daném slovese bude infinitiv nebo gerundium, a nemáte po ruce žádný seznam nebo jinou pomůcku, můžete se řídit následujícím:

Gerundium se často používá v případě, že činnost popisovaná druhým slovesem se odehrává před činností popisovanou prvním slovesem:

She denied stealing the money. = popírá něco, co udělala dříve

Infinitiv má opačné pravidlo: sloveso první se odehrává před slovesem druhým, časově jdou slovesa chronologicky po sobě:

She decided to steal the money. = nejprve se rozhodla a pak ukradla

Toto pravidlo však není zdaleka stoprocentní.

Slovesa HEAR a SEE

Slovesa smyslového vnímání HEAR a SEE mají svá specifika a nehodí se do žádné výše uvedené kategorie.

Lze po nich použít infinitiv bez TO nebo gerundium a i zde dochází k mírné změně ve významu, která souvisí s českou dokonavostí a nedokonavostí:

I saw him cross the street.
I saw him crossing the street. 

He saw the tree fall down.
He saw the tree falling down. 

I heard her knock on the door.
I heard her knocking on the door. 

She heard her parents argue in their bedroom.
She heard he parents arguing in their bedroom. 

Pokud použijete infinitiv (bez TO), vyjadřujete, že jste viděli nebo slyšeli celou akci. Naopak při použití gerundia vyjadřujete, že jste viděli či slyšeli pouze část. Nezaměřujete se na dokonaný děj.

Po těchto slovesech nelze použít infinitiv s TO.

 

Seznamy sloves

Jelikož již znáte problematiku infinitivů a gerundií, je na čase seznámit se s nejdůlěžitými slovesy z obou kategorií.

U sloves, která se pojí s infinitivem i gerundiem je poznámka:
hvězdička (*) = nedochází ke změně ve významu
křížek (+) = dochází ke změně ve významu, nebo použití

Slovesa, po kterých následuje infinitiv: 

afford	convince	intend*	regret+
advise*	continue*	learn	remember+
agree	dare	like+	remind
allow*	decide	long	require
appear	deserve	love*	seem
arrange	enable	manage	start*
ask	encourage	mean+	struggle
attempt*	expect	need+	swear
(be) able	fail	offer	teach
beg	forbid	order	tell
begin*	force	permit	threaten
care	forget+	persuade	trouble
choose	happen	plan	try+
cause	hate+	prefer*	urge
challenge	help	prepare	volunteer
can't bear*	hesitate	pretend	wait
choose	hire	propose*	want
claim	hope	promise	warn
consent	instruct	refuse	wish

Slovesa, po kterých následuje gerundium: 

admit	deny	involve	recall
advise*	detest	keep	recollect
allow*	dislike	like+	recommend
anticipate	endure	love*	regret+
appreciate	enjoy	mention	remember+
avoid	escape	mean+	resent
attempt*	excuse	mind	resist
begin*	fancy	miss	risk
can't bear*	finish	need+	start*
can't help	forget+	permit*	stop
consider	forgive	postpone	suggest
contemplate	hate+	practise	try+
continue*	imagine	prefer*	understand
delay	intend*	propose*	(be) worth

Pozn.: Frázová slovesa v těchto seznamech nejsou obsažena, ale pochopitelně platí stejné pravidlo i pro ně, např:

He continued / carried on / went on speaking.
She postponed / put off leaving until tomorrow.

 

infinitiv a gerundium – zápor

Pokud chcete vyjádřit záporný infinitiv nebo gerundium, je anglická gramatika naštěstí jednoduchá: Před infinitiv nebo gerundium vložíte záporku NOT:

He pretended to know the answer.
He pretended not to hear. 

I regret calling him.
I regret not calling him. 

 

ZÁVĚR

Co napsat závěrem. Pokud jste dočetli až sem (a nepřeskakovali), tak vám jde jistě hlava kolem.

Zde platí to, co u každého gramatického jevu. Začít pomalu od začátku, protože naráz se to nedá vše zvládnout.

Obzvláště tato gramatika, protože se týká všech anglických sloves (samozřejmě tady nejsou napsána všechna slovesa, ale je tu již slušná slovní zásoba) a je zbytečné učit se slovní vzorec ke slovesu, které zatím moc neznám.

Ale pokud se budu učit nové sloveso, je ideální naučit se také rovnou jeho správné spojení s dalším slovesem. Určitě je dobré vědět základní spojení, která jsou zmíněna hned v úvodu. A pak, až se budete učit další nová slovesa a budete je používat, je dobré občas se mrknout na tuto gramatiku.

V budoucnosti máme v plánu se ke gramatice slovesných vzorců vracet ve formě krátkých článků, které se budou zaměřovat hlavně na ta slovesa, se kterými se pojí infinitiv i gerundium a mění se tak jejich význam.

Získané znalosti si můžete procvičit v testech:

Verb patterns 1:

http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2008083006-test-verb-patterns-1

Verb patterns 2:

http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2008110205-test-verb-patterns-2

Verb patterns 3:

http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2011102302-test-verb-patterns-3

Gerundium vs. Infinitiv 1:

http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2006071601-gerundium-vs-infinitiv-cviceni-1

Gerundium vs. Infinitív 2:

http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2006071602-gerundium-vs-infinitiv-cviceni-2

Gerundium vs. Infinitív 3:

http://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2006071702-gerundium-vs-infinitiv-cviceni-3

Grammar bank

Learn 138 grammar rules, 139/ 7C ex. b  + GRAMMAR in VOCABULARY BANK on page 158 Verbs + Infinitive

ORAL PERFORMANCE: WB 44/4 READING, 46/d Reading the digital way + tips how to survive at a party  and a first date (Communication section,  page 103, 107), HOW TO ... Survive Meeting Your Girlfriend´s parents for the First Time on page 52 + 3.23 Listening - your notes

GRAMMAR in VOCABULARY BANK on page 158 Verbs + Infinitive

DOPISOVAČI:

TUESDAY OR WEDNESDAY  classroom N 106 

Lukácsová, Machovič, Preiner, Scherhaufer, Šebo - INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

Wiliam Šuška

Expressions to remember:

common interests. it´ll be easy to have a conversation with..., to make the right impression, it´s important NOT TO be late, shake the hand firmly / a weak handshake, be ready to answer, to want to know everything about your ambitions, offer to do the washing-up, don´t be a  "yes"man, ask for your opinion, try NOT TO talk about controversial subjects - this isn´t the moment to give your views on religion and politics,if the conversation is dying and you can´t think what to say..., it shows you have a deep interest in something.

Verbs + Gerund, exercises in WB page 43, 45

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-1.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-2.html

 

 

 

 

WB 42 / 2 VOCABULARY, 45/1GRAMMAR ex. a, b

Grammar bank 139/7A ex. a, b, WB 42/GRAMMAR ex.a, b, c, d

English File page 52:

Learn TIPS in the article HOW TO ... Survive Meeting Your Girlfriend´s parents for the First Time Tips to get right your stress while also  meeting people for the first time.

