IV.GMB KAJ

Pls, contact me in need: pastirikova.gma@gmail.com

UČEBNICA find enclosed copy of YES B1 book for further reference yes-b1.pdf.

DICTIONARY WITH PRONUNCIATION

http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/

PROBLEMS WITH READING? Look here.

If you haven´t read any book by English writer, learn about Shakespeare.

William Shakespeare

(1564-1616)
 

- one of the greatest English playwrights and poets, was born in Stratford on Avon, a prosperous market town, in the house now preserved as his birthplace. His father, a glover, was a man of  some position in the town. Little is known about Shakespeare`s childhood. It is thought that he attended the local grammar school and the education he received was a good one for those days. When he was eighteen, he married Ann Hathaway but shortly after he may have left Stratford and become a provincial actor in a travelling company. Later he can be traced in London first as an actor and then as a revisor and writer of plays. By the early age of 28 his contemporaries were impressed by the quality and popularity of his work.

     In 1598 the company he had worked with needed a new theatre. Their leader decided to build their theatre, the GLOBE, on the south bank of the Thames. Shakespeare described it as “this wooden O”.It was opened to the sky and in 1613, during a performance of Henry  VIII, the Globe was destroyed by fire. Four years later an indoor theatre, the Blackfriars, a smaller playhouse, was built,  and it had the technical facilities for scenic effects.

    When he was forty-six he retired to his native town where he died and was buried in the Parish Church.

     His dramatical works may be divided into four periods:

·         To the first belong his first comedies, Two Gentlemen of Verona, A Midsummer Night`s Dream, The Comedy of Errors.

·         The second period may be called the period of great comedies and historical plays such as The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, The Taming of the Shrew, Twelfth Night, and it contains also his first masterpiece, Romeo and Juliet, which has become so deeply embodied in the emotional consciousness of the civilized world. With Richard  III Shakespeare reached the peak of his achievement in English historical tragedy.

·         The third period is the period of the great tragedies Hamlet, Julius Caesar, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear and Anthony and Cleopatra.                                                                     

·         In his last period he returned to romantic themes in The Tempest and The Winter`s Tale.

     Except plays he wrote poetry. There are a few sonnets preserved which are supposed to be written by Shakespeare.

     Shakespeare is loved and appreciated because of  his love of man and his understanding of human weaknesses and because of the realism of his play.

In his comedies he presented the themes of love, friendship, human harmony and joy of life.

     His  tragedies are about morality and sensitivity in the insensitive world (Hamlet), about good and evil, jealousy (Othello), about true and false vision (King Lear), about the problem of choice and responsibility (Macbeth).

     Shakespeare was  an optimist and the result in his works is always the triumph of the good and innocence.

Romeo and Juliet tells about the long vendetta between the families of Montague and Capulet in Verona. Romeo, a Montague, falls in love with Julie, a Capulet, and secretly marries her. Juliet`s cousin Tybalt challenges Romeo to a duel. Romeo refuses, but his friend Mercutio fights in his place and is killed. In anger and revenge, Romeo slays Tybalt, and is banished. Juliet is commanded by her father to marry Paris, a nobleman, and the Frier who secretly had married Juliet to Romeo now helps her by giving her a potion which makes her seem dead. She is put into the family vault from where, when she wakes, she is to escape to Mantua with Romeo. But he mistakenly believes her really dead, goes to Verona, kills Paris at her graveside, and then himself takes poison. Juliet wakes, find her young husband`s body beside her and stabs herself. The warring families, in grief, are reconciled.

SLOVAKIA

CASTLE DEVIN

The castle Devin was built at the confluence of the Danube and the Morava rivers in the Early Iron Age. In the first century B.C., Celts settled in this territory, at te end of the 1st century B.C., the Romans extended the border of their empire as fara s the Danube. Devin bacame the part of the fortification sestem of LImes  Romanus. In the 8th century, the castle was inhabited by Slavs during the period of the Great Moravian Empire.  Following the collapse of the Great Moravian Empire, the inhabitants of the area built a village which existed there and it existed from the 10th to the 13th century.

Then the Devin castle was a royal castle and served as a boundary fortress in the period of the Hungarian Empire. From the 15the century, the castle belonged to aristocratic families. The last aristocrats who owned the castle were  the Palffy family.

In 1809, Napoleonic troops blew the castle up and the Palffys lost interest in it. Since 1965, systematic archaelogical excavations have been done there and the castle has become one of the most visited castle in the cultural heritage of our country .

Other places in Bratislava visited by tourists:

Museum of the City History (Old Town Hall, Primacialne square)

Museum of Arms (St. Michael´s Tower Gate)

Museum of Pharmacy ( Michalska street)

Museum of Clocks (The House at Good Shepherd, Židovska street)

Ancient Gerulata Rusovce (Roman Military Camp)

 

List of national public holidays of Slovakia

January 01	Day of the Establishment of the Slovak Republic	Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia
January 06	Epiphany
March-April	Good Friday, Easter Monday
May 01	Labour Day	International observances began with the Haymarket Riot in Chicago
May 08	Day of the Victory over Fascism	The end of World War II in Europe
July 05	St Cyril and Methodius Day	Slavic missionaries  Cyril (Constantine) and Metod (Methodius) came to Great Moravia
August 29	Slovak National Uprising anniversary	National Day. The Slovaks rose against Nazi Germanz in 1944
September 01	Slovak Constitution Day	The constitution of independent Slovakia was adopted in Bratislava in 1992
September 15	Day of Our Lady of Sorrows	The patron saint of Slovakia is the Blessed Virgin Mary
November 01	All Saints Day	Cemeteries are visited on or around this day
November 17	Struggle for Freedom and Democracy Day	Commemorating the student demostration against Nazi occupation in 1939, and especially the demonstration in 1989 in Prague considered to mark the beginning of the Velvet Revolution
December 24	Christmas Eve	Christmas presents are opened in the evening on Christmas Eve in Slovakia
December 25	Christmas Day	First Christmas Holiday
December 26	St Stephen´s Day	Second Christmas Day

 

 

 

 

Take your time and revise to be ready for the final week of your English lessons.

Now you have your time to learn and revise the topics:

6. SLOVAKIA

7. BOOKS AND LITERATURE

8. FASHION

9. TOWNS AND PLACES

10. EDUCATION

11. JOBS

12. FASHION

the latest ones

1. Science and technology

2. Idols and celebrities

3. English speaking countries

4. People and Nature

5. Multicultural Society + PUBLIC HOLIDAYS

NEXT REVISION

13. HEALTH
14. HOBBIES, LEISURE and LIFESTYLE
15. COMMUNICATION AND LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES

16. THE YOUNG AND THEIR WORLD

17. SHOPPING AND SERVICES

 

ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES

GREAT BRITAIN

EDINBURGH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8SSmjoS-Qk

LONDON https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBELEFMoktU

CARDIFF https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

cqIMGGpI

BELFAST https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hw85miuqsAY

learn some more facts about The United Kingdom 24_UK.pdf

01_uk_basic_facts.pdf

20_CARD_usa.pdf

24_USA.pdf

24_usa_cities.pdf

28_THE_UNITED_KINGDOM.ppt

24.English_speaking_countries1.docx

24.The_United_States_of_America.docx

24. The countries whose language I am learning

English speaking countries – language, inhabitants (obvyvatelia), stereotypes, conventions, customs (obyčaje)

English is one of the most widespread (rozšírený) languages in the world. It is the first language (mother tongue – materinský jazyk) for most inhabitants of the United States of America, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. There are a great number of countries where English is spoken as a second language, for example by immigrants. For tourists, who come to an English-speaking country, English is a foreign (cudzí) language. The English language has become a language of international communication in business, science and politics. English is used in many different countries in the world. These countries share the same language (or its variations), but every one of them has its own traditions and habits. English is also used within many international organizations, although (hoci) it is only one of the many official languages of the European Union.

Great Britain consists of England, Wales, and Scotland. Together with Northern Ireland it forms the United Kingdom. It includes (zahŕňa) four nations: the English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish people. They all differ (odlišujú sa) in their way of life, customs, values (hodnoty) and traditions.

The British people are said to be reserved (zdržanlivý, odmeraný, rezervovaný) in their manners (spôsoby, správanie), dress and speech (reč). Other nations (národy) often say that they are conservative and stick to traditions (držia sa tradícií). They are famous (sú známi) for their politeness (zdvorilosť), self-discipline (sebadisciplína, sebaovládanie), reliability (spoľahlivosť) and for their specific sense of humor. They never seem to be in a hurry (sa neponáhľajú). These features (črty) of British manners are often seen as typical, but it does not mean that all the British people are actually like that. Many British people are not conservative at all. There are big differences in manners between individuals (jednotlivcami) within (v rámci) one nation.

On the other hand, there are habits (zvyky) and customs (obyčaje) which characterise many Brittish people. It is true that the British people rarely (zriedkakedy) shake hands (potriasť rukou) when they meet, except (okrem) when being introduced (sú predstavovaní) to someone for the first time. It is also true that British people are very fond of animals and sports. Football is the national sport and it is on TV almost (takmer) every day. They are also fond of (zaujímajú sa) cricket, rugby, golf, tennis and horse racing. Most of the British people like to spend their summer holidays at the seaside (pri mori), often in Spain or France.

Many British women work now, rather than (než by) stay at home and do the housework (robiť domáce práce). The role of women has changed and many British women have their own careers (kariéry). The husband and the wife share the housework (sa delia o domáce práce) and also the responsibility (zodpovednosť) for the education of their children. Young people in Britain have their own interests (záujmy), lifestyle and special youth culture (kultúru mladých). Those who leave school at 16 and get their first jobs are already independent (nezávislí). They have their own money to spend on CDs, DVDs, clothes or entertainment (zábavu). Teenagers, who stay at school until the age (do veku) of 18, preparing to go to college or university, often take job in a shop or babysit to have some more pocket money (vreckové). Saturday night is the most popular night of the week and people go out to parties or to a disco with friends. Going to the cinema is very popular among young people. They do not go to the theatre very often.

Scotland is a country where special traditions are kept (kde sa dodržiavajú zvláštne tradície), such as playing bagpipes (hra na gajdy) and wearing kilts (typical knee-length skirts for both men and women) There are special meals which are prepared only in Scotland. Scotland is known for its Scotch whisky, there are many whisky distilleries (liehovarov) with a long tradition. The Scottish people speak various dialects of English or Gaelic – their original ancient (staroveký) language.

Wales is rich in culture and history. The Welsh people are known (sú známi) for their love of music and poetry. Welsh people speak English and Welsh, which is a Celtic language and very different from English.

Northern Ireland (also known as Ulster) occupies (zaberá) the northern fifth (severnú pätinu) of the island of Ireland and is a part of the United Kingdom. Most of the country is rural (vidiecka) and over half of the population (viac ako polovica obyvateľstva) is Protestant. The Republic of Ireland (also known as Eire) is an independent state and is mostly Catholic. The life of the people and the politics of Northern Ireland has been dominated (sú ovládané) by religious (náboženskými) and economic problems. The Catholics want Northern Ireland to join (pridať sa) the Republic of Ireland but the Protestants want to remain (zostať) part of the UK. There are still conflicts between Protestants and Catholics accompanied by (sprevádzané) by civil unrests (občianskymi nepokojmi) and terrorist attacks (teroristickými útokmi).

The Irish people are said to be very similar to the Slovaks. They are hospitable (pohostinní), friendly, they like music and dancing. Music is their national passion. Drinking plays an important part in their culture. Social life (spoločenský život) concentrates in pubs where live musis is very common (bežná).

The USA: Besides English, which is the official language, the people of the USA speak their minority (menšina, menšinový) and immigrant languages e. g. Spanish is an important language, especially (obzvlášť) in the southern states. The image (obraz) of an American is often based on what people see most often – American tourists. They think Americans are loud (hluční), extremely self-confident (sebaistí), fat and dressed in tasteless (nevkusný) clothes. These stereotypes are usually changed when the people get to know (spoznajú) Americans better. They are open, friendly, hard-working, independent and self-reliant (sebestačný). Another image of Americans is the result (je výsledkom) of movies (filmov) and advertising (reklamy). They show Americans as rich people, who live in luxurious houses, spend most of their time at parties and drive expensive cars. America is a wealthy (bohatá) country and Americans enjoy one of the highest standards of living (sa tešia z jednej z najvyšších životných úrovní) in the world, but there is a high level (ale je tam vysoká úroveň) of poverty (biedy) in many cities. Parents teach their children the independence (učia deti nezávislosti) from an early childhood (od skorého detstva). From the age of 16 they can drive a car and many teenagers have their own car. Each member of a typical American family has his/her own car. Students drive to school and colleges, adults to work. They like travelling and they often drive long distances (často cestujú na veľké vzdialenosti) across the country, especially during the holidays to visit their friends and relatives (príbuzných). Americans do not usually live in the same town all their lives. They like to move. It is not unusual (nie je nezvyčajné) for families to move house or to go to live in another town or state more than once every ten years. Nowadays, Americans have started to take care of their health. They do some sport, eat healthier food, smoke less and drink less alcohol. Smoking is banned (zakázané) in public places in several (niekoľkých) big cities.

United Kingdom (Spojené kráľovstvo) of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Its official name is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is situated on the British Isles (ostrovoch) and separated from the Europe by the North Sea and English Channel. It is an island country. Its area is about 245000 square kilometres (štvorcových kilometrov). CLIMATE: It has got mild and rainy climate and is influenced by the Gulf Stream (je ovplyvnené golfským prúdom), so it is quite warm, but it rains very often. It has 4 parts: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. There are 2 large islands (ostrovy): Great Britain and Ireland and some smaller ones e.g. Isle of Wight, Isle of Man. The longest rivers are the THAMES (Temža) which runs through London and the SEVERN, which is the longest one and rises (pramení) in Wales. The best known lakes are in the Lake District and Loch Lomond and Loch Ness in Scotland. SURFACE: Great Britain is a flat country. It has not got high mountains – the highest peak (štít) is Ben Nevis in the Scottish Highlands (v Škótskej Vysočine). Other mountains are Cornish Heights in the south west of England, the Cambrians in Wales, The Cumbrian Mountains in the Lake District, the Pennines… GB has about 57 million inhabitants (obyvateľov); there are 4 ethnic groups: English, Irish, Welsh and Scottish. Majority of people speak English. GB is a constitutional monarchy (konštitučná monarchia) with the Queen Elizabeth II as the head of the state (na čele štátu). The UK is governed by the Cabinet with 20 ministers and the Prime minister. The official residence of Prime Minister is DOWNING STREET 10. The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords (snemovňa lordov) and the House of Commons (dolná snemovňa) and is one of the oldest in the world. Main political parties in Britain are the Conservative Party, the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats. UK is an industrial country. Major industries include iron (železiarstvo), steel engineering (oceliarstvo), textiles, plastics, cotton (bavlnársky priemysel), chemicals, wool, shipbuilding (stavba lodí) and food processing (potravinárstvo). Wheat (pšenica), barley (jačmeň), oats (ovos), potatoes, sugar beet (cukrová repa), milk and meat are the chief agricultural products (hlavné poľnohospodárske výrobky). Territorially (územne), Britain is divided into counties ([ˈkaʊntɪ] grófstva). The capital of the whole Britain is London. The capital of Wales is Cardiff; Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland and Belfast of the Northern Ireland. Other big cities are Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool and Manchester, etc. Oxford and Cambridge are the old university towns. Stratford-upon-Avon is the birthplace of Shakespeare. The English countryside (vidiek) is full of peaceful (pokojné) harbour towns (prístavné mestá) with fishing boats (rybárskymi člnkami), yachts, cottages (chalupami) and the English like to spend their holiday there. The flag is called Union Jack and consists of 3 red and white crosses on the blue background.

             London:  (parts: the City, Westminster, the West End, Kensington, Chelsea, Soho…) It is a city full of traditions, historical buildings, monuments, theatres, parks and museums. It is the biggest city in Europe. The City is the oldest part of London. It is the biggest financial and commercial centre of Europe. London lies on the banks of the River Thames.

Sights/historical buildings/monuments/places of interest: On the River Thames, there is the Tower Bridge which rises in the middle to let ships to pass up the river. The Tower of London – It was a fortress, a royal palace and a prison in the past. Nowadays it is a museum of weapons and arms (zbraní) and the place where the crown jewels are kept. It is London’s top tourist attraction. There are many beautiful churches in London and St. Paul’s Cathedral is the greatest of English churches. It is known for its whispering gallery. It was built by Sir Christopher Wren. Palace of Westminster (know as Houses of Parliament) is the seat of the British Parliament. There is also a famous clock tower – Big Ben that is famous for its accuracy and for its 13 ton bell. Buckingham palace is the London residence of the British royal family. Outside the Buckingham Palace the changing of Guard takes place. The most famous shopping street in London is Oxford Street. Other streets known for their shops and entertainment are Piccadilly (the busiest and noisiest place in London, it is regarded as the centre of entertainment with its theatres, cinemas, night clubs and restaurants), Bond Street, and Regent Street. Trafalgar Square (Trafalgarské námestie) with the statue of Admiral Nelson is one of the largest London squares. There are many galleries (National gallery and National Portrait gallery – house paintings by famous painters, Tate gallery – modern paintings), museums - the British Museum, London Dungeon (hladomorňa) – horror museum, etc. Madam Tussaud’s is famous for its waxwork of famous people. London has a large number of parks and gardens e.g. St. James’s Park, Hyde Park known for its speaker’s corner and Kensington gardens.

The United States of America

Basic facts

-It lies on the North American continent

-It borders on Mexico in the south, the Atlantic ocean in the east, Canada in the north and the -Pacific ocean in the west

-Alaska and Hawaiian are parts of the USA

-Washington D.C. is the capital

-It consists of 50 states

Mountains

Cordilleras in the west

Rivers

The Mississippi, the Missouri, the Colorado, the Columbia, the Rio Grande

Lakes

Great Lakes, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario

Climate

Climate is varied, from Arctic in the north to subtropical in the south

Population

More than 300 million people

There live a lot of origins: Afro-Americans, American Indian, Japanese, Chinese...

Official language is English

Valid currency

1 dollar which has 100 cents

Industry

The USA is rich in metals and minerals

The most important products are coal, oil, natural gas, iron, steel, glass, kaolin,

The USA is leading country in agriculture

It has the first place in the world in chemicals, the production of lorries and cars, computers...

System of government

Is based on the principles established in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

The Government is divided into 3 branches:

the Executive branch – is headed by the President, he is elected every four years

the Legislative branch – Congress – consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Senator is elected for six years and each Representative for two.

the Judical branch – is headed by the Supreme Court which consists of the Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices.

Washington DC

Washington DC (District of Columbia) is the national capital of the USA. It is the seat of the federal government of the United States. The site for the capital was chosen by President Washington himself. More than 5 million people live there.

Places of interest:

The Capitol – there are the Senate Chamber, the House of Representatives

The Supreme Court – is situated across the street from the Capitol

The Library of Congress – it is the largest library which contains 90 million items.

Washington Monument – it is the white marble obelisk

Pentagon – it is the headquarters of the Department of Defence

The White House – it is the president’s residence

New York

New York is the largest city in the USA. It lies on the Hudson River. NY consists of 5 parts: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx and Staten Island (Richmond). More than 8 million people live in the central area and more than 18 million people live in the whole metropolitan area.

Places of interest:

The Statue of Liberty – it stands on Liberty island in New York Harbor. It is a symbol of freedom and the United States itself. It also commemorates French-American friendship.

Museum of Immigration – it is situated on Ellis island. In the past all immigrants came here.

Manhattan – the heart of New York, it is famous for its skyline (panoráma) with a large number of skyscrapers (mrakodrapy).

The Empire State Building – the highest building in NY

The Chrysler Building – the seat of the Chrysler automobile company

Rockefeller Center – complex of 14 buildings

Central park – the largest in the NY

Broadway – is the centre of cultural life

In the southern part of Manhattan Island used to be a wall against Indians, now there is Wall Street - the centre of financial life

East Village is a multicultural area with many ethnic restaurants, funky boutiques, rock and jazz clubs. Greenwich Village is the home of artists, writers and New York University students. New York is famous for a large number of skyscrapers. Famous rock concerts take place in Central Park. The most world known bridge is Brooklyn Bridge. There are many galleries - The Museum of Modern Art, Metropolitan Museum 

New York is also called the „Melting Pot“ because of its cosmopolitan society. More than 80 languages are spoken here. Spanish is the second most common. New York is also called the „Big Apple“

Interesting places to visit

Niagara falls – two waterfalls on the Niagara River on the USA-Canada border

The Grand Canyon – multicolored-rock valley

Yellowstone National Park – the largest and the oldest nature reserve, it has about 3000 geysers (gejzíry) and hot springs and it is the world’s widest geyser area

NASA – Kennedy Space Center´s Spaceport – at Cape Canaveral in Florida, it is the place from which space shuttles (vesmírny raketoplán) are launched (štartovať, odpáliť raketu)

Dallas – it is known for its oil industry (ropný priemysel) and cotton market (bavlnový trh). J. F. Kennedy was assassinated (zavraždený, bol na neho spáchaný atentát) here.

Las Vegas – it is famous for rodeo festivals and casino gambling (hazardná hra)

Los Angeles – it is known for Hollywood, the center of film industry, Disneyland – the first park opened by Walt Disney

San Francisco – it is known for the Golden Gate Bridge, the prison Alcatraz which is situated on the island in San Francisco Bay

 

http://12.Science_and_technology.docx

http://13_SCIENCE_AND_TECHNOLOGY.ppt

12. Science and technology

Living condition in the past and now – development of science and technology, living standards, household appliances.

The word science (veda) comes from the Latin "scientia," meaning knowledge (vedomosti, znalosti). It’s hard to define exactly what makes something a science but we can define it both as a process of gaining knowledge (proces získavania vedomostí, and as the organized (usporiadaný) body of knowledge (súbor vedomostí) gained by this process – e. g. by experimentation (pomocou experimentovania), observation (pozorovania) and study (skúmania). There are many fields of science, for example, natural sciences (prírodné vedy) such as biology, chemistry, physics (fyzika) environmental sciences (vedy o životnom prostredí), social sciences (spoločenské vedy) – psychology, sociology, economics. Technology is a product of science. Society depends on technology and on the other hand technology exists thanks to the needs of society.

First important discovery (objav) in the past was the discovery of fire. Fire was used for cooking, protection against predators; heat in cold climates; and light, which allowed the working day to be extended and may have led to the "leisure-time" creation of art such as cave paintings. Another important invention was the invention of the wheel. People used it for transportation, for making pottery (pottery wheel – hrnčiarsky hruh). Other early inventions include paper, silk (hodváb) and gunpowder (pušný prach) (in China), compass, glasses, scissors, followed by printing machine by Guttenberg, parachute by Da Vinci, light bulb (žiarovka) by Edison, etc.

The industrial revolution started in the 18^th century in the England. It brought mass production and workers were replaced by machines. It brought (priniesla) many changes and inventions such as invention of steam power (parná elektrina) and powered machinery (elektrinou poháňané stroje). Electricity has become a part of our lives since it was discovered (bola objavená) and first powered machinery was made. We use electric appliances (elektrické spotrebiče), electricity is needed to light houses and offices, in factories to run machinery (stroje), in transport, business etc.

Technology has become (sa stala) part of our life (súčasťou nášho života) and new technological inventions make our life easier and increase (zvyšujú) our living standards (životnú úroveň). They help people at work (computers, fax machines, phones, mobiles, cars) and also at home (food processor (kuchynský robot), mixer, iron (žehlička), microwave oven (mikrovlnná rúra), fridge, freezer (mrazák), dishwasher (umývačka), washing mashine (práčka), oven (rúra), cooker (sporák), whisk (šľahač) hoover (vysávač)).

Unique inventions of science and technology

People make big scientific and technological progress in transport, medicine, biology and information technology. When we compare how people travelled in the past and how they travel today, the progress transportation industry is amazing. In the past people travelled on foot (pešo) or in carriages (kočoch) pulled (ťahaných) by horses. It took a long time to get from one place to another. Today, we use cars, lorries/trucks (nákladné autá), vans (dodávky) and planes for transportation of people or things. Nowadays there is public transport (verejná doprava) in most towns (bus, trolley bus, tram), high-speed trains and supersonic planes (nadzvukové lietadlá) to travel long distances and cars to get to work, to shops or to go for a weekend break.

ELECTRICITY – we cannot imagine our life without electricity; we use it for lighting, heating, radio, TV, etc. Electricity which is used as a form of energy is in fact electric current (elektrický prúd). It is produced in power stations (elektrárne) and is brought to our houses via cables.

THE TELEPHONE – it enables us to communicate with others both in everyday life and in business. It dates back to 1876 when Alexander Graham Bell, physicist and inventor, developed his “speaking box “. Nowadays people use wireless (bezdrôtové) phones called MOBILEs or cell phones. Alexander Calder, an American sculptor, invented the mobile in the early 20th century. His invention became famous worldwide. PROS: You can text (sms-kovať) your friends, take pictures, make phone calls, browse the Internet, listen to music and radio, watch video clips, store (uchovávať) and send pictures, videos, SMS messages with your mobile. You can reach people when they are not at home, be in touch with your friends who live in other part of Slovakia. When you are in danger (v nebezpečenstve), you can call an emergency number (číslo pre tiesňové volania) 112 even if there is no signal. CONS: Mobiles emit (vydávajú) radio waves which can be harmful (škodlivé) for our brain. They might cause headaches and diseases such as cancer (rakovina). It is annoying when somebody has his/her mobile on e. g. in the theatre or cinema and it starts ringing during performance or film. We are not allowed to have mobiles on during the lessons. We can make phone calls during our breaks but during lessons mobiles have to be switched off.

CAR - this invention made transport faster and more comfortable and significantly shortened travel time. It was invented by two Germans, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz (1885).

TELEVISION – is a relatively recent achievement, at least for the public, because it did not appear in people’s houses until the 1950s.The first television transmission was made in England in 1926 by the Scotsman John Logie Baird.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/baird_logie.shtml

COMPUTER – first computers were developed during the Second World War but they were too big and noisy and slow. Today, computers are small and almost (takmer) every family has at least one. There are two kinds of PC: laptop and desktop (stolný PC).

Main parts: (hardware and software) monitor with screen, system unit (systémová jednotka) – the case with CD/DVD driver, speakers, microphone, web camera, keyboard, mouse and mouse mat. Every computer has to have an operating system e.g. WINDOWS. ADVANTAGES: you work and write more effectively, you can create documents, edit (upravovať), store (uchovávať), process (spracovávať), print (tlačiť) and open them later. Computers have also replaced people in some professions.

THE INTERNET - Perhaps one of the greatest inventions of our times is the Internet. No doubt, the NET has had a big effect on almost every part of our lives. It has changed the way we do business, how we communicate and entertain and how we search for information. Many people send documents, buy things, plan their holiday, book hotels and tickets, read current news, check weather conditions, find out about diseases and treatment methods, learn about countries and their cultures, look for jobs or transfer their money via the Internet. Chatting, joining discussion groups, reading articles, downloading music is very popular among the young people. People watch films online, upload and download videos, music, chat (rozprávajú sa) with friends on social networks such as Facebook, ICQ, Pokec etc. You can also send e-mails, data, files and pictures from wherever you are. Computers are used for education and training. DISADVANTAGES: The easy access to information via Internet has made students lazy in terms of their education since they are able to download information without exploring their topic of research. They also use computers for mathematical tables and calculations without actually solving the problems. Also, it is important for parents to keep a check on the browsing habits of their children as some websites are not meant for their viewing. Other disadvantages include identity theft and virus threat. Computers viruses are harmful to the systems and can be transferred from one computer system to another. Children spend too much time in front of their computer and do not go out with friends. They chat on the Internet instead (namiesto) of meeting their friends. It also causes poor eyesight (spôsobuje poškodenie zraku).

NUCLEAR PHYSICS (jadrová fyzika). Another very useful branch of science is nuclear physics (branch of physics concerned with the nucleus (jadro) of the atom). The main use of nuclear physics is in nuclear power. Nuclear power stations (jadrové elektrárne) produce a huge amount of electricity. The problem is that they are very dangerous when some accidents occur (as in Chernobyl (the Ukraine) where a massive nuclear explosion put the rest of Europe in danger) and there are also problems with nuclear waste which is radioactive. Many organizations such as Greenpeace protest against the use of nuclear power and promote (propagujú) alternative ways of producing electricity. Another usage is in X-ray (form of electromagnetic radiation) which is widely used for diagnosing in medicine. Many people suffering from cancer are treated by irradiation (žiarenie). Nuclear physics was misused (zneužitá) many times in the history of mankind, e.g. atomic/nuclear bombs were used in the Second World War to destroy Japanese towns of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and nuclear weapons are (jadrové zbrane) still the greatest threat (hrozba) to mankind (pre ľudstvo).

BIOLOGY – in the biology, especially MICROBIOLOGY the scientists create the life. Today “in vitro” fertilization (oplodnenie v skúmavke) and cloning (klonovanie) are the most debated issues in this field.

MEDICINE – great progress has been made in the field of medicine. New medicines help to cure various diseases that were incurable in the past. New discoveries (objavy) help to prolong life and make the lives of the disabled/handicapped (postihnutých) easier. Vaccines help to prevent serious diseases such as rabbies (besnota), measles (osýpky), mumps, scarlet fever (šarlach) and many kinds of cancer (cervical cancer)

Science and technology to help people (electronics, information technology, nuclear physics)

Electronics : includes electronic equipment for everyday use, such as mobiles, television sets, camcorders, MP3 players, radios, HI-FI sets, DVD players and recorders, digital cameras, Personal Computers, GPS and household appliances (domáce spotrebiče).

Information technology: Computers, the Internet – pozri vyššie

Nuclear physics: The inventions of nuclear physics are used in medicine, both in diagnosis and therapy. Pozri vyššie

Misuse/abuse of science and technology (weapons of mass destruction, substance abuse, violence, consumer society, new diseases)

Nuclear physics – used for military purposes (na vojenské účely), weapons of mass destruction (zbrane hromadného ničenia) were developed.

Also cars have started to be used for military purposes. They produce exhaust fumes (výfukové plyny) which cause the air pollution (znečistenie ovzdušia). Cars need petrol and there have been conflicts between nations because of oil fields and oil pipelines.

Technology leads to a consumer lifestyle (konzumný spôsob života). Consumer society is harmful to the environment, we produce too much waste, smog, fumes, the use of Freon has caused the hole in the ozone layer (dieru v ozónovej vrstve), chemical and other factories produce fumes, hazardous and radioactive waste that pollute the air, soil (pôdu) and water. Other problem is global warming caused by the greenhouse effect. One of the causes of the greenhouse effect is too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. It causes rising temperatures, the melting of mountain glaciers and polar icebergs and an expansion of ocean waters. Today, people get allergic and many civilization diseases have occurred in the past few decades such as hay fever, hypersensitivity to certain agents, materials, food.

We spend too much time at home, do not go out, we are getting lazier because we have too many household appliances that do the work instead of us, we do not have enough exercise, do not do any sports, do not relax. On the other hand we have no time, we are more stressed, depressed, we suffer from social, psychological and spiritual hungers (duševným hladom). Consumer life style causes many diseases such as heart attack, cancer, diabetes, people get fatter and lose their muscle mass.

Mankind and science in the future (replacement of the teacher by the computer, children and computers, brain drain)

Scientists will continue to conduct research in medicine, microbiology and all other fields of science. Slovakia has a lot of good researchers, but in recent years a lot of good scientists, programmers, technicians, doctors and teachers have left the country to find a better-paid job elsewhere in the Western Europe, the USA or Canada. This phenomenon, called the brain drain (odliv mozgov) is becoming a problem in many post-communist countries. It is caused by low salaries (nízkymi platmi) and the lack of job opportunities (nedostatkom pracovných príležitostí).

Computers have already replaced people in some professions. Some people think that they will replace teachers too. Others argue that computers can only be used in education for acquiring/gaining (na získavanie) passive knowledge and for testing the knowledge. However, many types of interactive programmes have been developed and many European universities have started to offer online study programmes.

HOMEWORK

WEDNESDAY - tomorrow - write 20 sentences about your favourite season (spring, summer, autumn, winter)

title: MY FAVOURITE SEASON

focus on/paragraphs:

1. what season it is, how long it takes, when it starts/finishes,
2. what is typical weather for the season, how has the weather changed compared with the past
3. what happens in the nature
4. what activities/hobbies/holidays are typical for the season
5. what you like best about the season

SLOVAK AND BRITISH PUBLIC HOLIDAYS

 

     Public holidays in Great Britain are called „bank holidays“. All the banks, offices, schools, shops and factories close on these days, although  it is becoming more common for supermarkets to remain open.

BANK HOLIDAYS include the following days:

New Years Day, Good Friday and Easter Monday, Whit Monday (seven weeks after Easter), August Bank Holiday (the last Monday in August), Christmas Day (December 25th) and Boxing Day (December 26th).

 Good Friday – marks the anniversary of Christ’s crucifixion.

Whit Monday (seven weeks after Ester) – a Christian festival celebrated in commemoration of the coming of the Holy Ghost.

    Slovak people have a lot of customs and traditions which have roots in their history. Some of these traditions are connected with family life, some with Roman Catholicism or with the year as it was passing by. At present most of these customs are slowly disappearing, but in villages they are still alive.

* With family life (wedding ceremony, baptize ceremony, funeral, birthday  anniversary celebration )

* With Roman Catholicism (Easter, Christmas, some of the traditional worship practices of Roman Catholics include making the sign of the cross, kneeling, bowing, and receiving the Eucharist during their worship ceremonies.

*With the year as it was passing by.

    One of the oldest is the “fašiangy” festival held at the end of February/the beginning of March. People walk down the street dressed in funny costumes, sing and dance to celebrate the end of winter and welcome the coming spring. In the evening they have a party that finishes late at night.

     The next day Lent starts – the period of 40 days from Ash Wednesday to the day before Easter, during which Christians give up food or activities they enjoy in memory of Christ`s suffering on the cross and two days later, on Easter Sunday, they celebrate His resurrection . Easter is a Christian festival.  People go to church to commemorate Jesus Christ`s crucifixion on Good Friday which is the greatest religious festival of the year. In the eastern part of the country they carry basket of food that is eaten during Easter (e.g. bread, sausages, hard-boiled eggs, cakes). Even small children have their own baskets with sweet baked lamb in it. During this special mass the priest walks among people and consecrates the food. Then people pray the Lord, go home and eat this food during the whole festival.

Easter Monday is special day in Slovakia. On that day boys go from house to house and splash/ wash girls with water and whip them with hand-made plaited/woven willow whips, so that they will be healthy and strong all year round. The boys are given colored eggs as a reward.

VOCABULARY:

to remain – zostať, zotrvať

in commemoration of – na slávu

Holy Ghost – Duch Svätý

suffering – utrpenie

crucifixion – ukrižovanie

commemorate -  pripomínať si, sláviť, oslavovať (pamiatku)

consecrate – posvätiť

resurrection – vzkriesenie

In the US, a basket of sweets, small chocolate eggs and a chocolate Easter Bunny, is left out on Easter Monday to be discovered by children who believe it is a gift from Easter Bunny.  On Easter Monday, the British give presents of Easter eggs, especially to children.

      Another important custom is All Saint`s Day  held on 1^st November. People go to cemeteries to commemorate their relatives and friends who died. They light candles and pray for their loved ones rest in peace. The cemeteries are beautiful that evening with hundreds of candles burning at night.

      For most Slovaks, both children and adults, the nicest festival of the year is Christmas, especially Christmas Eve (24^th December) and Christmas Day(25^th December). On 24^th December people decorate a Christmas tree and prepare a special Christmas dinner which is served in the evening. It consists of thin wafers eaten with honey and garlic, nuts and apples that are cut in two. If they are healthy, you will be healthy and happy in the following year. Then Christmas soup (sauerkraut with mushrooms and klobasa /sausage or thick lentil/mushrooms soup) is served, followed by potato salads and fried carp, with tropical fruits and sweets at the end.

Special Christmas decorations, coloured lights and Christmas trees can be seen in the streets and shops. Homes are often decorated long before Christmas withholly, ivy or mistletoe. Christmas carols are sung almost everywhere, in houses, cathedrals and churches.

In Slovakia, people open their presents which they find under the Christmas tree on December 24^th. In Britain, children hang their stockings at the foot of the bed for Santa Claus (Father Christmas) to fill them. On the morning of Christmas Day, December 25^th, the children get up early to open their presents. In Britain people have a traditional Christmas dinner: stuffed turkey and Christmas pudding afterwards.

The following is Boxing Day when many people visit other members of their families.

VOCABULARY:

holly – cezmína

ivy – brečtan

mistletoe – imelo

carol – koleda

stockings at the foot of the bed – vianočná pančucha na okraji postele, kde má spiaci nohy

stuffed turkey – plnený moriak

     New Year’s celebrations (December 31^st) is neither a public holiday in Slovakia, nor in England. People go to work as usual. But on New Year’s Eve most Slovaks and English stay up till midnight to see the New Year coming. Many go to parties and dances. In England New Year’s Day is a bank holiday. People make resolutions and promises to change or improve their future lives. In Slovakia many people spend this time in the mountains with friends and families.

Christmas celebrations are much the same all over the United States. Many other religious holidays are also celebrated in Britain and America, as both countries have immigrants from many other cultures. The most known of these are Hanukkan, the Jewish festival of lights, which is held in December, and the Chinese New Year, which is held at the end of January or beginning of February.

     February 14^th is St. Valentine’s Day when friends and lovers send one another letters or greeting cards expressing their love and affection. Saint Valentine was a bishop, a Christmas martyr, murdered by Romans around the year 273. Before he was put to death, he sent a note of friendship to his jailer’s daughter. This holiday has been imported to our country and every year is becoming more and more popular. There is a wide choice of Valentine cards available at stationer’s shops. Some of them are serious, romantic, others humorous, sentimental, even satiric or provocative.

     In Britain, there also exist holidays named after the saints, such as St Patrick’s Day, St. Andrew’s Day, St. David’s Day and St. George’s Day. The most famous is the national holiday of the Irish people St. Patrick’s Day (March 17^th), named after St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, who brought Christianity to this country. Many people worldwide dress in green, eat Irish food and drink Guinness. St. Patrick’s Day parades are held in many towns and cities in Ireland or the USA.

     November 5^th, Guy Fawkes Night, has its roots in English history. It goes back to the year 1605 when group of Catholics wanted to kill King James I at the opening of Parliament by blowing up the Houses of Parliament with gunpowder. One of them, Guy Fawkes, was caught planting the explosives and they were all executed. To commemorate the event, there are bonfires and fireworks in almost every town and village in Britain. Children are allowed to stay up until darks and admire the rockets in the sky.

VOCABULARY:

resolution – predsavzatie

martyr – mučeník

in commemoration of – na oslavu niekoho, niečoho

to have roots in – mať korene v

to blow up – vyhodiť do povetria

gunpowder – strelný prach

to plant – položiť, umiestniť

executed – popravený

bonfire – vatra

fireworks – ohňostroj

         rocket – raketa, prskavka

 

For those who are interested in the meaning of Christmas:

     For all  Christians, Christmas is a happy time when they celebrate the remembrance of the day Jesus Christ was born. It doesn't matter what religion you are - Christian, Jewish, Muslim, or any other religion (or even if you're an atheist) - you can't avoid some of the signs, symbols, and traditions of this Christian holiday

ADVENT 

1. The period that comes before Christmas is called Advent.

2. It is a pleasant tradition to have an Advent wreath with four candles, which are lit one by one each week up to Christmas Day.