Expressions to remember and use in your conversation:

common interests. it´ll be easy to have a conversation with..., to make the right impression, it´s important NOT TO be late, shake the hand firmly / a weak handshake, be ready to answer, to want to know everything about your ambitions, offer to do the washing-up, don´t be a  "yes"man, ask for your opinion, try NOT TO talk about controversial subjects - this isn´t the moment to give your views on religion and politics,if the conversation is dying and you can´t think what to say..., it shows you have a deep interest in something.

Learn a few essential facts about  Graphics programmes and WEB GRAPHICS + Rules of creating a website

 

REVISION: 10 Rules of Web Design

ORAL PERFRORMANCE: WB 44/4 READING ex. a, b + tips how to survive at a party 

 and a first date (Communication section,  page 103, 107),

REVISION FOR A TEST: GRAMMAR in VOCABULARY BANK on page 158 Verbs + Infinitive, Verbs + Gerund, exercises in WB page 43, 45

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-1.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-2.html

Learn a few essential facts about  Graphics programmes and WEB GRAPHICS + Rules of creating a website

10 Rules of Web Design

Follow these guidelines to create great websites

1. Simple is beautiful.
   Cramming (nahustenie; cram – napchať) too much into each page creates confusion (zmätok). Visitors get frustrated when they have to scan through rows of links and images to find what they are looking for. By keeping your pages simple, your website will be easier to use.
2. Design is paramount (najdôležitejší, prvoradý).
   When you meet someone for the first time, you want to make a good first impression. The same should be true for your website. The overall look and feel of your site is the first thing your visitors will notice.
3. Navigation should be intuitive.
   There are few things more frustrating than not being able to find certain content on a website. Pages should be well-organized with a top-down design so that visitors can easily browse (prezerať si) through the different sections on your website.
4. Consistency (jednotnosť, konzistencia, stálosť - uniformity)  is key. 
   Visitors shouldn't feel like they are visiting a new website each time they open a new page on your site. Consistency among the pages on your site makes navigation a much easier task.
5. Colors are crucial (rozhodujúci, záväzný - essential).
   Color selection can make or break a website. Most of us have visited websites that are simply painful to look at. When choosing colors, use a consistent palette of colors that don't clash  (nebyť v rozpore) and make sure there is a strong contrast between the text and the background.
6. Make your website responsive (vnímavý, citlivý, prístupný).
   People will access your website using a wide variety of devices – from smartphones to desktop computers. Therefore, it is important that your website displays correctly on different screen sizes. Using CSS media queries (query–dopyt) is a great way to implement responsive web design.
7. Develop for multiple browsers.
   Browsers (prehliadače) are supposed to display webpages the same way, but they don't. Therefore, make sure to check your website on multiple browsers to make sure everything appears (objaviť sa) correctly. It is best to catch problems ahead of time instead (namiesto) of relying (rely-spoliehať sa) on complaints (sťažnosti) from your visitors.
8. Check your website for errors.
   As any experienced editor will tell you, a great piece of work can be tarnished (pošpinený, potupený; spoilt) by a small error. Webmasters should regularly check their websites for typos, broken links (nefungujúce odkazy), and images that do not load (načítavať) correctly.
9. Write your own code.
   Whether it's HTML or PHP, nothing beats writing your code from scratch. If you use “build your site” from templates (predloha) and pre-written scripts, you will be clueless when something goes wrong. If you code (zakódovať, zašifrovať) your own pages, you will have full control over how they look and act.
10. Don't forget the content.
    Even if your site is beautifully designed, it is no more than an empty shell without content. A good website has both great design and great content. Therefore, make sure all your pages have unique, original content that makes them worth visiting.

Revise J.Gutenberg

Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)

Johannes Guttenberg invented the printing press - the most important invention in modern times.

Without boks and computers we wouldn't be able to learn, to pass on information, or to share scientific discoveries. Prior to (before) Gutenberg invented the printing press, making a book was a hard process. It wasn't that hard to write a letter to one person by hand, but to create thousands of books for many people to read was nearly impossible. Without the printing press we wouldn't have had the Scientific Revolution or the Rennaisance. Our world would be very different.

He was born in Mainz, Germany around the year 1398. He was the son of a goldsmith. We do not know much about his childhood. He moved a few times around Germany, but that's all we know for sure.

Inventions

Gutenberg took some existing technologies and some of his own inventions to invent the printing press in the year 1450. One key idea he came up with was moveable type. Rather than use wooden blocks to press ink onto paper, Gutenberg used moveable metal pieces to quickly create pages. He made innovations all the way through the printing process enabling pages to be printed faster. His presses could print thousands of pages per day vs. 40-50 with the old method. This was a dramatic improvement an allowed books to be acquired by the middle class and spread knowledge and education like never before. The invention of the printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe and soon thousands of books were being printed using printing presses. He used a special metal combination that consisted of lead, antimony and tin.

First printed books

It is thought that the first printed item using the press was a German poem. Other prints included Latin Grammars and indulgences for the Catholic Church. His real fame came from producing the Gutenberg Bible. It was the first time a Bible was mass-produced and available for anyone outside the church. Bibles were rare and could take up to a year for a priest to transcribe. Gutenberg printed around 200 of these in a relatively short time.

The original Bible was sold for 30 florins. This was a lot of money back then for a commoner, but much, much cheaper than a hand-written version.

There are about 21 complete copies of Gutenberg Bible existing today. One copy is worth about 30 million dollars.

Branding refers to:

Brand, a name, logo, slogan, and/or design scheme associated with a product or service.

Branding agency, a type of marketing agency which specializes in creating brands.

 

The objectives that a good brand will achieve include:

• Delivers the message clearly

• Confirms your credibility

• Connects your target prospects emotionally

• Motivates the buyer

• Concretes User Loyalty

 

How To Define Your Brand

This is the first step in the process of developing your brand strategy.

Here's How:

1. What products and/or services do you offer? Define the qualities of these services and/or products. What are the core values of your products and services? What are the core values of your company?

2. What is the mission of your company? What does your company specialize in?

3. Who is your target market? Who do your products and services attract?

4. What is the tagline (catchphrase) of your company? What message does your tagline send to your prospects?

5. Is the personality of your company innovative, creative, energectic, or sophisticated?

6. Which characteristics and qualities get the attention of your prospects.

7. Create a profile of your brand. Describe the personality or character with words just as if you were writing a biography or personal ad. Be creative.

Creating a company identity

- is an essential task to open your doors for business.

COMPANY IDENTITY is a combination of coloured schemes, designs, words, etc. that make a visual statement itself and communicate company's business philosophy.