3. Some families also have a special Advent calendar, with 24 small, numbered doors and windows, each of them with a pretty picture and a piece of chocolate.

 

TYPICAL CHRISTMAS HABITS:

    - putting up Christmas trees

    - decorating the house with holly, mistletoe, and pine or fir branches.

 

A NATIVITY SCENE 

      A Nativity scene tells the story of Jesus's birth, according to the Gospels of Mathew and Luke in the Bible. 

     In every Nativity scene you will find Jesus's parents (Mary and Joseph), and in the centre, a baby Jesus in a manger. Surrounding the centre part you will see the animals in the stable, mostly sheep, cows and goats. You can also find a bright star guided visitors to this particular stable. And, of course, there are many angels, too.

     Larger Nativity scenes also contain the Three Wise Men, or Magi, who were kings. They carry small boxes with valuable objects of that time: gold, frankincense, and myrrh. 

     The tradition of the Nativity scene originated in Europe around the 16th century.

 

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x7tdvs_nativity-scene-with-silent-night-ch_music?from=rss

 

VOCABULARY

 

remembrance - pamiatka                               stable - stajňa

wreath - veniec                                              holly - cezmína

mistletoe - imelo                                            branch - vetvička

nativity scene - betlehem                               frankincense - kadidlo

myrrh - myrha                                              manger - válov, žľab, jasličky

shopping spree - nákupná horúčka, 

                            utrácanie vo veľkom, veľký nákup

 

AMERICAN PUBLIC HOLIDAYS

 

     One the most important holidays in the USA is the Fourth of July or Independence Day. It celebrates the independence of American colonies from the British. It is the anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

     The oldest American holiday is Thanksgiving Day which is the fourth Thursday in November. It was celebrated for the first time in 1621 as anexpression of the people’s joy after the first successful harvest which helped the colony at Plymouth to survive winter.

     Memorial Day, celebrated on May 30^th in most states, and Veteran’s Day are patriotic holidays which commemorate Americans who fought in wars for their country. On these days the people visit cemeteries and memorials to honour those who sacrificed their lives for America. The birthdays of two great American presidents, Abraham Lincoln and George Washington, are celebrated on February 17^th, which is President’s Day. 

      Another of the most important events in American history was the discovery of the continent by Christopher Columbus on October 12^th, 1492 which is celebrated by Columbus Day.

      Halloween is a typical American holiday celebrated on October 31^st.According to an old tradition it is a witches’ holiday. It is popular with both young and old people who dress themselves in fancy costumes and go to parties to have fun.

 

VOCABULARY:

anniversary – výročie

expression – vyjadrenie

harvest – žatva

cemetery – cintorín

memorial- pomník

to honour – poctiť, vzdať hold

to sacrifice - obetovať

witch – bosorka

fancy – žartovný

saint – svätý

patron saint – svätý patron, ochranca

worldwide – na celom svete

parade – pochod, sprievod 

 

spoznámkovať naučiť

LEARN 3Rs https://www.veolia.co.uk/nottinghamshire/recycling/recycling/3rs-reduce-reuse-and-recycle

3Rs - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

We cannot stop waste production entirely, but everyone can make a significant contribution. Think before you bin! It saves energy and natural resources, helps to reduce pollution and reduces the need for landfill.

The 'Reduce', 'Reuse' and 'Recycle' elements are referred to as the '3 R's'

If items cannot be reused or recycled,  it is sometimes possible to recover the energy that they contain through a waste treatment process.
At Home

Reduce

• Avoid giving presents with much packaging
• Consider using doorstep delivery services for organic vegetables, milk and other fresh produce - goods often come in little or returnable packaging
• Buy solar-powered items such as pocket calculators and watches.
• Choose products that can use mains power rather than batteries. Use rechargeable batteries when appropriate.
• Consider growing your own vegetables - many varieties can be grown in small gardens.

Reuse

• Donate (Pass someone who need it) unwanted furniture and appliances
• Reuse your household packaging
• Repair broken items rather than buy new ones
• Take old carrier bags to the shop with you to use again or use them as bin liners
• Scrap paper (šmirák) can be used both sides, for children's drawings, shopping lists
• Reuse containers like margarine tubs for storage of nails or colouring pencils
• Donate unwanted clothing and small household items to charity shops
• Reuse items wherever possible. For example yoghurt pots are ideal for growing seeds, swap magazines with friends, or give them to surgeries for waiting rooms.

Recycle

• If you can, compost your garden waste and vegetable peelings
• Use local recycling facilities such as glass bottle banks, plastic bottle banks, can banks, shoe banks, textile banks etc.

Shopping

Shopping provides many opportunities for using your influence as a consumer to purchase low-waste products. 

Reduce

• If you are buying a computer, enquire (zistí si ) whether it can be upgraded easily. You will only need new components rather than a completely new computer
• Buy concentrated products or products sold in refill packs (náhradné ekologické balenie) such as detergents, fabric conditioner, household cleaners and herbs and spices
• Avoid buying lots of different cleaning products which are designed for different purposes, choose one multi-purpose cleaner instead
• Avoid buying mini portions of food such as cereals, jam and coffee on a regular basis
• Use crates (prepravka) to take home your shopping, or support 'bags for life' scheme
• Buy re-useable products instead of disposable (jednorazové)  ones, like rechargeable batteries, plastic picnic tableware instead of paper ones.

Reuse

• Buy products made from recycled materials e.g. toilet/kitchen rolls
•  Take your reusable bags with you to the shops.

Recycle

• Choose products that come in packaging which you know can be recycled.

Young Families

Reduce

• Consider using real nappies rather then disposable ones. It cuts down on waste and can save money too

Reuse

• For babies, consider buying good quality, second-hand clothing and baby equipment
• Donate or loan unwanted baby equipment.

At work

There are many ways you can help your employer or business save money on waste disposal costs.

Reduce

• Pack your lunch in a reusable box rather than foil or cling film (fólia)
• Avoid wasting paper and other materials - use only what you really need
• Encourage your company to adopt waste reduction techniques throughout the organisation
• Share memos, journals and other publications rather than everyone having their own copy. Make better use of notice boards for shared information
• Avoid using paper when a phone call, e-mail or personal visit might do instead
• Only print or photocopy when really necessary - use the double-sided

Reuse

• Choose refillable items (repasované) such as printer cartridges
• Reuse folders (zakladače, odkladače) rather then order new ones
• Use scrap paper to take notes and messages.

Recycle

• Recycle toner cartridges
• Purchase recycled and low waste products.
• Recycle cans, plastic and glass bottles, paper, card, etc.

In your garden

Gardeners are very good at finding all kinds of new uses for items that might otherwise end up in the bin. Here are some suggestions:

Reduce

• Remember to compost your garden, vegetable peelings and kitchen waste
• Only grow what you need.

Reuse

• Empty, cut-down mineral water bottles can be used as mini 'green houses' for young plants
• Old carpets, cardboard, newspapers and lawn mowings  make excellent mulch
• Use old wood and pallets to build your own compost bin.

Recycle

• At the garden centre look for products that are made from recycled materials such as plant pots, containers and garden benches made from recycled plastic, recycled paper liners for hanging baskets and compost and soil conditioners made from recycled organic materials

12_PEOPLE_AND_NATURE.ppt

People and Nature

SEASONS AND WEATHER

Spring begins on the 21st March. The weather is clear and sunny but the temperature almost never arises to more than twenty degrees. Nature begins to awake from a long winter sleep, nights get shorter and days get longer. Woods and first flowers appear: snowdrops, dandelions, daffodils, forget-me-nots, violets and many more.

 

June 21st is the date when summer begins. Schoolchildren have two months holidays and a lot of people set on journeys and take holidays. The temperature rises to 25 degrees and more, sky is clear and bright, there is a lot of sunshine, no wind blows and sometimes we suffer from a heat, which means the weather is sultry, hot and dry. Summer rains often come in the form of a storm. Then there is a crash of thunder and a flash of lighting and a heavy downpour. Occasionally it starts hailing or there is a cloudburst, but when the storm dies down, a rainbow may appear in the sky.

 

Autumn is usually colder than summer with foggy mornings. It starts on the 23rd September. We can still enjoy a few fine days of Indian summer. It is the most rainy season and the nature is preparing for the winter. It is the time of harvest gathering fruit like apples and pears. The leaves of maples, beeches, birches, oaks and ashes are changing to red, yellow, orange or brown.

 

After autumn usually comes winter, the coldest season of the year on 21st December - winter. Everything is covered by snow and ice, animals and plants are hibernating, Children enjoy throwing snowballs, sledging, sliding and skating on frozen lakes. The temperature sometimes drops to 20 degrees Celsius below zero. The hands get numb and stiff, fingers tingle with cold and we sometimes suffer from frostbite. The roads become icy and slippery, which make driving hazardous.

 

The Environment, People and Nature

• What is an ecosystem?

An ecosystem is a group of living things and the whole place where they live. They all live together and need each other. For example, one kind of ecosystem is a desert. It has special plants that can live only there, lizards, snakes, vultures, and special insects.

• Are there any environmental problems in your region? What are they caused by?

Yes, there are some problems. The main problem is ... [water pollution/air pollution, etc.] There are many factories in my region, and many people ... [drive cars/burn coal, etc.]

• Are you aware of any global environmental issues? Which is most serious and why?

Yes, I know a bit about global warming. This is a very serious problem. Most scientists agree that it could seriously harm our lives, unless we stop it. Glaciers and polar ice are melting, rain forests are dying, and farms are turning into desert.

• Tell me a bit more about global warming. What is it?

This is the general increase in air and water temperatures around the world. It’s normal for temperatures to sometimes be cooler for many hundreds of years, and then sometimes to be warmer. But this time, humans have caused the increase, with carbon from cars and factories.

• What is the Greenhouse Effect? What is it caused by?

The Greenhouse Effect is when the air or atmosphere gets too hot. Air warmed by the sun gets trapped close to the ground. It can’t escape. It is caused by too much carbon in the air, from factories, electricity plants, and cars.

• What is the ozone layer and what is its function?

The ozone layer protects us from the harmful rays of the sun. It is in the atmosphere and surrounds the Earth like a clear blanket.

• Now there is a hole in the ozone layer. How did it get there? Is it dangerous?

I don’t think scientists are sure how it got there. They only think that maybe too much carbon has destroyed part of it. It is very dangerous for us because it lets the strong sunlight through to the Earth’s surface. This can cause cancer in humans.

• Why is it dangerous to cut down the rainforests?

This is dangerous for many reasons. We need the oxygen that comes from rainforests. Rainforests are the homes of many insects, plants, and animals that we need for medicine and other reasons. Rainforests help catch water and give it back to the Earth in the form of clouds, which bring us water. The roots of trees and plants in the rainforest keep water and soil in place; without the rainforest, there are many problems like floods and mudslides.

• What types of extreme weather have you been in? Is it connected with environmental problems?

I’ve seen/been in/ a flood in ... [place, year]. It was scary – water came down our street like it was a river. ... There was a lot of wind damage in our town in [year/month] when there was a [tornado/hurricane/gale-force wind]. Extreme weather is a part of nature but I don’t think / and I do think / it is connected with environmental problems because ...

• Which chemicals or chemical products do you use at home? Are they harmful to the environment?

Well, we have a refrigerator, of course. It contains the gas called “freon,” which is very harmful to the atmosphere. We also have some things for cleaning, which contain strong chemicals.

• How can you tell that a product you buy is ‘environmentally friendly’?

I can look on the package and see if it has the symbols for this: information on how to recycle the package, whether the product uses some recycled materials, and so on. I can read about different products on the internet, and find out where I can buy recycled things like ink cartridges for my printer.

• What can you do to help our environment as a single individual?

There are many ways I can help the environment: I can use special light bulbs, turn off the tv or radio when I’m not really paying attention to it, and put my computer on stand-by mode, all to save electricity. I can ride my bike or walk instead of taking the car or the bus, to save petrol. And I can recycle all my paper, glass, and plastic.

• What is the difference between ‘recycled,’ ‘recycling,’ and ‘recyclable’?

“Recycled” means that some or all of the materials in something have been cleaned and can be used again – for example, a glass bottle. “Recycling” is the activity of not throwing something into the garbage, but putting it into a special bin where it will be taken away and used again.

“Recyclable” means it’s possible to be used again, but it’s up to me to put it into the recycling bin for this.

• What are some types of alternative energy? Which do you like best, and why?

There is nuclear energy, water and steam power for electricity, solar energy from the sun, and wind power. Some cars can run on alternative energy like electricity or hydrogen....

The main ecological problems

Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, we are facing (čelíme) various ecological problems.

1.      climate changes-global warming, e.g. the polar icecaps are melting, so sea levels around the world are rising and scientists predict that some seaside areas will disappear under the sea in the future

2.      weather-related disasters: floods, tsunami, earthquakes, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes, avalanches...

3.      deforestation: destruction of/cutting down the tropical rainforests, especially in South and Central American countries like Brazil and Costa Rica

4.      pollution: air/soil/water pollution: the ozone hole, acid rain, greenhouse effect, chemicals and harmful emissions

The air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil we plant our foods in are all polluted (air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution). We produce a large number of dangerous chemicals (chemikálií) that endanger (ohrozujú) all life. We produce huge  amounts (množstvá) of CARBON DIOXIDE (kysličník uhličitý – CO2). Plastics technologies destroys the ozone layer (ozónovú vrstvu) which surrounds (obklopuje) and protect our planed from the dangerous UV (ultraviolet) sunrays/sunbeams (slnečnými lúčmi). The ultraviolet radiation (UV) of the sun can cause skin cancer. Acid rain is caused by (zapríčinený) chemical SO2 (sulphur dioxide) from factories and exhaust fumes (výfukových plynov) which is mixed in the air with water from clouds and creates H2SO3 (sulphuric acid). It is dangerous and poisonous because it is an acid and it damages buildings, kills trees, plankton and pollutes the soil.

All pollution is caused by chemicals which get into our water, soil and air. These chemicals are not just from factories but from products we use daily (denne), things such as laundry detergents/washing powders (pracie prášky), used to wash our clothes and pesticides and fertilizers (hnojivá) used to grow our food. The cars we use every day produce exhaust fumes which pollute our air, and the waste (odpad) and rubbish (smetie), for example packaging (obaly), paper, old bottles, plastic bottles and cans, we produce is either (buď) buried (zakopaný), polluting the soil, or (alebo) burned (spálený), polluting the air. All these chemicals get into the atmosphere or leak (preniknú, presiaknu) into the soil and pollute our water.

5. the disappearance of many animal and plant species;

6. many plant and animal species are in danger (endangered) of extinction and have to be protected in national parks, zoos, botanical gardens and game reserves. Nowadays, the existence of some plants and animals is in danger. The Red List of Threatened Species (zoznam ohrozených druhov) created in 1963 is a list of species that are in danger of the extinction (vyhynutia). There are many world-wide organizations for example World Wildlife Fund that try to protect endangered (ohrozené) animals and plants. Threatened animals are elephants, tigers,pandas, rhinos, whales, corals, great apes, marine turtles, polar bears, snow leopards, dolphins. In Slovakia chamois (šaemoa - kamzík), marmot (svišť) and lynx (rys), from plant species the most endangered is edelweiss (plesnivec)

A lot of animals do not live in the wild, they live only in ZOOs. In the ZOO we can find animals that do not normally live in our country or are protected and endangered, there are cages (klietky) with monkeys, parrots, flamingos (plameniaky), chamoises (kamzíky), linxes (rysmi), lions, tigers, crocodiles, turtles, spiders and many other. In our ZOO, there is also a DINO PARK where visitors can see dinosaurs made of plastic and rubber and listen to the sounds they make.  

THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY

What can you personally do to protect the environment?

·         save water - have a shower rather than a bath; make sure that the water isn't left dripping

·         save energy - switch off the light when leaving, use LED lights, turn off your computer and other electrical equipment, when not in use and save on electricity

·      eat less beef and rice, livestock farming (chov dobytka) and rice growing (pestovanie ryže) are both major sources of methane production

·      bring your own bag or basket to the store

·      leftover food (zvyšky jedál) and vegetable and fruit peels (šupky zo zeleniny a ovocia) should be recycled - composted if possible; compost kitchen garbage

·      buy things that have less packaging and are recyclable

·      not to buy products with phosphates (detergents, washing powder)

·      not to use many fertilizers and pesticides in the garden

·      throw your chewing gum in the waste bin, not in the street

·      buy products CFCs free, e.g. deodorants without chlorofluorocarbons

·      put litter only into litter bins

·      not to be noisy in the woods, not to pick flowers and branches

·      use public transport (cars are the main pollutants), ride a bike

·      contact people who are "green", join them and help them with organising events aimed at protecting nature, e.g. plant trees, clean lakes and rivers

·      REDUCE. Reduce your usage of disposable/one-time-use items (jednorazové výrobky) and reduce the amount of solid waste (množstvo tuhého odpadu).

·      RECYCLE. Sort out waste - recycle glass; plastics: plastic bottles and plastic packaging; paper, metals.

·      REUSE. Recycled materials can be reused, e.g. recycled material from plastic bottles is used for making door mats.

 

USEFUL VOCABULARY

waste - odpad

spread - rozširovať

groundwater- spodná voda

leak into - presakovať

seep into - vsakovať

trash - haraburdy, odpad

discharge into - vypustiť, vylievať

dispose of sth - likvidovať, zbaviť sa

landfill area - verejná skládka odpadu

sawage – kanalizačné splašky

 

FLORA  AND FAUNA  ADAPTATION TO THE CLIMATE

 

FLORA

Plants are adapted to the climate. Trees in rainforests have broad leaves so that the heavy rain run off the leaves easily. The large leaves help the plants not to overheat.

Cactuses due to tiny spines reduce transpiration to almost nothing so they store water and adapt to the dry climates.

Coniferous plants also have small spiky leaves so that they don't lose too much water during the frozen winters.

Plants affected by strong winds have thicker stems to streghten and prevent themselves from being blown over.

 

FAUNA

Many animals are adapted to the weather in the local climate. Animals living in the coldest parts of the world, such as seals and polar bears, have thick layers of fat under their skin to protect them from the cold. Polar bears have hair on their feet to help them keep footing on slippery ice.

Brown bears hibernate during the coldest part of the year, living off stored fat and water to survive.

Toads do the same during periods of drought, lying in the mud until the next rains.

Many animals migrate to breeding areas to escape starvation during the winter season when food is harder to find, e.g. swallow.

In hot places, animals can often store water in their bodies such as camels. Nocturnal animals come out only at night to hunt and feet. Nights are a little bit colder.

 

VOCABULARY

Spine – pichliač

stem - stopka

hibernate – prezimovať

starvation – vyhladovanie

coniferous – ihličnatý

hair – srsť

drought – sucho

nocturnal - nočný

 

The ENVIRONMENT [ɪnˈvairənmənt] (životné prostredie) means the surroundings (prostredie, okolie) in which people, animals and plants grow and exist. The branch (vedný odbor) of biology that studies the relationships between animals, plants and humans (ľuďmi) and their environment is called ECOLOGY.

There are three basic elements we need for our life: AIR (vzduch), WATER and SOIL (pôda). Now, at the beginning of the 21^st century, we are facing (čelíme) various ecological problems. The air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil we plant our foods in are all polluted (air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution). Many plant and animal species have become extinct and have disappeared. We are facing the destruction of ecosystems, sudden (náhle) changes in weather, acid rain (kyslý dážď), the global warming, the destruction of tropical rain forests and the hole in the ozone layer (diera v ozónovej vrstve). We produce a large number of dangerous chemicals (chemikálií) that endanger (ohrozujú) all life. We produce huge (obrovské) amounts (množstvá) of CARBON DIOXIDE (kysličník uhličitý – CO₂). Freon used in refrigeration and plastics technologies destroys the ozone layer (ozónovú vrstvu) which surrounds (obklopuje) and protect our planed from the dangerous sunrays/sunbeams (slnečnými lúčmi). The ultraviolet radiation (UV) of the sun can cause skin cancer. Acid rain is caused by (zapríčinený) chemical SO₂ (sulphur dioxide) from factories and exhaust fumes (výfukových plynov) which is mixed in the air with water from clouds and creates H₂SO₃ (sulphurous acid). It is dangerous and poisonous because it is an acid and it damages buildings, kills trees and pollutes the soil.