The company identity is your business’ face in the market.

A logo serves as the foundation of your company identity. It is the image that represents your company. It is also found on company websites and promotional materials.

A logotype refers to the verbal aspect of the logo. This includes any words or letters that are a part of the logo itself.

While a logo can exist without logotype, a logotype can either be a part of the logo or can be the logo itself. Whether you use a logo with only imagery, only text or a combination will depend on your personal taste and what best suits your business.

Slogan

A logotype can also include a company slogan as well. For example, Southwest Airlines will sometimes include a phrase with their logo such as "share the spirit."

Font

 

Tvorba značky – Branding

Brand identity - the general expression of a brand – including its name, trademark, communications, and visual appearance – is brand identity.

Brand - is the "name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's product distinct from those of other sellers." It is used in business, marketing, and advertising.

Branding is a complex of activities beginning with - Creation of a brandname, logo (color combination, symbols), slogan, positioning, communication with customers, strengthening brand name, price creation, public relations and activities of a relationship "seller - customer".

Brand elements

Brands typically are made up of various elements, such as:

• Name: The word or words used to identify a company, product, service, or concept.

• Logo: The visual trademark that identifies the brand.

• Tagline or Catchphrase: "Im lovin it" is associated with Mc Donalds.

• Graphics: The dynamic ribbon is a trademarked part of Coca-Cola's brand.

• Shapes: The distinctive shapes of the Coca-Cola bottle and of the Volkswagen Beetle are trademarked elements of those brands.

• Colours: Owens-Corning is the only brand of fiberglass insulation that can be pink.

• Sounds: A unique tune or set of notes can denote a brand.

• Scents: The rose-jasmine-musk scent of Chanel No. 5 is trademarked.

• Tastes: Kentucky Fried Chicken has trademarked its special recipe of eleven herbs and spices for fried chicken.

• Movements: Lamborghini has trademarked the upward motion of its car doors.

• Customer relationship management

 

The brand name is quite often used confused with "brand", a "brand name" constitutes a type of trademark.

 

Types of brand names

 

• Initialism: A name made of initials such, as UPS or IBM

• Descriptive: Names that describe a product benefit or function, such as Whole Foods, Airbus or Toys R' Us

• Alliteration and rhyme: Names that are fun to say and stick in the mind, such as Reese's Pieces or Dunkin' Donuts

• Evocative: Names that evoke a relevant vivid image, such as Amazon or Crest

• Neologisms: Completely made-up words, such as Wii or Häägen Dazs.

• Foreign word: Adoption of a word from another language, such as Volvo or Samsung

• Founders' names: Using the names of real people, (especially a founder's name), such as Hewlett-Packard, Dell, Disney

• Geography: Many brands are named for regions and landmarks, such as Fuji Film

• Personification: Many brands take their names from myths, such as Nike

• Punny: Some brands create their name by using a silly pun, such as Lord of the Fries, Wok on Water or Eggs Eggscetera

 

 

1. what is graphics?
2. where does the word come from and what it means in its original language?
3. 1990s and their significance from the point of view of computer graphics
4. software you use to create computer graphics
5. golden rules to create your webpage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Practise Tenses PRESENT, PAST, FUTURE, PRESENT PERFECT

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/zeitformen.htm

23. augusta 2013

Komisionálna  skúška z anlického jazyka  pre žiakov I. ročníka v školskom roku 2015/2016

SPEAKING – Ústna časť

1.       Predstavte sa a charakterizujte seba. Skúste sa opísať, čo máte na sebe, čo radi nosíte do školy a pod. Použite slovnú zásobu z Vocabulary bank, strana 150 a 151.

2.       Pripravte si 6 viet na tému: What are your plans? Example:  I am going to learn English because I am going to England in October, or I am going to be a model. I am going to prepare for it, or I am going to meet my friends next week. Now I am too busy, etc.  Využívajte slovnú zásobu z Vocabulary bank na strane 152.

3.       SB na strane 28 Teenagers have annoying habits and parents have annoying habits. Naučiť sa annoying habits a rozprávať o svojich a svojich rodičov annoying habits.

4.       SB na strane 33 / What did you really do at the weekend? Čítanie s porozumením a naštudovanie slovnej zásoby: dôležité vety máte v zošite. + 5 LISTENING 2.22, 2.23 v časti knihy LISTENING na strane 120. Porozprávajte o svojom víkende, čo robíte, aké domáce práce robíte. Vety môžu byť aj v zápore, ak ich nerobíte. Pomoc nájdete aj vo Vocabulary bank na strane 154. Zodpovedzte si otázky v cvičení /2 MAKE OR DO?, ex. d.

5.       SB na strane 36/ 1 READING AND VOCABULARY prečítať text We´re living faster, but are we living better? Naučiť sa slovnú zásobu a rozprávať ako rýchlo žijete, odpovedzte na otázky SB 36/ ex. e: How fast is your life?

6.       Časť WRITING strana 114 / 4 DESCRIBING WHERE YOU LIVE . Podľa článku a jeho časti opíšte mesto, kde žijete alebo hlavné mesto Bratislavu. Používajte výrazy a frázy z článku: What I like about... / What I like best about..., ... an impotant city in ..., it has a population of .... people, There is/are ... It has a lot of.., ... has a residential area full of ..., ... is typical of/...is famous for, When I am tired, I can easily get out and enjoy ... Pomôže Vám VOCABULARY BANK na strane 156. Naučte sa prídavné mená, ich opozitá, názvy – religious buildings- cirkevné stavby, obchody a historické budovy a pamätníky.

7.       Porozprávajte na základe článku o pití kávy, potrebe slnečného žiarenia a hraní počítačových hier, hovorte o plusoch a mínusoch. Pripravte si odpovede na otázky na strane 41 / 4 PRONUNCIATION AND SPEAKING / ex. c.

8.       SB na strane 42-43 zopakujte si frázy v dialógu  v obchode / ex. b Can I help you? Do you have these trainers in an eight? Here you are. Do you want to try them on? How much are they? There´s an added tax of 15 per cent. I´m afraid they´re too small. I´ll go and check. Just a minute. We have these and they´re the same price. I´ll take this pair then, please. You can have a refund. Do you have a receipt?

9.       Zopakujte si slovesá VOCABULARY BANK 157

10.    Podľa článku SN na strane 45 porozprávajte o postave Dr. Housa a hercovi, ktorý ho hrá. What do they have in common? What does Hugh Laurie do in the hit TV series and what in his free time? Give examples of his pessimism. Use expressions and phrases: Gregory House is famous for being a pessimist. Laurie never thought that House M.D. was going to be a success. I am someone who is constantly expecting a plane to drop on my head, if not today then tomorrow. Laurie is also a talented musician and is passionate about the blues. Strangers come up to him in the street and say „Cheer up, mate, it´ll never happen!“

11.    SB na strane 47 si znova prečítajte článok I´´ ll never forget you + v časti LISTENING na strane 121 Listening 3.13 nezabudnite na dokončenie príbehu. Porozprávajte v minulom čase. Pomôžu Vám otázky pod článkom v cvičeniach c a d.

12.    SB na strane 49 / 3 SPEAKING  v cvičení b sú otázky REVISION QUESTIONNAIRE. Pripravte si odpovede pozostávajúce z aspoň z dvoch viet.

Komisionálna  skúška pre žiakov I. ročníka v školskom roku 2015/2016

TEST - Písomná časť

1.       GRAMMAR BANK na stranách 126 až 136 dôkladne si zopakujte všetky časy a cvičenia.

2.       VOCABULARY BANK na strane 153 nabifľovať sa predložky aj s podstatnými menami a názvami. Kľúč : 1. IN, 2. ON 3. AT.

3.       Na tej istej strane sú VERBS + PREPOSITIONS zopakovať si. Napr. arrive in Paris, arrive at the hotel, wait for, do at the weekend, depend on, agree with, ask for,  invite to, pay for, speak to Martin about the meeting, spend on, write to him, worry about fell in love with a man, What are you thinking  about? ( O čom premýšľaš?), What do you think of Shakira? (Čo si o nej myslíš? – názor)

4.       Pomôže Vám aj stránka školy s naším TAB/ trieda a zadané linky na online cvičenia.

5.       WB lekcie 1-6 iba gramatické cvičenia.

 

Keď si všetko znova preštudujete, overte si, čo viete v SB na stranách 18, 34, 50

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

WB 41/ 1 GRAMMAR ex. a

REVISE SB 40 + 45 + 47 articles:

Drinking coffee, Sunlight, Computer games, House M.D.

Use  many correct expressions and sentences  from the articles and your notes/a board.

SB 44 dokončiť optimistické reakcie a

WB 37/1GRAMMAR

 

 

WB 36/ exercises 1,2,3,4

WB pre-reading 35/ 4READING ex. a,b

REVISION SB 40

ADJECTIVES

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/242.html

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/45.html

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-grammar-comparatives-superlatives.php

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/adjectives_adverbs/adjectives_comparison_sentences.htm

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/559.html

ADJECTIVES ADVERBS

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/adjektiv_adverb.htm

ONE ONES

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/one.htm

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/various/this_that.htm

https://english.lingolia.com/en/grammar/pronouns-determiners/demonstratives/exercises/articles/demonstrative-pronouns-mixed-exercise-1946

QUANTIFIERS

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-1/exercise-english-102.php

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/59.html

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/15.html

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/239.html

Stupňovanie prísloviek v angličtine (comparative and superlative adverbs).

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Základné informácie o príslovkách

Väčšina prísloviek sa tvorí pomocou koncovky -ly, ktorú pridávame k prídavnému menu.

• Napr. “serious” sa zmení na “seriously“.

Niektoré príslovky však majú rovnaký tvar ako prídavné mená.

• Napr. “fast” sa nezmení a zostáva ako “fast” aj vo forme príslovky.

Niektoré prídavné mená sa končia na -ly, no nejde však o príslovky.

• Napr. brotherly (bratský), cowardly (zbabelý), likely (pravdepodobný), friendly (priateľský), lovely (pôvabný), lively (živý), silly (hlúpy), ugly (škaredý) apod.

Príslovky z týchto prídavných mien sa netvoria pomocou pridaním ešte jedného -ly, ale dosadením do väzieb “in a (dané prídavné meno) way / manner / fashion“.

• • Napr. in a friendly way (priateľsky) apod.

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Stupňovanie prísloviek

Príslovky v angličtine majú tri stupne:

1. Základný tvar ⇒ napr. easily, fast, hard, patiently …
2. Druhý stupeň (comparative) ⇒ Používame, aby sme porovnali deje, ktoré sú od seba odlišné. (napr. earlier, more beautifully …)
3. Tretí stupeň (superlative) ⇒ Používame, aby sme porovnali dej jedného člena skupiny ľudí alebo vecí s celou skupinou, do ktorej patrí. (napr. fastest, most slowly, earliest …)

Ak má príslovka rovnaký tvar ako prídavné meno, druhý stupeň tvoríme pomocou prípony -ER a tretí stupeň pomocou prípony -EST. Jedná sa predovšetkým o jednoslabičné príslovky.

• FAST → FASTER → FASTEST
• HARD → HARDER → HARDEST
• LONG → LONGER → LONGEST
• SOON → SOONER → SOONEST
• NEAR → NEARER → NEAREST
• HIGH → HIGHER → HIGHEST

Príslovky, ktoré sú odvodené príponou -ly, sa stupňujú opisne pomocou MORE v druhom stupni a MOST v treťom stupni. Do tejto skupiny patria rovnako aj dvojslabičné príslovky.

• CLEVERLY → MORE CLEVERLY → MOST CLEVERLY
• ANGRILY →  MORE ANGRILY → MOST ANGRILY
• SLOWLY → MORE SLOWLY → MOST SLOWLY

Príslovka EARLY sa vždy stupňujeme pomocou prípon -ER / -EST. (earlier / earliest)

Príslovky OFTEN / QUICKLY / SLOWLY môžeme stupňovať obidvoma spôsobmi. Pomocou MORE / MOST ich tvoríme predovšetkým v spisovnej angličtine.

Príslovky, ktoré sú odvodené od prídavných mien, ktoré sa stupňujú nepravidelne, stupňujeme rovnako nepravidelne.

• LITTLE (málo) → LESS → LEAST
• MUCH / MANY (veľa) → MORE → MOST
• FAR (ďaleko) → FURTHER (FARTHER) → FURTHEST (FARTHEST)
• WELL (dobre) → BETTER → BEST
• BADLY (zle) → WORSE → WORST

• • He works the best of all. – Pracuje najlepšie zo všetkých

Príklady viet:

• John is jogging more slowly than usual today.
• Could you speak more slowly?

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Zdôraznenie druhého stupňa

Druhý stupeň môžeme rovnako zdôrazniť a zároveň tak spresniť jeho význam pomocou týchto slov:

• far (ďaleko)
• even (dokonca)
• hardly (sotva)
• a lot / lots / (very) much (oveľa)
• a bit / a little (trochu)
• rather / slightly (trochu)

• • She behaves even worse than before.
  • He seems slightly better today.

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 Príslovky, ktoré nestupňujeme – nestupňovateľné!