All pollution is caused by chemicals which get into our water, soil and air. These chemicals are not just from factories but from products we use daily (denne), things such as laundry detergents/washing powders (pracie prášky), used to wash our clothes and pesticides and fertilizers (hnojivá) used to grow our food. The cars we use every day produce exhaust fumes which pollute our air, and the waste (odpad) and rubbish (smetie), for example packaging (obaly), paper, old bottles, plastic bottles and cans, we produce is either (buď) buried (zakopaný), polluting the soil, or (alebo) burned (spálený), polluting the air. All these chemicals get into the atmosphere or leak (preniknú, presiaknu) into the soil and pollute our water.

NATURAL CATASTROPHES. Nowadays, people are facing various problems connected with weather. There are more weather –related disasters (pohromy) like tornadoes, floods (záplavy) and droughts (suchá). The temperature of our planet is rising (stúpa) and we talk about GLOBAL WARMING. The icebergs (ľadovce) are melting (topia) so the sea level (hladina mora) is rising and scientists predict that some seaside areas will disappear under the sea in the future. Earthquakes (zemetrasenia) are more frequent (častejšie). Many animal and plant species have nearly become extinct and have to be protected in national parks, zoos, and botanical gardens. In recent years, many environmental organisations have been found, some of them on international basis, such as Greenpeace. These organizations show the most serious ecological problems and do campaigns and warn people against possible consequences (varujú ľudí pred možnými následkami). They protest against nuclear power stations, against forest clearings (klčovanie lesa), building factories in the heart of nature. Many of their activities have been successful and they made governments (vlády) pass (prinútili vlády prijať) several laws to protect the environment, e.g. the use of pesticide called DDT was banned (zakázané) by law in many countries and many countries have agreed to stop Freon and other chemicals which destroy our ozone layer. Nowadays we try to protect environment in many ways. There are special bottle tanks, containers for plastic and paper waste which can be recycled and new products can be made out of it. More and more environmentally friendly products are being produced, we fill our cars with unleaded (bezolovnatý) petrol and some of them have electromotor or use gas or biofuel (biologické palivá). Special farms grow bio- vegetables and fruit (without using pesticides and chemical fertilizers) and produce bio-products. We can find them in special departments (oddeleniach) in stores or in specialized shops.

Children learn about ecology and environment at school in special subject called ECOLOGY. They learn how to protect our environment, learn about possible ways of helping the mankind to survive. They learn about three basic factors to be environmentally friendly: Reduce – Reuse – Recycle (zmenšiť – znovu použiť – recyklovať).

Questions:

2. Explain what it means “Reduce – reuse – recycle”. Give examples.
3. What is climate? What is weather?
4. Compare the climate in Slovakia and Britain.
5. What is the Red list of Threatened Species?
6. Name 5 birds, animals, plants, flowers, and fish that are typical for Slovakia.
7. Name 5 fish species and 5 other animals that live in oceans?
8. What endemic animals do we have here in Slovakia?
9. What is an amphibian?
10. What is ecology? What is environment?
11. How can you describe rainy weather?
12. Which are the most serious ecological problems today?
13. What causes the air pollution?
14. What is acid rain caused by?
15. Explain the term Global warming.
16. How can you protect your environment? Give at least 5 examples.
17. Name at least 5 natural catastrophes that have happened in the past 10 years. When did they happen? Explain what happened and what consequences each of the catastrophes had
17.  

Revise EDUCATION, learn JOBS
https://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/editors/en/cv/compose write your CV and send it on my e-mail address:pastirikova. gma@gmail.com + EF Vocabulary bank 164/ ex. 3 Word Building

YES!book from 60 to 66, the topic JOBS, page 62-63 - TASKS D, E, F

 in English File Vocabulary bank 164 + the topic on your tab

http://9.Jobs_and_employement.docx

http://10_JOBS.ppt

9. JOBS AND EMPLOYEMENT B2

Work (or our occupation – zamestnanie) plays an important role in our lives. This way we do not only earn (zarábame) money but also find our place in society, spend time with other people and feel useful. Choosing one’s job can be difficult and it can take time to make a final decision (konečné rozhodnutie) and choose the job we would like to do.

                The economically active population (obyvateľstvo) includes people who are willing and able to work and people who search for work (ktorí si hľadajú prácu) – the unemployed (nezamestnaní). The first group includes self-employed people (živnostníkov) and employees (zamestnancov). The economically inactive people are those under 18, students, the retired (dôchodcovia), the disabled (zdravotne postihnutí), the sick (chorí) or those who do not wish or are unable to work.

                Employement (zamestnanie) is a contract (zmluvný vzťah) between an employer and an employee. The employer (zamestnávateľ) is a person who hires (si najíma) employees. It can also be an institution. The employee receives wage (mzdu) or salary (plat) for his/her work.

                In large organizations the personnel selection (výber personálu) is organized by the Human Resources Department (oddelením ľudských zdrojov). The available positions are usually published in the newspapers or on the internet. The candidates send the job application (žiadosť o zamestnanie) and their CV (životopis), together with a motivation letter (motivačný list). Their CV should include personal data and details (podrobnosti) about their education, skills and work experience (pracovné skúsenosti). The ones who are chosen are invited to an interview (pohovor). At an interview they usually answer questions, describe (opíšu) their motivation and expectations (očakávania). It is important to prepare for the interview, find information about the company, answer clearly (zrozumiteľne) and stay calm (zostať pokojný). If a candidate succeeds [səksíds](uspeje, he or she is given an official offer of employement (oficiálnu ponuku na prácu) with a defined starting salary (so stanoveným nástupným platom), position, medical benefits (nemocenskými dávkami) and vacation days (voľnými dňami, dovolenkou). Employees can be hired to work full-time (na plný úväzok) or part-time (na polovičný úväzok) and have a permanent contract (zmluvu na dobu neurčitú) or part-time contract (zmluvu na dobu určitú). They are organized into trade unions (odborov) which protest in case the employees are unhappy with low wages or few benefits.

                The working time (pracovný čas) in Europe varies between 33 and 41 hours a week. In Slovakia, the working time is 40 hours a week (8 hours a day). However, there are jobs where people work long hours (dlho). Majority of people work regular hours, it means from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Shift work (práca na smeny) describes regular employment outside the normal daytime hours and is typical for healthcare services (zdravotníctvo) (doctors, nurses, ambulance drivers,), firefighters, policemen and production (workers in car companies) and transport (dopravu) (truck drivers). In Slovakia, people in general start to work at 8.00 and finish at 4-5 p.m. They normally have a lunch break at lunch time. Some people have flexible working time, which means they can work at different times or work from home. New technologies, especially the Internet have enabled people to work from home. In Britain people start work at 9 o’clock and finish at 5.30 (half past five).

                When a child is born to a couple (páru), it is usually the mother who takes maternity leave (kto ide na materskú dovolenku). In Slovakia it takes three years. The maternity pay is very low. When the child grows a little and is able to attend a nursery school (jasle), the mother often goes back to work. She has responsibility for childcare (starostlivosť o deti) and the household (domácnosť), so flexible working time is very convenient for her (je pre ňu veľmi vhodný). Many families cannot afford this (si to nemôžu dovoliť), so women often continue working full time and take care of the child and the household too. It is difficult for every woman to have both a good family life and a successful (úspešnú) career.

                Many people are self-employed and run their own business. They can but do not have to employ other people. People who are not paid wages and work are called volunteers (dobrovoľníci) – they usually work for free in regions in war or regions hit by natural catastrophes.

Choosing a career

When we are young, we don’t think hard about our future job. Most of us want to be rich and famous. As we grow up (ako dospievame), we become wiser (múdrejšími) and realise the importance (umedomujeme si dôležitosť) of choosing our job. We start thinking about what we would like to do and what job would be appropriate (vhodný) for us. It is not easy to choose the right profession, especially at a young age. We need a job that fulfils us (potrebujeme zamestnanie, ktoré nás napĺňa), as well as a job in which we can make enough (dosť) money to cover our living costs (na pokrytie našich nákladov na živobytie). We also have to consider (zvážiť) several factors, such as the type of work, possible promotion (možné povýšenie) and career development (kariérny rast), salary (plat), working hours, travel opportunities, place of work and others. The time to make this final decision is when we study at a secondary school. We decide whether (či) we want to do a manual/physical job, which requires (si vyžaduje) physical powers or a better-paid job that requires more qualifications. Professions like a lawyer, economist, manager, teacher and doctor require college or university education and it takes hard work to get the qualification.

 

Physical and intellectual work

We basically, differentiate (rozlišujeme) between physical and intellectual work. Physical work requires physical powers and manual skills (manuálne zručnosti). Most manual workers work in manufacturing (production) or construct buildings (stavajú budovy). There are many different types of intellectual work. Some professions require detailed knowledge (podrobné znalosti) – scientists, doctors, lawyers [lójrs], accountants (účtovníci), others talent and creativity (artists). There are more and more professions that require communication and organization skills (zručnosti, schopnosti), such as public relations (styk s verejnosťou) managers, interpreters (tlmočníci), teachers, psychoanalysts, sales representatives (obchodní zástupcovia) and others. Nowadays, in most professions it is important to improve (zlepšovať sa) one’s skills and abilities by attending seminars and trainings, reading books or news in their field on the Internet.

                In some occupations (v niektorých zamestnaniach), people have responsibility (zodpovednosť) for other people’s lives (doctors, pilots, drivers). Professions like a policeman, pilot, construction worker and truck driver belong to very dangerous professions because there is a high risk (vysoké riziko) of an injury (zranenia) or an accident (nehody).

               

The labour market (trh práce) in Slovakia has changed a lot in the past decades. More work opportunitites have been created thanks to foreign investors (vďaka zahraničným investorom) coming to the country to set up (založiť) their companies here. A lot of people had to retrain (preškoliť sa). The working conditions, especially the pay and benefits, are still insufficient. The salaries of Slovaks are much lower than the ones in Western Europe.

                In Slovakia it is becoming more and more difficult to get a job. The rate of unemployment (miera nezamestnanosti) varies according to the regions – the Bratislava region has the lowest, while the Eastern Slovak region the highest rate. The most concerned are the young graduates (absolventi) and the people over 50. Many people decide to leave Slovakia and work abroad. They get more money, have better benefits, learn foreign language and gain working experience. In many regions it is common that father works abroad, comes home two times a month and it is the mother who takes care of the household and children.

On the other hand there is a lack of qualified labour force (nedostatok kvalifikovanej pracovnej sily) in some fields, such as car industry, mechanical engineering or building industry. People who are not willing to work are on the dole (sú na podpore v nezamestnanosti).

Revise: gerund verb pattern vs to infinitive

Verb patterns - slovesné vzorce (gerundium vs infinitív)

V angličtine sa niektoré slovesá viažu s neurčitkom a niektoré sa spájajú so slovesným tvarom končiacim príponou –ing.

Neexistuje konkrétne pravidlo, podľa ktorého by sme rozlíšili slovesá, ktoré sa spájajú s neurčitkom alebo so slovesom s príponou –ing. Nezostáva nám nič iné, ako sa ich naučiť, alebo si ich vyhľadať v dobrom výkladovom slovníku.

cvičenia gerundium vs infinitív po slovesách

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/structures/gerund_infinitive_verbs.htm

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-2.html

https://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/gerunds_infinitives_1.htm

The young and their world

PPT presentation 18_THE_YOUNG_AND_THEIR__WORLD.ppt

topic 16.The_young_and_their_world.docx

 

Hobbies, leisure time and lifestyles

PPT 20__HOBBIES__LEISURE_AND_LIFESTYLE.ppt

topic 18.Hobbies.docx

Human relationships

PPT 11_HUMAN_RELATIONSHIPS.ppt

topic 10._Human_relationships.docx

for further reference, pls, consult the following materials

 

16. Young people and society

1. Characteristics of young people (appearance, fashion, character traits (črty), interests
2. The position of young people in society (rights and duties, possibilities of study, work, young families)
3. Relationships among peers and generational relationships (conflicts – reasons, their expression, consequences)
4. Unhealthy lifestyles of young people (aggression, gambling, substance abuse)
5. Young people’s vision of the future (expectations, dreams, fears)

Adolescence ([ˌædəˈlesəns] from Latin „to grow up“) is stage of development (štádium vývoja) between childhood and adulthood ([ædəlthud] dospelosť) when a person is biologically adult (dospelý). His/her physical [ˈfɪzɪkəl] (fyzický, telesný) and psychological [ˌsaɪkəˈlodžɪkəl] development (vývoj) is almost complete [kəmˈpliːt] (dokončený) but emotionally he/she is not fully mature [məˈtjʊə] (úplne zrelý). A child becomes an adolescent usually after he/she completes secondary school. People from the age of thirteen to the age of nineteen are called “teenagers” because their age ends in „teen” in English. The age of majority [məˈdžorɪtɪ] (vek právnej dospelosti), the age at which a person has full legal [ˈliːgəl] rights (zákonné práva), differs from culture to culture. In Slovakia it is 18 years. In each country, there are different age limits for driving a car (18), getting married (18, 16) or buying cigarettes (16). During puberty /ˈpjuːbəti - puberta/, most children go through (prechádzajú, prežívajú) dramatic physical (telesné) changes. Boys grow more facial [ˈfeɪšəl] hair (ochlpenie na tvári), greater muscle mass [masl ma:s] (svalová hmota) and a deeper (hlbší) voice, girl’s breast [brest] (prsia) enlarges [inlaːdžis] (zväčšiť) their hips widen [waidn] (boky sa rozširujú), their sex organs change and they are able to reproduce (rozmnožovať sa). Teenagers also undergo mental development. Their emotional [ɪˈməušənl] life is more intensive than before and some begin to develop sexual relationships. Love and friendship become the most important values (hodnoty). Teenagers prefer relationships with their peers (vrstovníci) to their parents.

 

APPEARANCE (výzor)/CLOTHES/HAIRSTYLES- It‘s natural that each generation of young people differs from the one before. Our grandparents lived in totally different conditions which influenced their behaviour, values and attitude [ˈætɪˌtjuːd] towards society. Nowadays, young people use many means (prostriedkov) to look (aby vyzerali) different than older generations; they care a lot about what they look like. Some of them follow the fashion trends closely (dôsledne) and always want to be “in”, the others often wear strange clothes, for example old, dirty and torn (roztrhané) trousers, cheap shoes, old T-shirts. Some like wearing second-hand clothes, some make/sew their clothes themselves, some paint their clothes or dye (farbia) them and, on the other hand, some wear brand (značkové) clothes or designer clothes. Usually, young people wear comfortable (pohodlné) clothes such as T- shirts, tops, jumpers, sweatshirts (mikiny), hoodies (mikiny s kapucňou), jeans and trainers. Girls often wear miniskirts, leggings, tops, jackets, ballerinas and lots of fashion accessories (módnych doplnkov) – bracelets, earrings, necklaces, sunglasses, watches, headbands (čelenky), hair clips (sponky), hats, caps and piercings. Teenagers also have strange hairstyles. Some prefer simple hairstyles (účesy), but some prefer “extreme” hairstyles – their hair is often colourful, they dye it pink, purple, red and highlight (melír) is also fashionable. Nowadays it is normal even for boys to dye [dai] (farbiť) their hair. Tattoos and piercing are very popular among young people. It is very modern. They can have several parts of their body pierced, for example tongue, eyebrow, ear, nose and mouth. Teenagers live in their own world and their lifestyle depends on their parents, background, but mostly on their friends.

 

 INTERESTS (záujmy) -It is widely known that teenagers spend a lot of their free time with their peers with whom they have similar interests, such as music, dance, sport, film or fashion. They like going to pubs, cafés, and discos. They love dancing and often spend their Friday night at some night club or a disco. They love talking and chatting and meeting new people. And of course, they love parties. Sometimes they simply hang around (tráviť čas, potĺkať sa) together. They love going to the cinema and after the film has finished often talk about the cast (herecké obsadenie), actors, actresses and the plot (dej) in a café or a pub. Young people do not go to the theatre very often. Sometimes, they just download (stiahnu) the film from the internet and they watch it at home. They spend a lot of time in front of their computers and on the Internet, they chat with their friends via (prostredníctvom) social networks (facebook, ICQ, skype, pokec), they make phone calls via SKYPE, watch movies and video clips on “you tube” or just search for information via Google. They love their hi-tech toys and cannot imagine their life without them. Their rooms are full of up-to-date (moderný, najaktuálnejší) gadgets (zariadení) such as camcorders (kamery), cameras (foťáky), PCs, laptops, Hi-fi systems, MP3 players, mobiles, headphones (sluchátka), stereo systems, DVD players, I-pods and many others. They often get some pocket money (vreckové) from their parents but many of them work part-time (pracujú na polovičný úväzok) of have temporary jobs (brigády). Some work in bars, clubs, pubs or supermarkets, some babysit (strážia deti), some help younger ones with subjects (predmetmi) such as English, German, Maths, Physics and tutor [ˈtjuːtə] (doučovať) younger children at primary/secondary schools. In summer they often have a summer job and work in fast food restaurants or go abroad and work at farms, in hotels, on ships. Young people spend (míňajú) a lot of money on CDs, DVDs, clothes and tickets to the cinema, concerts, music festivals and on going out with friends.

VALUES (hodnoty) - Love and friendship are the most important values (hodnoty) for teenagers. Teenagers prefer relationships with their peers (vrstovníci) to their parents. A lot of young people work hard on their relationships because they value friendship so highly. During adolescence young people often search for (hľadajú) a unique [juni:k] identity [aɪˈdentɪtɪ] (jedinečná identita). At this age, sports players, rock stars and film and television performers [pəˈfɔːməz] (e.g. reality shows stars) become role models (vzory) for them. Teenagers often wish to be like their chosen role models (vzory). They identify themselves with others (wear the same clothes, have the same hairstyle, do the same things), but at the same time they want to be different and develop their own individuality. Young people, in general, do not trust the authorities and tend to risk more.

                In the developed world (vo vyspelom svete), young people are usually well-educated, experienced and self-confident (sebaistý). They have access (prístup) to all the modern inventions (vynálezom) that make our lives easier, such as computer, internet or mobile phone. They have a lot of opportunities (príležitosti, možnosti) to study or work abroad [əˈbrɔːd] (v zahraničí) and often see those opportunities as chances to earn money and gain experience (získať skúsenosť). A lot of Slovak students study abroad (v zahraničí) – in Czech Republic (Prague, Brno, Zlín), Austria (Vienna), the USA, or Great Britain (Veľká Británia – Oxford, Cambridge, London). Those who do not live in the town of their studies, often live in the dormitory [ˈdɔːmɪtərɪ]/campus [ˈkæmpəs] (na internáte). In Britain and America some students attend (chodiť do školy) boarding schools (internátne školy) where they live and study.

Many young people today start their own families later in life than their parents did. Many work on their career first and get married in their thirties. However, there are still many teenage pregnancies (tehotenstvá mladistvých) that often end girls’ education (vzdelanie). These marriages do not last (netrvajú) for a long time and the divorce rate (miera rozvodovosti) is quite high among young married couples (páry).