Frekvenčné príslovky patria medzi príslovky, ktoré spravidla nestupňujeme (napr. always / usually / sometimes / never / rarely  …)Medzi ďalšie patria ABSOLUTELY  / HERE  / ABROAD / INDEED a ďalšie…

Stupňovanie prídavných mien

online cvičenia http://a4esl.org/q/h/9801/dg-eding.html

http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/adjectives-ed-or-ing/

“I am interested / interesting in travelling?” Ktorá možnosť je správna? Aký je rozdiel medzi prídavnými menami končiacimi na ING a ED? Téma tohto článku je snáď už nad slnko jasná…

Grammatical constructions used for comparing adjectives

There are three forms of comparison:

• positive
• comparative
• superlative

1. Comparison with -er/-est

clean → cleaner → (the) cleanest

We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:

1.1. Adjectives with one syllable

1.2. Adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:

1.2.1. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y

1.2.2. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er

1.2.3. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le

1.2.4. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow

1.3. Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est

2. Comparison with more – most

all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables – see 2.1. to 2.4.)

3. Irregular adjectives

4. Special adjectives

Some adjectives have two possible forms of comparison (-er/est and more/most).

5. Difference in meaning with adjectives

1 SB 40 Everything bad is good for you: make notes about positives/plus side and negatives/minus side of drinking coffee, sunbathing and playing computer games

Persuade me to vist LONDON. Tell me about location, the three important districts, sights, Tower Bridge and The Tower of London, shopping in the department store, transport and relaxation in parks.

Use phrases, e. g. If you are interested in..., go to ...

                             If you like historical buildings, .... is worth seeing (oplatí sa vidieť)

                             Art-loving people go to....

                             If you yor´re tired after a long sightseeing, relax in a park, e.g. ....

REVISION WB 30-33 adjectives, adverbs - base forms, comparatives, superlatives, comparison

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/adjektiv_adverb.htm

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/45.html

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/242.html

 

Talking about your town/village, London, The fisherman and the banker

Learn about LONDON below

MY_CAPITAL_CITY.docx

SB 39/ 5 Vocabulary/ex. a Answer the questions and describe the place where you live (Help-Writing Section page 114

 

Grammatical constructions used for comparing adjectives

There are three forms of comparison:

• positive
• comparative
• superlative

1. Comparison with -er/-est

clean → cleaner → (the) cleanest

We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:

1.1. Adjectives with one syllable

1.2. Adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:

1.2.1. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y

1.2.2. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er

1.2.3. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le

1.2.4. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow

1.3. Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est

2. Comparison with more – most

all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables – see 2.1. to 2.4.)

3. Irregular adjectives

4. Special adjectives

Some adjectives have two possible forms of comparison (-er/est and more/most).

5. Difference in meaning with adjectives

WB 25 Talk about the recent study: EQUALITY IN THE HOME

WB31 Retell the story The fisherman and the banker

WB 32

SB WRITING SECTION/4 Describing where you live ex. a, b

REVISION SB 28-29, 36, WB 24,29

WB 25, 31 Revise and retell

WRITTEN HOMEWORK: Grammar bank 134/ 5B ex. a, b

 

SOME / ANY / NO – prehľadné a zrozumiteľné vysvetlenie.

 

• SOME a ANY používame vtedy, ak chceme vyjadriť neurčitý počet, či množstvo.
• Používame ich vo význame “nejaký / trochu / niekoľko“.
• Používame ich predovšetkým s počítateľnými podstatnými menami v množnom čísle a s nepočítateľnými podstatnými menami.

Pozn. Viac sa o počítateľných a nepočítateľných podstatných menách dočítate v samostatnom článku TU.

SOME = kladné vety / ANY = záporné vety

SOME používame predovšetkým v kladných vetách.

• They bought some books. (= SOME + počítateľné podstatné meno v množnom čísle)
• I had to borrow some money. (= SOME + nepočítateľné podstatné meno)

ANY používame predovšetkým v záporných vetách.

• They didn’t buy any books. (= ANY + počítateľné podstatné meno v množnom čísle)
• I didn’t have to borrow any money. (= ANY + nepočítateľné podstatné meno)

Zápor vo vete nemusí byť vyjadrený priamo cez záporné sloveso (napr. didn’t, aren’t …). Stačí ak máme vo vete niektoré zo záporných slov ako napr. WITHOUT, HARDLY, NEVER …

• • Hardly anybody agreed with me.
  • We were left without any money. 

SOME vs. ANY v otázkach

SOME

- používame v otázkach predovšetkým vtedy, ak sa jedná o ponuku, či zdvorilú žiadosť.

• Could I have some tea, please?
• Would you like some beer?

- používame rovnako v otázkach, na ktoré očakávame kladnú odpoveď.

• Did you buy some flowers? (= Očakávame kladnú odpoveď – teda, že si kvety kúpil.)

ANY

- používame vo väčšine otázok, keď je odpoveď na otázku otvorenejšia – môže byť kladná alebo záporná.

• A: Do you have any flowers in your garden? ≈ B: Yes. / No. / I don’t know.
• Did you buy any books?

ANY po IF / WHETHER

Vo vetách s IF / WHETHER (= vo vedľajších podmienkových vetách) používame zvyčajne ANY.

• Let me know if you have any problems.
• If you need any help, call me.

• I’m not sure if she has some books or films.
• I’m not sure if she has any books or films. - Ak hovoríme o niečom neznámom, s IF alebo WHETHER používame ANY.

ANY vo význame “ktorýkoľvek / akýkoľvek”

ANY má v niektorých situáciach (kontextoch) význam “ktorýkoľvek / akýkoľvek“. V tomto význame nie je potrebné zachovať pravidlo, ktoré sme si na úvod povedali a ANY môžeme použiť aj s počítateľnými podstatnými menami v jednotnom čísle.

• You can choose any film / films you would like to buy. (= akýkoľvek film / akékoľvek filmy)
• Anyone could do it. (= ktokoľvek)

SOME s počítateľnými podstatnými menami v jednotnom čísle = niečo neobyčajne skvelé

Ak chceme podstatné meno zdôrazniť a povedať, že z neho máme napr. veľmi pozitívny pocit – použijeme podobnú štruktúru ako v použití vyššie – SOME + počítateľné podstatné meno v jednotnom čísle. Najlepšie to pochopíte na príklade.

• That was some woman. – Tá žena, to bol ale kus. (= to nebola len taká žena – bola výnimočná)

NO

NO používame v záporných vetách za predpokladu, že sloveso vo vete je kladné.

• There were no people in the street. (KLADNÉ SLOVESO + no)
• There weren’t any people in the street. (ZÁPORNÉ SLOVESO + any)

NO môžete použiť aj s podmetom vety. ! POZOR, v tomto význame nikdy nepoužívame ANY!

• No people were at the party. – Žiadni ľudia neboli na večierku.
• Any people weren’t at the party. 

Zložené tvary

Zložené tvary so SOME-, ANY- a NO- používame podľa rovnakých pravidiel ako sme si vyššie uviedli pri samotnom SOME, ANY, či NO. Napr.