                Young people often face many problems. They are in the age when they need someone who will listen to them talking about their problems, who will give them advice. It is good if this person is one of their parents but this doesn’t happen often. Parents want their children to be the best and the smartest (šikovný, inteligentný), to have good marks (známky), appropriate (vhodný) friends and interests/hobbies, help them with the house chores, spend more time learning and preparing for school and less time on the Internet and friends and of course, spend less money on fashion, music and hi-tech toys. Parents often don’t understand their children, criticise their hairstyle, clothes and friends, they think that their children don’t help enough at home, that they don’t study enough, are cheeky (bezočivý) and impolite (nezdvorilý) and that the music they listen to is terrible, noisy and too loud. On the other hand, young people think that their parents care too much and are overprotective (príliš ochraňujúci). Children often have different ideas about their future, different life expectations (očakávania) and opinions (názory) than their parents do. All this creates tension [tenšn] (vytvára napätie) between parents and children which leads to generation gap (generačná priepasť) and conflicts. Children often quarrel (hádajú sa) with their parents about money, friends, interests. Today, more and more parents are friends with their children. Good parents try to show sympathy [simpəθɪ] (prejaviť súcit) and understanding towards their children if they are in trouble. Parents share interests (delia sa o záujmy, majú rovnaké záujmy) and have begun to be more open. Discussions on subjects, such as sex and drugs are becoming normal. However, many parents have less and less time for their children. There are families in which children and parents do not talk about problems. Such children often feel lonely (osamelý, opustený). In extreme cases, they run away from home (utekajú z domova) because they think they can solve the problem that way. They also run away because they are neglected [nɪˈglektid] (zanedbávaný), frustrated [fraˈstreɪtɪd] (frustrovaný), stressed out (vystresovaný), verbally or physically abused [əˈbjuːzt] (zneužívaný) or sometimes misunderstood [ˌmɪsandəˈstud] (nepochopený). A lot of them become drug addicts [drag əˈdɪkts] (drogovo závislý), drink too much alcohol and smoke, develop (rozvinú sa u nich) mental health disorders [mentl hɛlθ dɪsˈoːdəz] (poruchy duševného zdravia), such as depression and schizophrenia [ˌskɪtsəʊˈfriːnɪə], girls sometimes develop eating disorders (poruchy jedenia) including anorexia [ˌænɒˈreksɪə] and bulimia [bjuːˈlɪmɪə]. They vomit [vomit] (vyvrátia) everything they have eaten, are obsessed [əb’sest] with their weight, eat very little. Sometimes the young are not able to handle (zvládať) their problems and they commit suicide. Many of them become gamblers [ˈgæmbləz] (hazardný hráči). Young people spend too much time in front of their TV and computers; they don’t go out with their friends very often. They do not read books and they watch movies instead. They chat (čaet-kecajú) with their friends on the Internet through social networks (sociálne siete), develop fictional relationships, and they do not socialize and therefore feel lonely and isolated.

At this age young people are under pressure (sú pod tlakom) because they usually start and complete (končia) their secondary education (stredoškolské vzdelanie) and have to decide (rozhodnúť sa) about their future career. They need a good education to be qualified (mať kvalifikáciu na) for the work they choose (vybrať si) to do. Most teenagers would like to start their own independent (nezávislé) lives but are still financially dependent on (závislý na) their parents. Unemployment [ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt] is one of the biggest problems that young people have to face, because many of them have problems to get a job.

Problems they have to face (ktorým musia čeliť), ustable (nestabilné) emotions and family conflicts may also lead to youth crime (zložinu mladistvých). Vandalism [ˈvændəˌlɪzəm] and violence [ˈvaɪələns] (násilie) based on racism are very frequent (častý) in this age group. Groups of young people with racial prejudices [reɪšəl predžudɪsiz] (s rasovými predsudkami) regularly (pravidelne) provoke conflicts in many countries In Slovakia, members of skin head movements often attack Romani people and people of different colour. Addiction [əˈdɪkʃən] (závislosť), such as alcoholism, drug use and gambling, is another consequence [ˈkonsɪkwəns] (dôsledok) of frustration [fraˈstreɪšən], family conflicts or other teenage problems (problémy mladistvých). In this age, young people are under a lot of pressure (V tomto veku sú mladí ľudia pod veľkým tlakom).

The relationships between the old and the young generation are often talked about. Puberty, the age of revolt (vzbura), often leads (viesť) to conflicts between the generations, called a generation gap [ˌdženəˈreɪšən gæp] (generačný rozdiel, priepasť). Young people are eager [ɪ:gər] (sú dychtiví) to become adults, but at the same time have doubts (pochybnosti) and fears about taking on adult responsibilities [rɪˌsponsəˈbɪlɪtɪ] (prevziať zodpovednosť) and freedom. It is natural (je prirodzené) that each generation of young people differs from the one before it. Our grandparents lived in totally different conditions which influenced their behaviour, attitude towards society and values.

The older people say that youngsters are irresponsible (nezodpovedný), impolite, and cheeky today. They often criticize the way the young people dress and behave. On the other hand many young people think that the older can’t understand them and they want to be absolutely different from their parents. Both groups should learn how to be more tolerant. The older should remember what they were like when they were young. The young should remember that the older have more experience and that one day they will be in the same situation.

 

Vypracovať otázky!!!!!!! Pozor, na niektoré nie sú odpovede v texte. Vypracovať na papier, ukázať na hodine!!!

1. What is adolescence?
2. What is puberty?
3. What physical changes do teenagers normally go through?
4. Name some psychological changes that they go through?
5. What kinds of clothes do young people like wearing?
6. Name 10 things that are typical for young people?
7. How do young people spend their free time? What do you usually do in the evening/at weekends?
8. Do Slovak children get on with their parents?
9. What is a unique identity?
10. Why is puberty an age of revolt?
11. Do you talk to your parents about personal matters? Do you have a good relationship with your parents?
12. What do you think of teenage pregnancy?
13. Describe what the ideal childhood for you would be like?
14. How would you characterize friendship? How could you characterize your best friend? Why is he/she your best friend?
15. What do you know about your parents’ or grandparents’ childhood? How was it different from yours?
16. What problems do young people have to face nowadays? (akým problémom musia čeliť mladí v dnešnej dobe)
17. What is a generation gap?
18. Give pros and cons of being young today.
19. How would you characterise a typical teenager?
20. Why do young people tend to risk more and do not trust authorities?
21. What is your vision of the future? What are your expectations (očakávania), dreams, and fears?

 

18. Hobbies, leisure time and lifestyles

1. What is leisure time?
2. How do most young people in Slovakia spend their leisure time?
3. How can the people spend their leisure time at home?
4. Give the names of some traditional hobbies.
5. Why do you think the keeping of pets is an interesting hobby?
6. Explain the slogan „An Englishman’s home is his castle“.
7. Name some creative hobbies.
8. Which hobby do you practise to develop your talent for arts?
9. What are typical teenage hobbies?
10. Which hobbies can be dangerous?

 

Free time after work or study is called leisure time (voľný čas). It is the time for fun and entertainment (zábavu), such as watching TV or going out (ísť von zabaviť sa). Many people spend (tráviť) their leisure time practising (vykonávaním) their hobbies. There are many types of hobbies. One of the traditional hobbies is the COLLECTING of objects (predmetov) – stamps, postcards, badges (odznakov), flags, coins (mincí), model cars or ships... Collecting can become a lifelong (celoživotné) hobby for many people. It is an international hobby too. There are collector’s clubs all over the world. They often meet to exchange (vymieňať si) the things they collect. However, this hobby is gradually (postupne) becoming old‑fashioned (staromódnym).

   Teenagers have their own special leisure interests which form part of their youth culture. These include playing team sports, dancing at a favourite disco, going to parties, cinema or joining some clubs. They like to spend their leisure time actively in groups, in good company (v dobrej spoločnosti). Those who prefer staying at home usually WATCH DVDs, LISTEN TO MUSIC, BROWSE THE INTERNET or CHAT (rozprávajú sa) on the Internet. Typical teenage sports are roller‑skating and skateboarding. Skateboard parks have opened up in big cities for the safe enjoyment (potešenie) of this hobby. Slovak skate‑boarders, roller skaters (korčuliari na kolieskových korčuliach) and cyclists often complain about (stažujú sa, že) not having enough (dosť) places to practise their hobbies, although (hoci) in the last few years new cycle paths (cyklistické chodníky) have been built. Many children and young people join different clubs where they practise their hobbies. The most popular are football, tennis, dance or horse riding clubs.

Sometimes, it is not their choice (voľba) but the choice of their parents, who want them to have interesting hobbies. Some parents want their children to play an instrument or do some sports because they think it will prevent (zabráni im to) them from taking drugs or drinking alcohol. Others failed (zlyhali, neboli úspešní) to become musicians or sportsmen themselves, so they want their children to achieve (dosiahnuť) these aims (ciele).

   Older people prefer gardening, fishing, reading, going to the theatre, concerts or art exhibitions (umelecké výstavy). Retired (dôchodci) people in Slovakia are quite traditional and prefer staying at home and do not travel as much as Americans.

   A lot of people, both children and adults, KEEP A PET – a dog, a cat, a gold fish, a hamster, a canary, a parrot, a guinea pig (morča) or other exotic animals. To care for (starať sa) a pet requires (si vyžaduje) a good knowledge (znalosti) of its habits (zvykov) and behaviour (správania). The British love animals and many families have a pet, usually a cat or a dog which becomes part of the family. In Slovakia dogs and cats are also popular. However, it is still not easy to find a hotel where you can stay with a dog.

   Many British people also love GARDENING. It is still one of the most popular hobbies. They prefer living in small houses rather than flats. The slogan “An Englishman’s home is his castle” is true for many British people. Do-it-yourself or just DIY, doing practical jobs around the house, has become a very popular hobby. People like to redecorate (vymaľovať) their houses or to repair (opravovať) pieces of furniture (nábytok) and household appliances (domáce spotrebiče). There are people who like to repair their cars by themselves, others do some cookery (cooking) (varenie) etc. In Britain a large number of books are published every year giving step-by-step instructions on how to make or repair things. We can say that Slovaks also like gardening and they do jobs around the house themselves. However, we do not have as many evening classes (večerné kurzy) that are organised for those who want to learn the basics (základy) of these activities as they have in Britain.

   Many people have creative hobbies, such as acting (hranie), choir singing (spievanie v zbore), folk dancing and playing pop-music in amateur groups. Photography, painting and drawing are also popular hobbies. There are many opportunities (príležitostí, možností) for people to develop (rozvíjať) their talents in these areas.

At present, more and more people of all ages are concerned with (zaoberajú sa) their health (zdravie) and spend some of their leisure time doing exercises to keep fit. For this reason (z tohto dôvodu) many sports and games are practised as hobbies. Running, jogging, hiking (turistika), cycling, playing golf or tennis are enjoyed by many people all over the world. A lot of people spend their weekends outdoors camping. For those who prefer physical exercises indoors, there are bodybuilding and fitness centres. People do sports because they want to keep fit, lose weight, for their own enjoyment, relax, have a perfect figure, and live a healthy lifestyle and to be with other people. These activities help people stay healthy and fit. This can also be achieved (môže byť dosiahnuté) by walking, jogging, swimming, and doing aerobics, which are also useful (užitočné) effective (účinné) and very popular ways of spending leisure time.

   Finally, there is a group of exclusive sports which are practised as hobbies by a limited number (obmedzeným počtom) of people such as hot-air ballooning, skydiving (parašutizmus), hang-gliding (lietanie na rogale), scuba diving (ponáranie s kyslíkovou bombou).

   In winter many people go skiing and snow-boarding. Snowboarding combines sever sports – skiing, surfing and skate-boarding. It is becoming increasingly popular in our country.

   Some people like expensive sports that are not so common in our country and some cannot be practised here so they often travel abroad to practise them, e.g. playing golf, yachting, and scuba-diving.

   Hobbies are connected to lifestyles. Some people like to be on their own and learn new things by reading books or participating (zúčastňovaním sa) at cultural events. (kultúrne udalosti). Others enjoy company and often go out or do collective sports. It is important to choose hobbies that fit (sedia) our character and complement (dopĺňajú) our work or study. We do them because we need to relax and want to have a good time. But nowadays there are more and more workaholics who gave up (vzdali sa) their hobbies to be able to work all the time. Psycholologists consider (považujú) this to be a very negative phenomenon (fenomén).

Frázy:

I am keen on sport, I am interested in football, I am fond of skiing – zaujímam sa, mám rád, niečo rád robím, sledujem

I like watching films

Films (movies) – sci-fi, horrors, romantic, thrillers, adventurous (dobrodružné); cinema, I like going to cinema, films of American production, subtitles (titulky), dubbed films (dabované filmy), 2D, 3D (three-dimensional films), Palace Cinemas

TV programmes – weather forecast, news, talk shows, sit-coms, soap operas, documentaries, TV series

To browse the Internet – prezerať si stránky na internete, surfovať po nete

To chat on the Internet – rozprávať sa prostredníctvom sociálnych sietí

Art exhibitions – galleries, museums, Fine Arts (výtvarné umenie), my favourite painter, sculptor, photographer is

Cultural events (kultúrne podujatia) – rock concert, folk festivals (folklórne festivaly), theatre performance, ballet, opera, musical, drama, puppet show (divadelná hra v bábkovom divadle)

Galleries – Slovak National Gallery, City of Bratislava Gallery, Danubiana in Čuňovo

Museums – Slovak National Museum, Bratislava City Museum – Old Town Hall (Stará radnica), Museum of arms (zbraní) in St. Michael’s Tower, Bratislava Castle, Arts and Crafts (múzeum remesiel), Devín Castle, Museums of pharmaceuticals

Theatres – Slovak National Theatre, The New Scene Theatre, The Small Scene Theatre, The Arena Theatre, The Hviezdoslav Theatre – now Bratislava Municipal Theatre, theatre-goer, drama, tragedy, comedy, farce, musical, opera, ballet

Music – rock music, chamber music (komorná), folk music, pop music

10. Human relationships

 

a) Interpersonal relationships (family, school, neighbours, generations)

b) Friendship and love (value systems (hodnotový system), attitudes (postoje), gatherings (stretnutia), celebrations (oslavy))

c) Social issues (spoločenské problémy) (how communities and individuals relate to the disabled, the addicted and homeless)

d) Negative phenomena (aggression, vandalism, egoism, indifference (ľahostajnosť, nevšímavosť))

e) Methods of solving conflicts

Relationship [rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp] (vzťah) describes the way (spôsob) people get on with each other, talk and behave [bɪˈheɪv] (správajú sa) towards each other, feel about each other. We can have a good, close (blízky) relationship with some people, with the others we can have a polite [pəˈlaɪt] (zdvorilý) and friendly relationship and sometimes there are people we just can’t stand (ktorých nemôžeme vystáť) and we avoid (vyhýbame sa) their company (spoločnosti). It depends on whether [ˈweðə] (či) we like them or not, on how long we have known them, on how old they are, how well we get on with them etc. Today, human relationships are very complicated. Many people are stressed, busy (zaneprázdnení) and tired, spend too much time at work and do not have time for their friends, families and children. So their relationships with other people weaken (slabnú) and often break up (rozpadávajú sa). But there are things you cannot buy for money and one of them is a genuine [ˈdženjuɪn] (ozajstný, pravý) friendship or love.

When two people or groups are friendly towards each other and work well together we say that they have a good relationship. Personal relationships are like sunshine, the weather or temperature – being friendly is like warmth, and being unfriendly is like cold. Relationships are also like physical connections. A good relationship is like being joined to the other person or group, ending a relationship can be like losing a part of yourself. A lot of people believe that a broken friendship can be repaired, but only like a torn thread (roztrhnutá niť) in which a knot (uzol) will remain (zostane) forever. Or maybe like when a broken vase is glued (zalepená) back together but the crack never go away.

Relationships are created between parents, children, married couples (manželskými pármi), friends, men and women, employees (zamestnancami) and employers (zamestnávateľmi) etc. The quality of relationships with others reflects (odráža) our own personality [ˌpɜːsəˈnælɪtɪ] (osobnosť). It is our choice who we talk to, how we treat [triːt] (správať sa k niekomu) other people, how much time and energy we are willing (sme ochotní) to spend with them.

 

Family: Family is a basic social unit (rodina je základnou jednotnotkou spoločnosti) in which informal relationships (neformálne vzťahy) are formed (sú formované). Perhaps the closest relationship is between parents and their children, or between two people who are in love. One of the most important roles of parents is to raise (vychovávať) their children in accordance with (v súlade s) social models and patterns (vzormi) of behaviour. Parents teach their children what is good and what is wrong, they teach them to differentiate [ˌdɪfəˈrenʃɪˌeɪt] (rozlišovať) between good (dobrom) and evil [ˈiːv^əl] (zlom), how to solve problems in life, how to become (stať sa) an independent person and take care of others, how to help others and how to help at home.

Parents should talk to their children and respect (rešpektovať) their opinions (ich názory). On the other hand, there are parents who set (stanovia) strict [strɪkt] (prísne) rules and do not look for (nehľadajú) compromises [ˈkɒmprəˌmaɪz] (kompromisy). Some give their children too much freedom without limits (bez obmedzení). But there are also parents who are over-caring (príliš starostliví) and overprotective (príliš ochraňujúci), they give too much love to their children and their children are usually spoilt (rozmaznané) and dependent (nesamostatné, závislé) and have problems to set up (založiť si) their own families. Children observe how their parents talk, behave to their relatives, friends, colleagues and strangers (cudzí ľudia). Children copy behaviour [bɪˈheɪvjə] (správanie) of their parents and then, they behave in the same way in their adulthood [ˈædʌlthʊd] (v dospelosti). Parents teach their children basic social rules (spoločenské pravidlá) and behaviour, they teach them to be polite, always ask for things, greet older people in a polite manner saying “Good morning/afternoon/Good bye” and not “Hi/Hello/See you”, always say “thank you”, “please”, “here you are”, “you are welcome”, to offer a seat to an older person on a bus/tram, to cover their mouth when coughing [kɒfɪŋ] (pri kašľaní), yawning [jɔːnɪŋ] (zívaní) or sneezing (pri kýchaní), not to use vulgar words, not to chew with open mouth, not to make unpleasant noises (nevydávať neslušné zvuky) such as belching (grganie) or farting (prdenie), not to sip (nesŕkať) when eating a soup, to show respect (prejavovať) respect (úctu) to older people, etc. If parents shout at (kričia na) each other, if they quarrel a lot, if their rows are too noisy, if children see their parents to fight (they see violence at home) they are likely to treat their partner and their children in the same way when they get married and have children. It is important to show and tell children that it is wrong to tell lies (klamať), that it is better always tell the truth (vravieť pravdu), that it is wrong to steal (kradnúť) and that they always have to ask (vypýtať si) for things they want, that they must not swear (nesmú nadávať), that it is wrong to fight (biť sa) with other children, bully [bʊli] (šikanovať) classmates at school, play truant (blicovať), argue with adults, drink alcohol, take drugs, cheat (podvádzať) in exams, use cheat sheets (používať ťaháky) in tests. Parents should show their children how to cope with (zvládať, poradiť si) difficulties (ťažkosti) and problems, how to solve their problems in a correct way (ako riešiť problem správnym spôsobom).

School: children at school learn more social rules (spoločenské pravidlá), they have to follow school rules, they make new friends and meet new people and they have to show respect to their teachers. At the beginnings of each lesson students stand up to greet their teacher. When they see their teacher for the first time that day they greet him/her in a polite way saying “good morning” or “good afternoon”. In Slovakia students deal with (sa zaoberajú) social issues in special lessons - in a subject called civics [ˈsɪvɪks] (občianska náuka) or ethics [ˈeθɪks] (etika). At school children learn to cooperate with other children, express their opinions, they learn to accept others’ views (názory), and majority of them like being with their classmates and their classmates often become their friends. On the other hand, there are some negative phenomena [fɪˈnɒmɪnə] (javy) at school such as bullying (stronger pupils/students frighten, hurt, fight, threaten (vyhrážajú sa) weaker pupils/students, so these weaker ones often play truant (chodia poza školu, blicujú) or steal things and money at home because they are afraid of being hurt in case they do not bring to school things the bad guys want them to bring.