• If you want anything to drink, call me. – platí tu to isté pravidlo ako sme si vyššie spomínali pri ANY (= vo vedľajších vetách podmienkových …) -> preto tu použijeme “ANY-” + “-THING” (= ANYTHING)

• Would you like something to drink? – platí tu to isté pravidlo ako sme si vyššie spomínali pri SOME (= v ponukách a žiadostiach) -> preto tu použije “SOME-” + “-THING” (= SOMETHING)

POZOR!

V bežných situáciach, keď sa nejedná o vyššie spomenuté výnimky so SOME, nepoužívame SOME v spojeniach s počítateľnými podstatnými menami v jednotnom čísle, ale iba s nepočítateľnými podstatnými menami alebo počítateľnými podstatnými v množnom čísle.

V tomto význame s počítateľnými podstatnými menami v jednotnom čísle používame neurčitý člen (A / AN).

• There is some woman at the party. – Na párty je nejaká žena.
• There is a woman at the party.

 

 

 

http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/quick-grammar/adjectives-ending-ed-and-ing

 

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/some-any/exercises?07

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/237.html

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/confusing_words/something_anything.htm

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/makedo.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/confusing_words/make_do.htm
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_past_present_perfect.htm

http://www.eslgamesplus.com/present-perfect-vs-past-tenses-rally/

 

Predprítomný čas (present perfect)

 

 

Vzťažné vety (relative clauses)

Vzťažné vety v angličtine (relative clauses) – defining relative clauses / non-defining relative clauses. Vzťažné zámena (WHICH / WHO / WHOSE / THAT), vynechávanie vzťažných zámen, písanie čiarok.

 

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Vzťažné vety sú vety, ktoré bližšie určujú a popisujú podstatné meno v hlavnej vete, na ktoré sa vzťahujú.

Delíme ich na dve skupiny:

• REŠTRIKTÍVNE VZŤAŽNÉ VETY = určujúce vzťažné vety (defining relative clauses)
• NEREŠTRIKTÍVNE VZŤAŽNÉ VETY = neurčujúce vzťažné vety (non-defining relative clauses)

Vzťažné vety ďalej môžu byť:

• PODMETOVÉ = vzťažné zámeno nahradzuje podmet
• PREDMETOVÉ = vzťažné zámeno nahradzuje predmet

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Pozrime sa spoločne na nasledujúcu vetu:

• The teacher who teaches Maths is popular in the school. – Učiteľ, ktorý …

 Vzťažnú vetu máme vyššie zvýraznenú. Podáva nám bližšie informácie o tom, ktorého učiteľa myslíme.

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REŠTRIKTÍVNE VZŤAŽNÉ VETY (určujúce)

Reštriktívne vzťažné vety obsahujú dôležitú informáciu, ktorá nám pomáha presnejšie určiť, prípadne zaradiť podstatné meno, na ktoré sa vzťahuje. Pre zachovanie významu celej vety ju nemôžeme vynechať. Informáciu, ktorú obsahujú je teda nevyhnutná pre zmysel hlavnej vety. Vo vete ju pretoneoddeľujeme čiarkou.

• Dievča, ktoré sa pri nehode zranilo je teraz v nemocnici.
• The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital.

Vzťažná veta “who was injured in the accident” nám bližšie určuje podstatné meno “dievča”. Na výber máme množstvo dievča, no vďaka tejto vzťažnej vete, ktorá nám bližšie charakterizuje, ktoré dievča máme na mysli nie je problém s jej identifikáciou. Bez tejto vedľajšej vety by celá veta stratila obsah, ktorý je pre pochopenie kontextu kľúčový.

• I don’t like stories which have unhappy endings.
• The man who lives opposite has just died.
• The book which I am reading is a novel.

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NEREŠTRIKTÍVNE VZŤAŽNÉ VETY (neurčujúce)

Nereštriktívne vzťažné vety neobsahujú tak dôležitú informáciu, bez ktorej by bolo problém určiť to, o kom / čom hovoríme. Takáto informácia uvedená vo vete je iba doplnková – niečo naviac. Z vety túto informáciu môžeme pokojne vynechať. Ak ju vo vete umiestníme, urobíme tak za použitia čiarok, ktoré túto vzťažnú vetu oddelia. V týchto vetách navyše vzťažné zámeno nevynechávame.

• Jeho auto, ktoré bolo veľmi staré sa pokazilo po iba piatich minútach.
• His car, which was very old, broke down after just five minutes

 V tejto vete nám vzťažná veta “, which was very old,” dáva iba dodatočnú informáciu o danom vozidle. Ak by sme ju z vety vynechali, veta by stále nestratila zmysel. Daný človek má len jedno auto, všetci vedia, o ktoré auto sa jedná. Táto veta nám dotvorí len akýsi “vetný doplnok”.

• Mr Jones, who teaches Science, is very popular in the school.

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Vzťažné vety podmetové alebo predmetové

Vzťažné vety môžu byť podmetové alebo predmetové na základe toho, či vzťažné zámeno nahradzuje podmet alebo predmet vedľajšej vety.

V reštriktívnych (určujúcich) podmetových vzťažných vetách musí byť vzťažné zámeno. 

WHICH / THAT je podmetom – preto z vety nemôže byť vynechané

V reštriktívnych (určujúcich) predmetových vzťažných vetách môžeme vzťažné zámeno vynechať. To je práve vtedy, keď je vo vete podstatné meno alebo podmetové zámeno medzi vzťažným zámenom a slovesom. V našom prípade to je podmetové zámeno (I) medzi vzťažných zámenom (WHICH / THAT) a slovesom (READ)

WHICH / THAT je predmetom – preto z vety môže byť vynechané

• The car (which / that) I bought is very old. – WHICH tu nemá funkciu podmetu vedľajšej vety. Ak ho vynecháme, veta bude mať stále svoj podmet.
• The car I bought is very old.

• A camel is an animal which / that lives in hot countries. - WHICH tu má funkciu podmetu vedľajšej vety. Ak ho vynechávame, táto veta zostane bez podmetu.
• A camel is an animal lives in hot countries.

V nereštriktívnych (neurčujúcich) vzťažných vetách zámeno nemôžeme nikdy vynechať.

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Vzťažné zámena

Vedľajšie vzťažné vety uvádzame pomocou:

• a) vzťažných zámen: who, whom, whose, which, that
• b) vzťažných prísloviek: when, where, why 

	Vzťažné zámeno nahradzuje podmet vedľajšej vety (nemôžeme z vety vynechať)	Vzťažné zámeno nahradzuje predmet vedľajšej vety (môžeme z vety vynechať)	Vlastníctvo (nemôžeme zámeno z vety vynechať)
	WHO / THAT	WHO / WHOM / THAT	WHOSE
používame pre životné podstatné mená (hl. pre ľudí)	The man who / thatlives opposite has just died.	She is the woman (who / that / whom) I met at the office.	That’s the lady whosehusband has died.
	WHICH / THAT	WHICH / THAT	WHOSE / OF WHICH
používame pre neživotné podstatné mená (hl. veci) a zvieratá	A camel is an animalwhich / that lives in hot countries.	The car (which / that) I bought is very old.	That’s the golf clubwhose interior / the interior of which is being reconstructed.