Neighbours: nearly all of us live in a house or a flat in towns, cities or villages. People who live next to us are our neighbours. As children we were told to greet them and not to make too much noise and always be polite and reply to their questions. It is not always easy to get on with our neighbours, because they might be noisy, or have a dog that is barking (šteká) all night long or a canary that is singing when you want to sleep or they are messy (sú bordelári) and throw litter (smetie) on the stairs (na schodisko), smoke in the lift or have noisy parties when you want to sleep. Sometimes it is difficult to tell them to stop doing things that annoy (ktoré vám vadia, otravujú vás) you.

Generations: The relationships between the old and the young generation are often talked about. Puberty, the age of revolt, often leads to conflicts between the generations, called a generation gap [gæp]. It is natural (je prirodzené) that each generation of young people differs from the one before it. Our grandparents lived in totally different conditions (podmienkach) which influenced (ovplyvnili) their behaviour, attitude [ˈætɪˌtjuːd] (postoj) towards society [səˈsaɪətɪ] (voči spoločnosti) and values. Nowadays we are still talking about generation gap (generačná priepasť, generačný rozdiel) between young people and their parents and grandparents. Generation gap – is a lack (nedostatok) of comprehension [ˌkomprɪˈhenšən] (porozumenia) and understanding (pochopenia) between older and young people, usually between parents and their kids. It can be frustrating for both sides. Kids often quarrel (hádajú sa) about money, behaviour, fashion, knowledge, experience, future. The older ones always think they know everything best, because they have more experience (skúseností). They want their kids to respect them (aby si ich deti vážili) and accept and follow their rules (a aby prijali a riadili sa ich pravidlami).

Children think about their parents that

• They are too conservative, they stick to (pridŕžajú sa) traditions, don’t understand problems of young people,
• They don´t give kids enough freedom, want to know everything, interfere (miešajú sa, zasahujú) too much,
• They are always criticising young people, don’t like their clothes, hairstyles, music, hobbies and friends
• They often say kids are lazy, easygoing, not willing to work hard
• They underestimate (podceňujú) kids, do not respect their personality and individuality
• They would be satisfied if their kids spent more time on studying and helping them with housework
• They do not give them enough pocket money (vreckové)

Parents think about their children that they

• Do not respect (nevážia si) older generations,
• Think they do not need any advice,
• Are only interested in music, fashion, friends, mates and love,
• Do not study enough, do not think about their future
• Spend too much time with friends, on the Internet, chatting on social networks,
• Text too much, make too many phone calls, are lazy and don’t want to help at home,
• Listen to horrible music, wear awful clothes and have dreadful hairstyles
• Disturb (vyrušovať) others with their music

 

Friendship and love: Two people who have a romantic relationship normally get married when they want to spend their whole life together. A happy marriage represents (predstavuje) the ideal human relationship in which both partners are able to discuss their problems openly, do not hide (neskrývajú) any secrets from each other, are able to solve their problems without quarrelling (bez hádania sa). If they have a problem, they discuss it and each partner explains why he or she is mad while the other one listens with respect. Long-term (dlhodobé) happy couples also tend to argue calmly (majú tendenciu hádať sa pokojne). Loss of control, yelling (revanie, kričanie) or sobbing (vzlykanie) seldom helps to solve problems. They often share similar values, ethnic backgrounds (etnické pozadie), interests, religion and lifestyle and have similar IQs. Couples who can discuss honestly [ˈɒnɪstlɪ] (úprimne, otvorene) things that are important to them – including their relationship – are happier and their love lasts for a long time. On the other hand, some couples might break up (rozísť) because there are no more reasons why they should be and live together – because their love has disappeared [ˌdɪsəˈpɪə] (zmizla), there is a lack [læk] (nedostatok) of faith [feɪθ] (viery) and trust [trʌst] (dôvery) between them, they might have financial problems and one of the most common (najbežnejších) reasons (dôvodov) is a dependence (závislosť) on alcohol, drugs or gambling (hranie hazardných hier).

When people who have a romantic relationship like in a marriage or dating situation (keď spolu randia) break up we can also say they “split up”. If a married couple is separated (žije oddelene), it means they’ve stopped living together. If they decide to officially end the marriage they get a divorce.

Friendship (priateľstvo) is a relationship between people who have something in common (niečo spoločné), they have similar values (hodnoty) and attitudes (postoje) towards life, think and solve problems in a similar way, spend a lot of time together, support and help each other when necessary. Friends usually laugh together, speak about everything and share secrets (majú spoločné tajomstvá). True friends are people who are always there for you. The saying “A friend in need is a friend indeed” shows the full value of friendship. A friend is someone who always gives you advice (radu) when you need it, someone you can tell everything, someone who brings you homework when you are ill at home, someone whose company you really enjoy, someone who gives you support when you need it, someone who wipes your tears when something goes wrong or when you break up/split up with your boy/girlfriend. A friend is someone you can spend hours with without talking, and you are happy just because you are with him/her.

For young people, friendship is very important. They spend a lot of time with their friends and they often argue with their parents because of it. It’s understandable (pochopiteľné). Parents know that friends can often have a bad influence (vplyv) on their children and that is what worries (znepokojuje) them a lot.

We make friends during all life stages. Some friendships last a short time, others for our whole life. If we want to keep our friends, we must work hard on the relationships. We should keep in touch (byť v kontakte), send e‑mails, call them, send occasional cards, and find time to go out for lunch with them when possible. Friendship can be easily lost when friends stop contacting each other or because of unresolved (nevyrešené) arguments (spory). When there is a conflict, it should be resolved (vyriešený) by confrontation (konfrontáciu) or talking it out (prediskutovaním).

Friendship can change into love if people fall in love with each other. Some people don’t believe that a man and a woman can be true friends and that if they say they are “just” friends, one of them must be suffering by (trpieť čím) suppressing (potláčaním) his/her real feelings.

 

The relationship between men and women in society was not always like what we see in today’s modern society. The women’s movements of the past hundred years have tried to change the way women are treated by men and by society in general. Compared with the past, women today have better jobs and educational opportunities, and are paid and treated more equally (rovnako). They have become equal in chore distribution at home and in the raising of children. Women still do not have equal political power, but they are becoming more influential and also have responsible jobs in business. There is still an invisible “glass ceiling” (sklenený strop), however, which prevents successful women from getting the most powerful jobs in an organization.

 

Visits/get togethers/gatherings – there are various [ˈveərɪəs] (rôzne) reasons for visiting other people and relatives. Usually it is a birthday, anniversary (výročie), some religious or public holidays (cirkevné alebo štátne sviatky), weddings, funerals, graduation ceremonies or name days when families get together. People in Slovakia love to celebrate their birthdays with their friends and family. Young people often do not have to have a reason to come round, they love spending time with their friends and they often make parties just because they want to spend some time with their friends. Young people often pop in (zastavia sa) for coffee just because they want to see their friends and talk to them. When you visit somebody it is polite to bring a present – usually a bottle of wine, bunch of flowers (always an odd number), box of chocolates or bonbons. When somebody visits us, we usually offer coffee and a light snack (sandwiches, cookies, crisps, nuts).

                Besides (okrem) informal relationships such as friendship, marriage (manželstva) and parent-child relationship, there are other sorts of formal relationships formed among people at school, work and in the streets. Formal relationships are not very deep (hlboké) and open. They are formed among people of different social positions: teachers and students, employers and employees, doctors and patients, neighbours, etc. Such relationships require (si vyžadujú) respect (úctu) and a higher level of formality and politeness (zdvorilosti).

 

Social issues (spoločenské javy, problémy): Society often faces relationship problems between people of different races, religions and social classes. These negative ralationships are usually based on prejudice (predsudkoch), illiteracy (negramotnosť), intolerance and closed-mindedness (predpojatosť, zaujatosť). Sometimes people are just rude because they know nothing about the other person or group of people and are suspicious (podozrievaví). 

There are many problems our society has to face (ktorým musí naša spoločnosť čeliť) such as vandalism [ˈvændəˌlɪzəm] (vandals are people who destroy public or private property (majetok) or spray and paint graffiti on the walls of buildings and houses) and violence [ˈvaɪələns] (násilie) based on racism. Groups of young people with racial prejudices [reɪšəl predžudɪsiz] (s rasovými predsudkami) such as Skinheads regularly (pravidelne) provoke conflicts in many countries. They are aggressive (agresívni) and beat people of different colour of skin just because they think that people of white colour are better than the others. In Slovakia, members of skinhead movements often attack Romani people and people of different colour. Addiction [əˈdɪkšən] (závislosť), such as alcoholism, taking drugs and gambling, is another consequence [ˈkonsɪkwəns] (dôsledok) of frustration [fraˈstreɪšən], family conflicts or unhappy relationships. These people are sent to special hospitals where doctors try to help them to get rid of their addiction. There are also lots of homeless people especially in bigger towns and cities who gather (zhromažďujú sa) in public places. Some of them sell Nota Bene magazines and they earn some money by selling this magazine, others just drink alcohol and beg (žobrú) passers-by (okoloidúcich) for money. In Bratislava, there is a special place (homeless shelter [ˈšeltə] – útulok pre bezdomovcov) where they can have a shower and sleep but the problem is that they mustn’t be drunk and have to be sober [ˈsoubər] (triezvi).

Many societies have a certain prejudice (predsudok) against the disabled (zdravotne postihnutí ľudia). In recent years, however, there has been a great improvement (zlepšenie) in people’s attitudes: their ignorance has been replaced by information, their fear has disappeared and has given way to understanding and their pity (ľútosť, súcit) has been replaced by positive practical help. The most positive headway (pokrok) has been that most people today now see the person before the disability (postihnutie), while in the past they used to see the disability before the person. Some disabled people are brilliant thinkers, people like Dr. Stephen Hawkin, the scientist, researcher and author who lectures at Oxford University. He is physically helpless (bezmocný), totally dependent on his mother for all his daily needs and on his computerized chair for all communication and movement. Some are great craftsmen (remeselníci) and artists, actors and performers, and even sportsmen, as can be seen every four years at the Paralympics Games. The disabled people are people with some form of physical handicap. These people are often integrated within normal society and live at home, if possible or live in special medical institution. They attend special schools and there are community centres where they meet and spend their time. There are special parking places reserved for them, special toilets and each public institution should have a wheelchair access (bezbariérový prístup).

Egoism: – There are more and more people who think and care just of themselves. They pay attention only to their own interests and needs, are selfish, not willing to help others. If they do something good, they usually expect something in return. They do not want to see problems around them and do not want to deal with them. 

Vypracovať otázky:

1. What is your relationship with your parents like? Do you get on with your parents?
2. Name the qualities of real friends.
3. What are pros (klady) and cons (zápory) of living with grandparents?
4. How would you characterize behaviour of young people?
5. How would you characterize behaviour of older/elderly (over 65) people?
6. What was the relationship between children and adults like in the past?
7. What is the relationship between young and older generation like in the present?
8. How would you characterize friendship?
9. How would you characterize love?
10. Describe the qualities of your best friend.
11. Describe the quotation “Truly great friends are hard to find, difficult to leave and impossible to forget”.
12. What social issues are often discussed nowadays?
13.  How can society help homeless, disabled/handicapped, drug addicts?
14. What qualities do you value most?
15. How do you greet your friends/older people/relatives?
16. What do you bring to your host when you are invited for a dinner?
17. What would you like to get for your birthday?
18. What does a typical birthday party look like?
19. When do families in Slovakia get together? For what reasons?
20. When do we send cards?

 

LEARN OR REVISE: Write about your favourite music and entitle your essay:

I’m drawn to music that takes me to another place – a place I can escape to.”

layout of the essay: 3 paragraphs

1st paragraph - Introduction.

Music as a performing art. How does music affect your life?

2nd paragraph - Body (jadro)

Introduce your genre(s)

when and where you listen to music (when being blue, green, happy/unhappy, on your way to/from school, etc.)

How does music change your mood?

Where is the imaginary place you escape to and why?

3rd paragraph - Conclusion

In conclusion/To sum up....

summarize the main ideas, but do not just copy what you have written, use synonyms or rephrase the facts.

Give your opinion

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  2 CULTURE AND ART

• Cultural options in the city and in the country (museums, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, concerts, the circus, dance)
• Popular forms of culture and art (genres, famous personalities)
• Attending cultural events
• Music, film, theatre and folk festivals, atmosphere
• Other forms of art – folk music, dance, painting, sculpture, architecture – well-known artists/performers

•  

  A man should hear a little music, read a little poetry and see a fine Picture every day of his life. (J. W. Goethe)

   

                  Culture and art are part of everyday life of people. They add aesthetic value to our lives, enrich our mind and please our senses. Various cultural events present an interesting way of spending the free time of individuals, couples and families. Both culture and art are parts of national heritage of every country – all of them do their best to develop and promote it. Cities offer many cultural attractions to citizens and tourists.

                  Art is a way of communicating feelings. Artists express themselves in many forms – music, literature, architecture, painting, drawing, sculpture. Music, dance and theatre are performing arts. Painting, sculpture, architecture and photography are decorative arts.

                   Music has become a hobby, a profession and a part of the lifestyle of many people. Those who like classical music can enjoy a concert of philharmonic orchestra in a concert hall or attend a festival. Some of the festivals are held annually, such as the Bratislava Music Festival. Composers like Mozart, Beethoven and Bach have become the most important figures of the European musical heritage. Ode to Joy, a part of Beethoven’s masterpiece Ninth Symphony, became the anthem (hymna) of the European Union. Opera lovers can chose from a list of opera performances in one of the many opera houses, such as the Royal Opera House in London, where visitors can see both opera and ballet performances. A very famous concert venue in New York City is Carnegie Hall where concerts of classical as well as popular music are held. Spectators can enjoy it extraordinary acoustics.

                  Fans of different music styles – pop, rock, jazz, blues or country can enjoy the music at music festivals of the different genres, go to see their favourite singers or groups live at concerts or simply listen to CDs, MP3 players or watch concerts on DVDs. Thanks to digital technology the music industry supplies the market with all possible music genres recorded on many different types of media.

                  Slovakia is famous for its tradition of folklore music. Folklore groups dressed in traditional costumes dance at folklore festivals (the most famous is the one held in July in Východná). Young people prefer modern dance which includes many different types. Oriental dance is becoming very popular among women throughout the whole of Europe.

                  Dramatic art has a very long tradition in countries like England and France. The famous English theatre company, the Royal Shakespeare Company Theatre, brings together famous actors and directors of the world to work on the greatest plays. Numerous London theatres are concentrated in the West End, the entertainment heart of London, which remained a fashionable place for theatre and opera throughout the years. One of the major cultural events in Scotland is the Edinburgh International Festival which is a festival of classical music, opera, theatre and dance. Slovak theatre-goers can also enjoy various types of theatre performances. Musicals, performed at the New Scene Theatre in Bratislava, have become very popular in the last few years. Other favourite theatres in this town include the Slovak National Theatre, the Small Scene of the Slovak National Theatre, the Hviezdoslav Theatre, the Arena Theatre and many others.

                  Cinema generally enjoys great popularity. In Slovakia most films are of American productions; in the cinemas they are often shown with Slovak subtitles (titulky), on the TV they are dubbed (dabované). French, Spanish, and other foreign language film are quite rare, mostly presented at film festivals or in special film clubs. The most famous international film festivals are held in Cannes, Venice and Berlin. Ordinary small cinemas are now being replaced by large multi-screen air-conditioned complexes in shopping centres. Some of them have introduced three-dimensional (3D) films. In summer, people like to go to open-air cinemas. The number of cinema-goers has dropped throughout the years because films are now available on DVDs. They can be rented from DVD rental shops. Every year, actors, actresses, directors and screenplay writers are awarded a prize for their achievements in filmmaking. The Academy Award (Oscar) is the main national film award in the USA.

                  There is a great variety of media in which an artist can work. Paintings (Fine Art) of famous painters and sculptors (sochári) like Picasso, Van Gogh, Rembrandt, Claude Monet or Michelangelo are immortal and their artworks can be seen in a number of museums around the world. The National Gallery in London houses on of the greatest collections of European paintings in the world. The Tate Gallery is the national gallery of British art, also located in London.

                  Visitors to Bratislava can admire the colour paintings, landscapes, portraits and other works of arts in the Slovak National Gallery or the Bratislava City Gallery. The works of artists can be categorised into so called styles – Impressionism, Modernism, Surrealism, Naïve Art, Pop Art and others.

                  Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings. It includes town planning, urban design, landscape architecture (development of gardens, parks) and interior design (furniture). Many architectural works may also be seen as cultural and political symbols and they are often works of art. They can have both a functional and aesthetic character. Some new architectonic structures were made possible only thanks to new materials and the development of technology. Famous architects of the Renaissance period were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, who were also artists and scientists. At that time there was no clear dividing line between an artist and an architect one of the most famous architects of the 20^th century was the controversial Austrian architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser, known for his revolutionary architectural designs.

                  Cultural events in the countryside are not that frequent. People who live in villages all their lives prefer gardening, visiting friends or watching TV. Many inhabitants of Bratislava have recently moved to villages, trying to get away from the busy city life as they do not live too far from the city, they can still enjoy the cultural life the city offers.

   

  Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist and architect. He lived from 1452-1519 and is a great figure of the Italian Renaissance. His painting an Italian nobleman’s wife called Zanoki del Giocondo, has become the most famous painting in the world, either under the tile La Giconda or the Mona Lisa.

                  Picasso was born in 1881 in Spain although he did most of his painting in France. He is generally recognised as one of the most inventive painters of the 20^th century. He was already an accomplished (hotový, skvelý, majstrovský) artist at the age of 10, had his first exhibition aged 16 and continued painting well into his 80s. He is probably best known for his surrealist paintings.

                  The Impressionist movement was named after Monet’s painting Impression, Sunrise. The movement (smer, hnutie) is particularly concerned with light effects and Monet often painted his subjects at different times of day to explore these effects. Born in Paris, I 1840, he began his Impressionist paintings in the 1860s. The First Impressionist exhibition was held in 1874. Monet produced many paintings which are still popular today, including Haystacks and Rouen Cathedral.

                  Van Gogh is famous not only for his post-impressionist paintings but also for the wild temperament which led him to cutting off part of one ear and later committing suicide in 1890. The Dutch painter was born in 1853 and first worked as a schoolmaster in England before becoming a pointer. Like Picasso, he did most of his work in France, including his most famous paintings, The Sunflowers and The Chair.

                  As well as being an artist, Andy Warhol, was also an accomplished filmmaker. He was born in Pittsburgh in 1928, a son of Slovak immigrants. After studying at an art college, he became one of the leading commercial artists of the 1950s, with his Pop Art style – including pictures of soup cans and drinks bottles. He was shot by a radical feminist in 1968 but survived. He carried on painting until his death in 1987.

  Modern art is not about any one thing in particular. It reflects many concerns of modern life. For instance, with its strange jumble (zmes, miešanica) of colours, lines and shapes, it may not appear to be anything recognisable. It may depict real objects but in an unusual or distorted (prekrútený, skreslený, skomolený) way. Modern art does not usually tell a story. Instead, it may evoke feelings, ideas, and impressions which are hard to put into words. At the beginning of the last century, many artists turned away from the traditional depiction of nature. Photography, which was developed in the 1830s, had freed artists from the need to copy what they saw. They instead began to explore ideas about art itself or tapping their own feelings. They were also trying to express their feelings about changes that they experienced in the world around them.

   

   

  2 CULTURE AND ART

  CULTURE – the word is used to speak about music, art, literature that are a part of our lives.

  Culture and cultural life is represented by fine arts, art exhibitions and museum exhibits, as well as going the cinema, the theatre and concerts of classical and pop music.

  ART - a way of communicating feelings. Artists

• add aesthetic value to our lives-pridať estetickú hodnotu do nášho života
• enrich our mind- obohatiť naše myslenie, myseľ
• please our senses-potešiť naše zmysly

• A:  DECORATIVE ARTS

• works of art-umelecké diela

• 1 PAINTINGS:  landscapes (krajinky),  life size portraits (portréty  v životnej veľkosti ),still lifes (zátišia), sketches, miniatures, engravings (rytiny), etchings (ečinz lepty), graphic art (prints)

  VOCABULARY

• art galleries display sculptures and paintings – galérie umenia vystavujú sochy a maľby
• to look with pleasure (pležr) at paintings– s radosťou / potešením  sa pozerať na
• to have a high regard for paintings  = to admire the paintings  
• paint in watercolours / oil – maľovať vodovými farbami / olejovými farbami
• draw in pencil  / pen – kresliť ceruzkou / perom

•  2 SCULPTURE: statues and sculptural groups (sochy a súsošia)

  VOCABULARY

• cut in sandstone / granite / marble – vytesať z pieskovca, žuly, mramoru
• carved in wood – vyrezať z dreva
• mould in clay / plaster / mould in bronze – modelovať z hliny, sadry, odlievať z bronzu

•  3 ARCHITECTURE:     

• landscape architecture (green outdoor spaces-parks, gardens)
• town planning
• urban design (buildings)
• interior design (furniture)

• B: PERFORMING ARTS (umenie vo forme predstavení)

  MUSIC:

• classical-serious (opera, operetta, choir, chamber- komorná, ...)
• pop music,
• other genres: rock, punk, funky, hip-hop, jazz, brass, folklore, alternative, underground,   indie, church- religious, ...

• VOCABULARY

• to listen to music
• to come into contact / to get in touch with – prísť do kontaktu s
• to have musical talent / to be talented in sth –
• to take music  lessons – chodiť do hudobnej školy
• to play the piano/the recorder /the flute/ the bass /the guitar /the drums/the pipe/ the clarinet / the bassoon /the accordion /the violin /the viola /the violonchello ...
• concert-goer – návštevník koncertov
• to enjoy performances – užívať si predstavenia
• Large towns often invite renowned (slávny, renomovaný) symphonic orchestras with outstanding conductors (vynikajúci dirigenti)  and hold (uskutočňujú)music festivals.
• composers of all styles and periods – skladatelia všetkých štýlov a období
• to have in the repertoire
• tunes – melodies
• to tune (tju:n)  the musical instruments – ladiť hudobné nástroje
• musicians at concerts give encores – hudobníci na koncertov hrajú prídavky

•  C:  DANCE:

• classical-ballet (´bälei  )
• ballroom dances (spoločenské tance): standard (e.g. Waltz, Viennese waltz,  jive, foxtrot, tango, ...)
• Latin-American (e.g. samba, rumba, salsa, cha cha, ...)
• oriental dances (e.g. belly dance...)

• VOCABULARY

• to take dancing lessons – chodiť do tanečnej školy
• to develop a liking for dances – rozvíjať záľubu v tancoch

•  D: THEATRE:

• plays, comedies, tragedies, historical plays,
• musicals
• puppet shows (papit šouz) – bábkové predstavenia

• VOCABULARY

• theatre-goers – návšteníci divadla
• dramatic art -  divadelné umenie
• to give a performance – uviesť predstavenie
• to be performed at  e.g. the New Scene Theatre... – uvádzaný na Novej scéne
• to act on the stage of the cultural house –hrať na pódiu kulturného domu
• to go to the theatre/the opera or to a ballet
• to be on the programme – mať na programe
• to be dressed up – vyobliekať sa
• to take their coats in the cloakroom – odložiť si kabáty v šatni
• a cloakroom attendant – šatniarka
• an attendant/ an usher shows us to our seat – uvádzačka nás uvedie na  naše miesto
• to get tickets to the stalls, to sit in the box/in the dress circle-1st balcony/in the upper circle=2nd balcony,  to stand in the gods = dostať lístky na prízemie, sedieť v lóži/na prvom balkóne/na druhom balkóne, stáť na najvyššom balkóne
• to know a synopsis of the opera, e.g. The programme gives a brief synopsis of the plot.
• to know who designed the stage scenery and costumes- kto navrhol scénu a kostýmy/who rehearsed (rihrzd) the programme – kto naštudoval program s hercami
• to see the cast – vidieť obsadenie/to see who stars –zistiť,  kto hrá hlavnú úlohu/who plays the supporting roles-kto hrá vedľajšie úlohy/ who is a conductor – kto diriguje
• during intermissions (cez prestávku medzi dvoma dejstvami): to get refreshments in the theatre bar (občerstviť sa v bare), to share opinions with friends about the performance,
• the audience applauds - diváci tlieskajú/ the cast even get a standing ovation - herci sú odmenení potleskom v stoji
• there were many curtain calls („kláňačky“)
• children love pupet shows –deti milujú bábkové divadlo

• CINEMA:

  Cinema enjoys great popularity. - Kino sa teší veľkej popularite.

• first-run films – premiérové filmy/films have a long run-sú dlho na programe;/be on the programme for a long time
• cinema-goers- návštevníci kina
• the repertory of cinemas is focused on commercial films, e.g. action films, comedies  -repertoár kín sa zameriava na komerčné filmy, napr. akčné filmy, komédie
• action-packed star-studded Hollywood blockbusters –akčný hollywoodský trhák s hviezdnym obsadením
• all-action blockbuster movies – akčné trháky
• films are shown with subtitles or are dubbed- filmy sa uvádzajú s titulkami alebo sú dabované
• screenplay-filmový scenár/screenplay writer - scenárista
•  large multi-screen air-conditioned complexes in shopping centres – klimatizované kiná s veľkými premietacími plátnami v nákupných centrách
• to go to the open-air cinema – ísť do kina v prírode, amfiteáter
• three-dimensional (3D) films
• film makers, film making, directed by
• playwright – autor hier
• a film shows the tiny details of our daily lives – film detailne zobrazuje náš život

•  

  music and  films recorded (zaznamenané, nahrané) on media such as DVDs, CDs

• to download  and burn a film/music
• illegal,  cheap,  convenient (pohodlné)

• Cultural events in the countryside are not so frequent like in large towns.

  Cultural events: feltivals, concerts, discos, balls, book sales ... are held in... (...sa konajú v ...)

  The Academy Award – an annual cinema award in many categories given since 1927 by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The award is the cinema´s most prestigious symbol taking the form of a gold plated statuette, nicknamed Oscar since 1931.

  TASK FOR WRITING

• NOW

   

• LATER

• You have just been to the worst concert of your life. Write an e-mail (160-220 words) to an American friend who asked your opinion because the tour is going to his/her city next month and he/she would like to go.Talk about the band (performers and instruments), lighting, the music and special effects.

  ROLE-PLAY

  A: You and a friend love playing your guitars together and have done so since you were little. Now, your friend wants to start a band and play publicly, maybe even for money. You´re not very happy about this idea. Try to talk your friend out of his idea. Give at least 2 reasons to persuade him to leave things as they are.

  B: You and a friend love playing your guitars together and have done so since you were little. You´ve decided that that you’re both good enough to start your own band. Convince your friend to join you. Give at least 2 reasons why you think it’s a great idea.

please find enclosed final exam topic

Communication and languages 14.communication.docx

PPT presentation 14_COMMUNICATION_-_ITS_MEANS_AND_FORMS.ppt

PPT presentation - learning foreign languages 15_LEARNING_LANGUAGES.ppt

14.Communication and its forms

Types of communication and its meaning, verbal, non-verbal communication

Communication is the act of exchanging (vymieňania) thoughts, ideas, messages or information through (cez, prostredníctvom) speaking, writing, signals, sounds and behavior.

We can communicate with other people in many different ways. We talk and write, we can send messages with our hands and face. We send and receive new pieces of information when we talk to somebody about common or specific things, explain something, persuade (presviedčame) somebody, apologize (ospravedlňujeme sa) for something.

DIRECT (priama) communication happens in real time when participants (účastníci) communicate face to face (zoči-voči). Communication can also be realized INDIRECTLY (nepriamo) through various communication channels (telephones, contracts, letters, songs, posters, pictures) where senders (odosielatelia) and receivers (prijímatelia) of information do not see each other and do not necessarily know each other (a nemusia sa nevyhnutne poznať).

In the past, people exchanged their thoughts (myšlienky) in the same way as animals do: through sounds, facial expressions, gestures and body posture (držaním tela). This was very primitive and inefficient (neefektívny) way of communication. Later on, spreading (šírenie) information through pictures, signs and finally letters (písmen) meant significant (významný) progress in communication development (vývoj). Native Americans used smoke signals (dymové signály) to transmit (na prenášanie) important news and to warn their relatives. They also used to put their ear on the ground to listen if someone was coming/arriving. In the 15^th century, after Johann Guttenberg had invented printing, written texts were easily spread (sa ľahko šírili) among people, which increased (čo zvýšilo) general education in European countries.

Speaking and writing are two forms of communication. Both are included in VERBAL COMMUNICATION. Speaking is more or less spontaneous process and does not require (nevyžaduje si) as much concentration as the written form does. Speakers and listeners communicate in real time. It enables (umožňuje) listeners to ask for a repetition of information which was not heard or understood. The message is given immediately (okamžite) without much thinking and so speech (reč) often contains (obsahuje) many pauses, fillers (actually, well, you know what I mean, right…) and hesitation words (slová váhania) (uhm, er, ou). Grammar is usually incorrect because people tend (majú tendenciu) to leave out (vynechávať) words that do not carry any meaning. Intonation (intonácia) of the voice (hlasu) often varies (sa často mení) according to the emotions of speakers. WRITTEN FORM of communication is more complicated and usually more formal. It requires precise choice (presnú voľbu) of words and correct grammar. Written texts should be well-planned and organized. The content (obsah) and structure of a text should be very clear because there is no possibility for re-explanation (znovuvysvetlenie).

Speaking can also be accompanied with a non-verbal communication, body language (reč tela). Our facial expressions (výraz tváre) (happy person is smiling, angry-nahnevaný one is frowning –zamračený), eye contact (looking into eyes), gestures (gestá), the movements of our hands, touches (dotyky), approximation (priblíženie sa) or maintaining personal space (udržiavanie osobného priestoru), body and overall appearance (celkový vzhľad), clothes talk for us (hovoria za nás). They show our feelings and reveal (odhaľujú) our mood (náladu).

In the office and at work people usually use formal and polite forms of language. On the other hand, students among themselves use informal and usually incorrect language, filled up (zaplnený) with slang, jargon and sometimes swear words (nadávkami). Breaking (porušovanie) grammatical rules and leaving out (vynechávanie) words which do not carry (nenesú, nemajú) the main meaning is also quite typical for informal communication among the young.

Communication in various situations – mobile, computer, internet

The new inventions (vynálezy) in the 20^th century, such as radio, television and computers, enabled (umožnili) mass communication among people through the spreading (šírenia) of information in a very short time. Most of us have mobiles which we use for various things: we text our friends, send sms and mms to our relatives, family, friends and colleagues (kolegom), listen to the radio and MP3 players, send e-mails, search for information, play games etc. Nearly every family has got a computer which is connected to the Internet. We can hardly (ťažko si vieme) imagine our lives without computers. We use computers/Internet for storing (uchovávanie) and searching for (vyhľadávanie) information, downloading and uploading files, music, films, booking tickets/flights, holidays, buying things, social networks for talking to our friends and relatives, e-mail for sending electronic mail to our business partners and friends. However, there is a real threat (hrozba) that people will spend more and more time in front of (pred) computers which weakens socializing (oslabuje spoločenský život) and the oral (ústnu = spoken) form of communication. Internet communication is leading to (vedie k) development (rozvoju) of written communication. New inventions have made communication faster and easier.

There are many languages in the world. Some of them are international, e.g. ESPERANTO or SIGN LANGUAGE of deaf (hluchých) and deaf-and-dumb (hluchonemých) people, the MORSE CODE and Braille of the blind (slepých). English is most spoken language in the world. It is followed by Spanish, Portuguese, German and French. People learn foreign languages (cudzie jazyky) for different reasons (z rozličných dôvodov). In Slovakia, foreign languages are part of the curriculum (sú súčasťou učebných osnov). All students have to take a final exam (robiť maturitnú skúšku) in one foreign language. The final language exam tests all language skills (zručnosti), such as listening, comprehension (porozumenie), reading, writing and speaking.

 

• Advantages and disadvantages of the internet A – email, shopping, downloading, uploading, online chatting, accessing information, booking… D personal data, pornography, spamming, weakening of socializing, people no more read books, impersonal, causes poor eyesight, children spend too much time at computers instead of being outdoors, ….

 

MASS MEDIA AFFECT OUR LIVES (For asnd against essay)

 

In your essay (200-220 words), consider the impact of mass media on the lives of young people. Analyse the positives and negative aspects.

Use the linking words:

Ist paragrapf Inroduction

...have both advantages and disadvantages/pros and cons,

2nd paragraph +

On the plus side,/One advantage is that Also,

For example,/For instance,

What is more,/Moreover,

All in all,/To sum up

3rd paragraph -

However, for every plus there is a minus. For one thing,/One disadvantage is that,

particularly/especially

Last of all,/Finally,

Despite.../ Inspite of ...

4th paragraph - Conclusion

In conclusion,/All things considered,

I think that.../ In my opinion,

First paragraph-Introduction

Mass media influence our lives in a positive and negative way.

2nd paragraph

Positives - media with the highest objectivity and credibility inform, educate, also provide you with entertainment.

Which media do you use daily? What are they specialise in? Do you believe everything what media say? How does the Internet make your life easier? Why is Internet safety being discussed? Is face-to-face commnunication among friends weakened due to the overuse of the Internet?

3rd paragraph

Negatives - obsession/addiction, violence in films, pseudo-idols, developing the habit of eating in front of the TV, problems with eyesight, lack of reading books, doing sports and other creative activities, lack of communication among family members

4th paragraph - Conclusion

Sum up the main ideas from your analysis.

 

 

 

While I´m not at work (Friday 3rd November), you are learning the new topic Mass MEDIA  YES§book pages 146-151. To get more information learn the text below (IV.GMB KAJ tab on edupage). Tuesday 7th, we are discussing and you´re tested.

15.MASS_MEDIA.docx

15.   MASS MEDIA

a) kinds of mass media (their use, advantages, disadvantages)

b) the press (newspapers, magazines, articles), how to choose them, where to buy them – favourite columns

c) radio, TV (favourite kinds of programmes, ratings)

d) the influence of mass media on life of an individual, family and society

e) the Internet and its influence on a person and society

 

Mass media (masovokomunikačné prostriedky) – are means (prostriedky) of communication which reach a very large number of people. They include TV (television), radio, press (tlač) (press includes newspapers, magazines and journals) and the Internet.

In modern society we are in a daily contact with different types of mass media. We watch television, read newspapers or magazines, listen to the radio or surf the Internet. These are the media that reach a large number of people and that is why they are called mass media.

Why are mass media so important?

The mass media serve, first of all, as a source (zdroj) of information. Apart from that, the role of mass media is to educate (they are source of knowledge – vedomostí, znalostí) and entertain (they are source of entertainment - zábavy). Watching TV is the most favourite way of relaxation and spending free time for a lot of people. They watch football or hockey matches, films, sitcoms, soap operas or series; some prefer discussions, documentaries, or reality and quiz shows.

Television and radio

Television is the most popular source of information. People of all ages spend their free time watching TV programmes. Children are often obsessed with watching TV but it is not healthy for their mental and physical development (watching TV for a long time causes poor eyesight, children are getting fatter and fatter, they do not play with their friends outdoors, they often spend hours in front of the television and do not talk to anybody, there is too much violence (priveľa násila) on TV, children are becoming more violent and treat their friends and classmates according to what they have seen on TV. Some are not able to see the difference between fact and fiction. People who are TV stars are often idols for a lot of young people. All radio and television stations, public (verejné) or private (súkromné), educational (vzdelávacie) or commercial (komerčné), big or small have to have a licence to broadcast (musia mať licenciu na vysielanie).

Public TV stations – are owned by a state, they are non-commercial, and they are financed from the state budget (sú financované zo štátneho rozpočtu). In Slovakia we have 3 public television stations: STV1, STV2 and STV3. The first channel STV1 is more and more like other commercial TV stations, the second channel specialises in documentaries, quiz shows, educational programmes, music and sports and the third channel specialises in sports and mainly broadcasts live football or hockey matches. Some cities and areas also have local TV stations presenting mostly local news. There are not too many commercials and for example when you watch a film on STV, it is not interrupted (nie je prerušený) by commercial breaks. They broadcast a lot of films of Slovak and Czech productions and a lot of documentaries and programmes targeted on nationalities and ethnic minorities living in Slovakia, people who have special hobbies (there are programmes for hunters, farmers, fishermen, mothers, etc.)

Commercial breaks (reklamné prestávky) – five to fifteen-minute breaks broadcasted on TV. Companies pay a lot of money to TV stations to advertise their products or services. These commercials often influence people who watch TV. The aim of the commercial is to persuade the potential customer to buy a product or a service that is advertised. Commercials influence viewers very much. Some people like them and some phrases such as “Díky Broňa” have become widely used and popular among people. Others hate them and they switch to a different station or they have a cigarette or go to loo when there is commercial break on.

 

Private TV stations – commercial stations, they get money from companies that advertise their products or services on the station. They broadcast programmes that enjoy wide popularity, such as soap operas (telenovely), series (seriály) or mini-series and a lot of American movies. Commercial stations, such as TV Markíza and TV Joj enjoy wide popularity. They don’t often specialise in anything in particular but try to satisfy (uspokojiť) viewers (divákov) with different tastes and preferences. There are several music channels such as MTV, VH1, Music box, hobby and lifestyle channels, sports channels, history channels, cartoon channels, wildlife (Spektrum, Discovery channel) and cookery channels. HBO is a cable TV station which broadcasts a lot of movies/films before they are broadcasted on other channels.

TA3, the first Slovak news channel started broadcasting in 2001. Thanks to this channel, Slovaks can watch current international and home/domestic news throughout the whole day. Its programmes cover a wide range of topics, mostly from economy, politics, technology and sport. There are several news channels e.g. BBC news in Britain, CNN in the USA and Euro news which broadcast news. In Britain there are several TV stations but BBC1, 2, 3 and Channel 4 are the most popular ones.

Programmes which are broadcasted on TV:

1.       Entertainment programmes (movies, talk shows, quiz shows, comedies, cartoons, sitcoms, series, mini-series, soap operas, phone-ins, reality shows and talent shows).

2.       Educational (vzdelávacie) and news programmes: the news, sports news, weather forecast, documentaries, wildlife programmes, political discussions etc.

The news usually starts at 7 o’clock or 7.30 every evening, it covers topics such as politics, world affairs/events (svetové dianie), home affairs/events, crime, catastrophes (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, droughts, terrorist attacks), current events (najnovšie udalosti) – they are usually live broadcasted.

RADIO programmes: weather, news, chat shows (famous people talk about themselves, answer listeners’ questions), phone-ins (people phone in and ask questions), educational programmes, radio plays, morning shows, music programmes, etc. Some radio stations have their specializations: some present pop music or sport, education and children’s programmes, some light entertainment or the main news. In Slovakia, probably the most popular radio stations are FUN rádio, Jemné Melódie, Rock FM and Rádio Express.

 

Newspapers

Most newspapers are daily newspapers. It means that they are published every day except weekends. But there are also some newspapers that are published once a week and they are called weeklies, for example Slovak Spectator – a newspaper about politics and cultural life in Slovakia published in English. There are two kinds (druhy) of newspapers: serious newspapers, also called “broadsheets” (they have large sheets) and “tabloids” (small sheets). The broadsheets are known as “quality” newspapers and the tabloids are called “popular” papers. Broadsheets publish serious articles about politics, world and domestic events, religion, economy, social life, etc. Broadsheets are quality papers and you can find serious news and articles written in a serious manner in them. SME is a daily paper that is widely read and influential. Pravda is another widely read paper in our country. They both, as well as the other quality papers, contain a great variety of national and international news, reports from parliamentary debates, reviews of the arts, features about fashion and sport and business news. The best selling daily paper, however, is the tabloid Nový Čas, which doesn’t really publish any serious material. In this type of a paper you mostly read about sex scandals and money, idols and celebrities. There are advertisements, various competitions and some home news. Popular papers contain a high number of features (interesting reports about subject, place, or a person) about stars, sports and celebrities. The information they publish is not often based on true facts and they publish a lot of made-up stories and gossip (klebety). They contain a lot of pictures and the headline (titulok) sometimes takes more space than the article itself. Both types of the papers, quality ones and tabloids, pay special attention to the reporting of sports.