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WHO / WHICH

WHO / WHICH prekladáme ako “ktorý”. Patria medzi najpoužívanejšie vzťažné zámená.

WHO používame pre životné podstatné mená (osoby)

WHICH používame pre neživotné podstatné mená a zvieratá

• The man over there, who is called Bill Gates, started Microsoft. - nereštriktívna veta, v ktorej používame WHO pre životné podstatné meno
• Mr Jones, who teaches Science, is very popular in the school. - opäť nereštriktívna veta, v ktorej používame WHO pre osobu (človeka) Mr Jonsa
•  The car which I bought is very old. - reštriktívna veta, v ktorej použijeme WHICH pre neživotné podstatné meno – auto

WHICH s predložkou

Pri WHICH môžeme predložku umiestniť pred toto vzťažné zámeno alebo až na koniec vzťažnej vety. Rozdiel je v miere formálnosti. Porovnajte!

formálnejšie	menej formálne
the chair on which you’re sitting	the chair which you’re sitting on

THAT namiesto WHO / WHICH / WHOM?

V reštriktívnych vzťažných vetách, či už podmetových alebo predmetových môžeme nahradiť WHO / WHOM / WHICH zámenom THAT.

• Did you see the programme about the man who started Microsoft?
• Did you see the programme about the man that started Microsoft?

V nereštriktívnych vzťažných vetách (po čiarke) použiť zámeno THAT namiesto WHO / WHOM / WHICH nemôžeme.

• My father, who is seventy-five years old now, was a teacher.
• My father, that is seventy-five years old now, was a teacher.

Kedy preferujeme THAT pred WHICH?

THAT používame navyše po treťom stupni prídavných mien a po výrazoch ALL / SOMETHING / NOTHING / ANYTHING / NONE / MANY / FEW zvyčajnejšie ako ako WHICH.

Ako by ste preložili vetu “To je niečo, čomu nerozumiem.“?

• This is something what I don’t understand. - POZOR si dávajte na nesprávne používanie WHAT. Jedná sa o vzťažnú vetu a WHAT vzťažným zámenom nie je! Nemôžeme ho preto v týchto vetách použiť.
• This is something that I don’t understand.

Ďalšie pravidlo hovorí, že pred THAT predložku nikdy nepoužívame!

WHAT nie je vzťažné zámeno!

Ako som vyššie spomínal, WHAT nie je vzťažné zámeno! Nemôžeme ho používať vo vzťažných vetách i keď nás slovenský preklad vety k tomu zvádza.

• I want to know what happened to you. – Chcem vedieť, čo sa ti stalo. (= jedná sa o predmetnú vetu, v ktorej sa WHAT môže nachádzať)
• This is something that makes me happy. – To je niečo, čo ma teší. (= jedná sa o vzťažnú vetu, ktorá nám rozvíja podstatné meno /something/)

WHO vs. WHOM

WHOM namiesto WHO používame hlavne vo formálnom štýle alebo v písomnom prejave, ak sa vzťahuje na osobu, ktorá je predmetom slovesa. Je to oveľa bežnejšie v písanom jazyku ako hovorovom.

• The woman whom we met was my teacher.
• The woman who we met was my teacher.

Ďalším rozdielom je použitie predložky, ak ju veta obsahuje. Ak je vo vete pri WHO predložka,umiestňujeme ju až na koniec vzťažnej vety a nie hneď pred WHO.

• Of all my friends, she’s the one who I’d like to spend my vacation with.
• Of all my friends, she’s the one with who I’d like to spend my vacation.

Naopak, pri WHOM stojí predložka, ak ju veta obsahuje, pred týmto vzťažným zámenom.

• There were only a few students to whom the young lady spoke.

Porovnajte!

formálnejšie	menej formálne
There were only a few students to whom the young lady spoke.	There were only a few students who the young lady spoke to.

WHOSE

Zámeno WHOSE je privlastňovacie vzťažné zámeno. Používame ho pre životné, tak i neživotné podstatné mená.

• That’s the golf club whose interior is being reconstructed.
• That’s the boy whose bicycle has been stolen. (= ktorého bicykel …) – privlastňujeme

Vo formálnejšej angličtine pre neživotné podstatné mená používame väzbu OF WHICH. WHOSE stojí pred privlastňovanou vecou, no väzba OF WHICH stojí až za privlastňovanou vecou.

• That’s the golf club the interior of which is being reconstructed.

WHOSE s predložkou

Pri WHOSE môžeme predložku umiestniť pred toto vzťažné zámeno alebo až na koniec vzťažnej vety. Rozdiel je v miere formálnosti. Porovnajte!

formálnejšie	menej formálne
This is the woman with whose daughter I worked.	This is the woman whose daughter I worked with.

Vzťažné príslovky

Tieto vzťažné vety nám rozvíjajú podstatné meno, ktoré sa nachádza pred nimi.

ČAS	WHEN	The day when I first saw you …
MIESTO	WHERE	The country where my mother was born is …
PRÍČINA	WHY	That’s the reason why it happened.

WHERE

WHERE môžeme nahradiť pomocou WHICH / THAT + predložka a v takom prípade môžeme WHICH / THAT navyše úplne vynechať.

• The car where he was killed has been found.
• The car which / that he was killed in has been found.
• The car he was killed in has been found.

WHEN

WHEN používame po podstatných menách vzťahujúcich sa k času (napr. time, day, year apod.). Rovnako ho môžeme nahradiť zámenom THAT alebo ho úplne vynechať.

• That was the day when she got married.
• That was the day that she got married.
• That was the day she got married.

WHY

Pomocou WHY uvádzame príčinu, najmä po slove “reason“. Rovnako ho môžeme nahradiť THAT alebovynechať.

• The reason why he went to the theatre was that he …
• The reason that he went to the theatre was that he …
• The reason he went to the theatre was that he …

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Čiarky, čiarky, čiarky…

Vzťažné vety určujúce v angličtine čiarkami neodeľujeme.

Vzťažné vety neurčujúce je potrebné oddeliť čiarkami. Intonačne je po čiarke krátka pauza.

Čiarky nám teda menia význam vety:

• His dog which is black is very old. – Má viac psov, vedľajšia veta nám presne určuje, o ktorého presne sa jedná. Je to teda reštriktívna vzťažná veta, ktorá do vety dodáva veľmi podstatnú informáciu.

• His dog, which is black, is very old. – Má len toho jedného psa, vedľajšia veta nám len dáva navyše informáciu o farbe psa. Ak by ju veta neobsahovala, aj tak by sme vedeli, o ktorého psa sa jedná.

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Predložky a ešte raz predložky…

Zvyčajne pred vzťažné zámeno predložku neumiestňujeme. Všimnite si rozdiel!

• The trip on which I went was amazing. (formálne – málo používané)
• The trip which I went on was amazing. (bežné)
• The trip I went on was amazing. (najbežnejšie)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

• BE GOING TO

  ZÁKLADNÁ STAVBA

  ZÁPOR tvoríme pridaním záporu “NOT” k osobe – napr. I am not going to do, you are not going to do atd.

  OTÁZKU tvoríme prehodením slovosledu osoby – napr. Are you going to do …?, is he going to do …?

  ÚMYSLY – PLÁNOVANÁ BUDÚCNOSŤ - CHYSTAŤ SA, PLÁNOVAŤ

  BE GOING TO používame pre také budúce deje, ktoré už v momente, keď hovor prebieha máme dávno premyslené, naplánované. V momente rozhovoru sú tieto deje už našimi plánmi, úmyslami apod.

• We are going to build our own hotel. – V momente, kedy o tejto udalosti hovoríme ju máme už dávno naplánovanú – oznamujeme iba, čo sa chystáme urobiť, čo máme v pláne urobiť.
• I am going to call her. – Mám v pláne jej zavolať.

• V takýchto vetách nemusíme spomínať ani osobu, ktorá má v pláne niečo urobiť. Použijeme jednoducho trpný rod s BE GOING TO.

• • The hotel is going to be built.

• Ak po BE GOING TO nasledujú slovesá GO / COME je vhodnejšie použiť prítomný priebehový čas namiesto BE GOING TO GO / BE GOING TO COME.

• • ” I am going to England …” je častejšie používaná verzia ako “ I am going to go to England “. Verzia s GOING TO nie je však nesprávna, iba menej používaná.

• PREDPOVEĎ PODLOŽENÁ DÔKAZMI-EVIDENCE, PREDICTION

  BE GOING TO používame rovnako vtedy, ak hovoríme o predpovedi, ktorú máme podloženú dôkazmi. Hovoriaci ich má počas rozhovoru k dispozícií, aby sa na ne mohol odvolať (nap. niečo čo vidí, počuje, niečo vyplýva zo situácie apod.)

• Look at those clouds! It is going to snow. – Nie je to iba subjektívna predpoveď, ale predpoveď podložená dôkazmi – vidíme na oblohe strašne veľa napr. čiernych mrakov, je teda isté, že bude snežiť a možno už nejaká vločka aj spadla.
• It sounds like the plane’s going to take off. 

• 

  BE GOING TO väčšinou hovorí o dejoch, o ktorých už v momente rozhovoru máme nejakú predstavu, o ktorých sme premýšľali, ktoré chystáme, ale ešte sme ich úplne nezariadili. BE GOING TO vyjadruje teda nejaký “úmysel v budúcnosti“, alebo niečo, čo sme sa rozhodli urobiť, ale ešte nezariadili. Je to teda iba úmysel, ktorý sa môže zmeniť.

  PRESENT CONTINUOUS väčšinou hovorí o dejoch, ktoré sa stanu 100%, pretože všetko máme už zariadené. V týchto vetách býva príslovkové určenie času častejšie ako pri BE GOING TO. PRESENT CONTINUOUS teda používame, keď už máme všetko naplánované na určitý čas / miesto v budúcnosti a nebudeme to meniť.

• They are going to ged married in two months. (= They have already decided to do it.)
• They are getting married next month. (= They have decided and arranged to do it.)

• Často sa však stáva, že v tomto význame naplánovaných dejov tieto vyjadrenia budúcnosti môžeme zamieňať. Kedy PRESENT CONTINUOUS vo vyjadrení budúcnosti zameniť za BE GOING TO rozhodne nemôžeme?

  Ak hovoríme o predpokladoch založený na dôkazoch, vtedy môžeme použiť iba BE GOING TO.

• Look at those clouds! It is going to snow.

• 

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  PRESENT CONTINUOUS (prítomný čas priebehový)

  ZÁKLADNÁ STAVBA

  Základnú stavbu nájdete v článku venovanému PRESENT CONTINUOUS (viac TU)

  PLÁNOVANÁ BUDÚCNOSŤ- FUTURE ARRANGEMENT

  PRESENT CONTINUOUS (čas prítomný priebehový) s budúcim významom používame pre také deje, ktoré sú naplánováné / zariadené. 

• What time are you leaving tomorrow?
• I am going to the party this evening.
• The film starts at 11.
• The library closes at 6.30 p.m.
• When does the bus leave?

• 

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  PRESENT SIMPLE (prítomný čas jednoduchý)

  ZÁKLADNÁ STAVBA

  Základnú stavbu nájdete v článku venovanému PRESENT SIMPLE (viac TU)

  ROZVRH, PROGRAM, KALENDÁR…

  PRESENT SIMPLE (prítomný čas jednoduchý) s budúcim významom hovorí o dejoch, ktoré sa v budúcnosti majú odohrať podľa nejakého rozpisu, programu, kalendára, cestovného poriadku apod.

Signal Words

• in one year, next week, tomorrow

Form of going to Future

	positive	negative	question
I	I am going to speak.	I am not going to speak.	Am I going to speak?
you / we / they	You are going to speak.	You are not going to speak.	Are you going to speak?
he / she / it	He is going to speak.	He is not going to speak.	Is he going to speak

 

 

PRACTISE THE PAST TENSES

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_past_progressive.htm

1. Use of the Past Continuous

1.1. actions were in progress at special time in the past

Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.

1.2. two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other)

Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading the New York Times.

1.3. together with Simple Past

While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang.

1.4. repeated actions irritating the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)

Andrew was always coming late.

2. Signal words

while

3. Form

to be (was, were) + infinitive + -ing

4. Examples

4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Past Continuous

4.2. Negative sentences in the Past Continuous

4.3. Questions in the Past Continuous

 

DESCRIBING A PICTURE

 

• Start by saying what the picture shows in general.

The picture shows a street of a terraced houses in a city.

• Use the Present Continuous

to describe what people are doing.

There are two old men on the right who are chatting.

• Talk about what you can see in more detail.

• Use the following phrases to describe

where things are:

in the background/middle/foreground

at the bottom/top

on the right/left

There’s somebody washing his car in the background.

• Use phrases like perhaps and (it) might be

if you are making a guess.

It might be in Britain.

Perhaps it’s in Germany.

• Use it looks + adjective to show how you feel about the picture.

It looks very friendly.