Typical sections in newspapers are editorials (úvodníky), news reports, international/domestic news, political commentaries, business news, cartoons, crosswords, sports reports, reviews (recenzie). Newspapers contain articles on politics, sports, economy, social life, editorials (person’s opinion), features etc. People who write articles for newspapers are journalists.

Slovakia: Broadsheets: SME, Pravda, Hospodárske noviny, Národná obroda, The Slovak Spektator; tabloids: Nový čas, Nový čas víkend, Nový čas pre ženy. Most of our newspapers have their on-line editions so you don’t have to buy them at the newsagent’s. The newsagent is not the only place where you can buy newspapers; nowadays they are sold in supermarkets, groceries and at kiosks.

Britain: broadsheets: The Times, The Guardian, The Financial Times; tabloids: The Sun, The Daily Mirror.

The USA: broadsheets: The New York Times, The Washington Post, tabloids: the Star, the Globe.

 

Magazines are published weekly (once a week) or monthly (once a month) and they contain different kinds of articles, news, stories, agony aunt pages, fashion sections, lifestyle sections, cookery sections and many others. Some magazines such as Plus 7 dní, Televízia, Trend, Profit, Týždeň are popular among all the people and some magazines target special groups - it means that there are magazines for women (Život, Slovenka, Eva), men (Playboy, Esquire) or teenagers, for people interested in various kinds of sports and hobbies (Muscle and Fitness, Záhradkár), such as gardening, cars, tennis, knitting (štrikovanie) and many more.

Journals – are serious magazines written by experts (economic journals, medicine journals).

The Internet

Although the definition of the mass media does not cover it, it is important to mention the Internet. Nowadays many people do not hear the latest news from the TV or read about it in the papers but on the Internet. You can find there even older articles of your interest and many people would say that it is even easier than reading the papers.

However, the Internet is not only access to any type of information from the latest news to opening hours or details about products or services. These days, more and more people use e-mail to communicate and send information or documents. Many Slovaks use the Internet as a form of entertainment (zábava). Chatting, joining different discussion groups and reading blogs is becoming very popular, especially among the young. The internet has changed our lifestyles, and it has simplified (zjednodušil) communication between people. Google is a web search engine (prehliadač) that is able to find the information we are looking for in a couple of seconds (departures/arrivals, opening hours, addresses of institutions, essays, articles). People use internet to pay their bills, they listen to the on-line editions of music albums, they play on-line games, they watch films, read books on the internet and young people chat on social networks such as Facebook and ICQ. People write their blogs and others read them. You can buy things, food, holidays via (prostredníctvom) the Internet. Nowadays, people do not write letters any more, they write e-mails instead.

But you have to be very careful and do not enter your personal data because there is a danger that someone (hackers) might misuse them.

The negative impact of television and the Internet

For many people the TV or the Internet are the only ways of entertaining themselves. The sick, the unemployed, the disabled or lonely people normally watch it much more than people who have families or who are busy.

However, there are people, especially children and the youth, who are obsessed with watching the TV or surfing the Internet several hours a day. It damages their eyesight and keeps them from doing sports or being outside. People do not spend their time outdoors nowadays and they do not meet their friends so often. It is also one of the reasons why people do not read as many books as they did before and why the relationships are so bad.  

 

 

Otázky:

1.       What are mass media? Why do we call them mass media?

2.       What are their main functions?

3.       What types of mass media do you know? Which of them do you use most often?

4.       What are the advantages and disadvantages of reading a newspaper/reading on-line edition of a newspaper?

5.       What is the difference between daily and weekly newspapers?

6.       What is a broadsheet?

7.       What sorts of news can you find in quality papers?

8.       Which Slovak, British, American broadsheets do you know?

9.       What is the tabloid? What sorts of articles can you find in it?

10.   Do you know any magazines for teenagers/men/women/sportsmen/photographers…?

11.   What do you like reading about? What do you read more often: newspapers or magazines?

12.   What are the typical sections in newspapers?

13.   Which is the best-selling Slovak tabloid?

14.   Do you know any journalist who writes for newspapers?

15.   Where do public TV stations get their money from?

16.   Where do commercial TV stations get their money from?

17.   Why do companies pay a lot of money to commercial TV stations?

18.   Which educational programmes do TV stations broadcast?

19.   Which entertainment programmes do TV stations broadcast?

20.   What is a commercial break?

21.   Is there any commercial you like?

22.   What do you do during commercials?

23.   Which British TV stations do you know?

24.   Which public TV stations are there in Slovakia?

25.   What sorts of programmes does STV2 broadcast?

26.   What does the News report on?

27.   Which news channels do you know?

28.   What radio programmes do you listen to? Which is your favourite radio station?

29.   What are the disadvantages of spending too much time in front of the TV?

30.   What do you use the Internet for?

31.   What can you do via the Internet?

32.   Why is it not healthy to spend too much time on the Internet?

33.   What is Google?

 

REVISE THE TOPIC

17_MASS_MEDIA.ppt

 

PPT presentation: 19_FASHION.ppt

 

Topic:21.fashion.docx

21. Clothing, Fashion

1. The influence of weather and climate on what people wear
2. Clothes and accessories for various occasions
3. How people decide what to wear (fashion, age, mood/atmosphere, possibilities) care of clothes
4. Fashion trends – clothes, designers, fashion shows
5. Fine feathers make fine birds/clothes make the man, make-to-measure/tailor-made clothing/tailored clothing or mass-produced clothing (in the clothes shop, at the tailor’s/dressmaker’s)

FASHION – is the style of dress or behaviour (správanie) that is common (spoločné, bežné) or popular at a certain time.

Many people, mostly women, are interested in fashion. New styles, materials, shapes (tvary) and patterns (vzory) appear (sa objavujú), last (trvajú) for a certain time, disappear (miznú) and later (neskôr) come back a little bit changed. Many young people are fashion-conscious (uvedomujúci si) and try to follow the latest trends in fashion, watching fashion shows and reading fashion magazines.

                Fashion styles change quite (dosť) often. In 1960s women started to shorten their skirts and mini-skirts were popular for a long period. Narrow (úzke) trousers were replaced by wide trousers and flat (ploché, rovné) shoes by high-heeled shoes (platforms). But pumps (lodičky) and office shoes are still “in”. Nowadays girls like to wear balerinas shoes, pumps, in summer flip-flops and sandals. Later women realized (uvedomili si) that longer skirts are more practical and narrow trousers are sexier. But wide trousers have made a comeback and are fashionable (módne) again.

                The materials used are important and each fabric (každá látka) has its own special qualities. Almost everything our grandparents used to wear was made of canvas (plátno), then cotton, linen, wool, but later those textiles were replaced by synthetic fibres (vlákna). People return to cotton for its natural qualities, while silk (hodvábne) blouses and shirts are appropriate for special occasions (príležitosti). T-shirts used to all be 100% cotton, but today many include spandex. Everybody looks for first class, washable, non-iron, crease- and shrink-resistant fabric (nekrčivý a nezrážanlivý materiál).

                A person’s choice (voľba, výber) of suitable (vhodný) clothing is also influenced by climate and weather. In colder countries, people prefer to wear clothes which protect their body from the cold. They usually wear fur coats, boots and fur caps (anoraks, scarves, gloves, thick coats) in winter. In hot countries, people put on light and airy(ľahké) clothes, use materials which allow sweat (pot) to evaporate (vyparovať sa) and cool their bodies, straw hats (slamené klobúky) protect their heads against the sun’s rays (lúče).

                Casual clothes (bežné oblečenie) are worn for everyday purposes (účely). People working in banks and offices are usually more dressed up (viac vyfintení): men in suits, shirts in different colours, ties and suitable shoes, mostly black or brown leather. Women wear suits too, fashionable tops or blouses, various accessories (doplnky – necklace, earrings, bracelet) and leather shoes. For special occasions (balls, special dinners, theatre performance), we usually put on something more formal: long dresses or gowns (róba) for the ladies and tuxedos (Am; smoking), dinner jackets (Br), bow-ties (motýliky) and patent leather shoes for the men. Official ceremonies require that people wear gowns or robes, long loose (voľné) usually black outer garments (odev) worn by judges, lawyers and members of universities.

                Most people prefer buying clothes in shops because if they suit them and fit, they just pay and leave. Some women like clothes made by dressmakers or they make them themselves. If men need suits or coats, they ask tailors to make these outer garments for them.

                Coats and other clothing made of fur (vyrobené z kožušiny) are very expensive, and in the past people wore furs to show that they were rich. In many countries today, however, many people think that it is cruel to kill animals for their fur and choose to wear fake fur (imitáciu kožužiny) instead.

                Colours play an important role in fashion. White is a typical colour for babies to wear when they are christened (krstené) and brides dress in white for church weddings because white represents purity (čistotu) and virginity (panenskosť). In some old stories and films, especially westerns, the good guy always wears white and the bad guy wears black. A baby’s sex is sometimes distinguished (odlíšený) by colours: little girls are dressed in pink and red, while little boys are in blue or light-green. Today, people like to have a free choice. Some colours suit some people more than others so people can be classified by the colours they wear “cold” and “warm” while cold types prefer darker colours (grey, navy blue, grey-blue, black, etc.) brighter colours are suitable for warm types (spring and autumn types: beige, cream white, light-blue, brown, etc.) some people choose colours according to their current mood. When they are happy, the colours are bright (jasné) and light (svetlé), but when they are sad or bad-tempered (v zlej nálade), the colours are dark.

                 Special kinds of clothes are uniforms and costumes. Uniforms are worn particularlyby professionalssuch as the police, the armed forces, health workers, sometimes workers in a certain firm. It is still a tradition in some schools in Britain (also in Slovakia in some private schools) to wear a school uniform ( a white shirt, grey or dark trousers and dark sweater or blazer with a school badge on the breast pocket and perhaps a cap for younger boys. A girl´s uniform consists of a plain coat, a blouse and a skirt in some dark colour, such as navy blue or brown. The argument for uniforms is that they prevent competition among teenager and hide differences in family incomes.

                  Costumes on the other hand reflect the style of a past time. Scotsmen are well-known for their national costumes which consists of a kilt (a short skirt with many pressed pleats, knee-lenght woolen socks, a cap and a sporran (a fur-covered bag worn as a purse).

                   What to do with worn-out clothes (nosené)? It is easy to discard then (vyhodiť) or store them up in a wardrobe. Some people pass them down to someone younger or give them to a charity organization. Women who can do needlework (sew, knit, crochet, embroider) often remake them into a new stylish model.

         Some people do not wear the latest fashion. They apply a wait-and-see attitude and wear what suit them, what is healthy and what they can afford. The most omportant thing is that clothes are neat and clean, they look smart and elegant and they feel comfortable.

            How does weather and climate influence fashion? How would you dress for a theatre performance/school/wedding?

             How do you care of your clothes? (dry cleaner, label, ironing, washing at cold temperature, not bleaching..)

              What fashion designers/fashion shows do you know? Do you think they influence the way people dress?

Give pros and cons of machine-made and tailor/dressmaker-made clothes, compare them.

What do you know about history of jeans? What do people communicate by the clothes they wear? How has fashion changed in the last few years? What kind of clothing is always appropriate and stylish?

22_TOWNS_AND_PLACES.ppt

20.Towns_and_places.docx

You don´t have to browse on the Net, here are useful links to help you and save your time.

TOWNS AND PLACES

SOME MUST SEE VIDEOS FOR YOU to learn basic facts about famous cities

LONDON: video 1.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAFmpeCTCfc (attractions and their locations in London)

                video 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWJiuV5T5VQ(underground, Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, The Houses of Parliament, Tower Bridge)

                video 3. for english learners https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFRR0zC70-0

                video 4 London top ten attractions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0r0VTos_wU

Bratislava video 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmVha809F_0

                video 2 honest guide - a sort of hypo-vegie-top-knot guide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BtFG8D8aos

Slovakia tourist guide (no voices) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0ZwmqjapRY

                video 2 (no voices) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFuhPqLj1w4

NEW YORK video 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtCMtC50gwY

                   video 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeoQG3h8OeU&t=130s

Washington DC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTZQ9bta31w

the most interesting places in the world https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbeHjcLOkgs

the most interesting cities in the world https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQVdvGRkfKs

 

Use these expressions and phrases in your essay:

BOOK:  title, author, genre, topic, centred on the theme of, setting, story, plot, characters, content, conflict, idea

The author deals with/aims to show/depicts/ portrays/ pictures sth./ evokes the atmosphere of/describes/concentrates on /focuses on

The story is set in the time of.../ proceeds as follows (príbeh pokračuje takto...), the story is narrated by the main character/by one of the characters/by the author/is narrated in the first person, singular

a low-moving/lenghty  , the story has happy/sad/tragic/open/unexpected ending

The plot: simple/complicated plot, no plot/it lacks the  plot

How do you fancy...?

readable, it reads well, I was impressed

the work is fascinating/amusing/unusual/exciting/thrilling/mysterious/inspiring/depressing/moving-dojímavé/ funny/witty-vtipné

A Book I have recently read or A book I was deeply impressed by 

Writing - please, submit by...

Please, divide your essays/descriptions into paragraphs - introduction, body, conclusion, 1 paragraph - 1 point (bullet)
Write a description of a book by an English speaking author you like very much (220–250 words).
Include:

• the title and the writer; when the book was published for the first time
• some basic facts about the writer - life, family background,genre he/she writes, books published etc
• the reasons for your choice;
• a short description of the plot;
• the characters you admire in the book and why;
• why you would recommend it to your best friend.

Film Review

5. It is a short description of a film, where the writer:

• Provides details of the movie analysed
• Gives his/her opinion or recommendation of the film

 

5. The language used may be formal or semi-formal (formálny štýl s neformálnymi prvkami) depending on the addressees and kind of newspaper or magazine where it will be published.
5. Present tenses and a variety of adjectives are frequently used.

Structure of a film review

A/ Introduction

• Summarises all the background information of the film
• It may include references to the title, director, type of film, setting (place and time), if it is baased on a book, etc.

B/Body

• 2^nd par.: It offers a summary of the plot (dej) focusing on the main aspects.
• 3^rd par.: It includes general comments on the plot, the development of the main characters, the acting, the direction, etc.
• Note: the end should not be revealed to the reader

C/Conclusion

• 4^th par.: The writer provides a general assessment (všeobecné posúdenie) of the film, and his/her opinion about it.
• The writer recommends or does not recommend the movie. He/she should give reasons to support his/her opinion about the film

Useful language

• 1^st par.: This film is set in ..., the movie tells the story of ..., this excellent film is based on ...
• 2^nd par.: The storyline/plot focuses on ..., the film reaches its climax (vyvrcholenie deja)..., the story begins ...
• 3^rd par.: The acting (herecký výkon)/development of the main/leading character (vývoj hlavnej postavy) is fascinating/excellent..., The script (scenár) is bright (jasný, živý, zrozumiteľný)/dull (fádny, nudný)..., The end is surprising/predictable ...
• 4^th par.: It is worth seeing ..., I would/woul not recommend it because ..., Do not miss it ...

Types of films / Genres

• Science fiction (sci-fi)
• Comedy / sit-coms (situation comedies)
• Romance / love story
• Horror film
• Thriller
• Spy film
• Musical
• Detective story
• Mystery film
• Adventure / action film
• Biography
• Western
• Animated films / cartoons
• Historical
• War films

 

Useful expressions

• Soundtrack – hudba k filmu, zvuk
• Script - scenár
• Plot / storyline - dej
• stuntman – kaskadér
• special effects – zvláštne efekty
• box-office hit – “kasový trhák”
• rehearsal – skúška, nácvik
• masterpiece – dielo
• star (verb/noun) – účinkovať v hlavnej úlohe, hviezda
• hero / heroine – hrdina / hrdinka
• opening – otvorenie, začiatok
• end / ending – záver
• episode / sequence – časť, epizóda
• premiere
• climax – vyvrcholenie deja
• cast of characters – herecké obsadenie
• leading / supporting character

 

 

Useful adjectives (prídavné mená)

Positive                                                     Negative

interesting, good, exciting,               boring, sad, bad, poor,

funny, fantastic, amusing,                dull, terrible, dreadful (hrozný),

fascinating, moving, excellent,                  thrilling, predictable (predvídateľný),

entertaining, realistic,                       unimaginative (bez fantázie), scary,

well-developed (dobre rozvinutý)    weak (slabý), frightening (desivý),

convincing (presvedčivý),                unbelievable (neuveriteľný)

gripping (pútavý)                  

Pls learn a new topic The book - the friend of people (No. 24 in YES books).

Please, use the notes from our lesson as well. You will find some additional material below

PPT presentation: 

26_READING_BOOKS.ppt

topic: 22.the_book_-_a_person_s_friend.docx

22. The Book – a Person’s friend

a) books – variety/ how people choose where and when they read

b) favourite author, genres

c) a book I have read by an author from an English-speaking country

d) Nobel prize winners for literature and their work

e) crisis in reading fiction (reasons, do people buy books?, services of libraries and institutes)

 

Reading books is a favourite free time activity for lots of people. Books accompany (sprevádzať) people everywhere: we read them while we travel to school/work, wait in the waiting room at the doctor’s surgery, during breaks at school, on holiday. We can‘t imagine our lives without books. People usually read for pleasure (pre potešenie). There are books that give a chance to learn about the world around you. Other books give you a lot of information and advice (rada). And there are books about other people’s experiences (zážitky).

                Literature can be divided (môže byť rozdelená) into 2 categories: non-fiction books and fiction books. Non-fiction books (náučné knihy) usually serve as a source of information (slúžia ako zdroj informácií). There are textbooks (educational books containing information and ideas about some subject), dictionaries (books that tell us the meanings of words), encyclopaedias (large books or a set of books containing facts about different subjects in alphabetical order), biographies, autobiographies, and memoirs, DIY (do it yourself) books, travel/history/art books and cookery books.

Fiction (beletria) is about imaginary people or events. There two types of fiction books: poetry and prose. People who are keen on poetry can read poems by famous poets in books of poetry. Those who prefer prose can choose to read tales, short stories, novellas, romances, crime/spy novels, mystery novels, science fiction, westerns, thrillers or historical novels.

A story (príbeh) in a book can be set (môže byť umiestnený) in a real or imaginary place/time in which the characters (postavy) live. The plot (dej, zápletka) – the series of events (sled udalostí) which form the story of a novel can be narrated (rozprávať) by the author or by one of the characters (Narrator is the one who is telling the story). Talented writers are excellent storytellers (rozprávači), able to attract (schopní pritiahnuť) readers and keep their attention (udržať ich pozornosť) from the very first page until the plot culminates (vrcholiť) at the end of the book.

Every year, the Nobel Prize for Literature is awarded to the writer whose work of fiction is considered (je považovaná) to be a unique literary achievement (za jedinečný literárny výkon). There are many writers who are Nobel Prize winners: William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, and Ernest Hemingway from the U.S.A - G. B. Shaw, Harold Pinter and Rudyard Kipling from Great Britain.

 

William Faulkner for his contribution (prispenie) to modern American novel – the theme (téma) of his novels is the decay (úpadok) of the old South, as represented by Sartoris and Compson families and the emergence of cruel and arrogant newcomers, the Snopeses. He invented lots of characters typical of the historical growth (historický rast) and subsequent (následný) decadence of the South. The human drama in Faulkner's novels is built on the model of the actual (skutočný) historical drama extending (tiahnucej sa ) over almost a century and a half. Each story and each novel contributes to the construction of a whole, which is the imaginary Yoknapatawpha County and its inhabitants. Their theme is the decay of the old South, as represented by the Sartoris and Compson families, and the emergence of ruthless and brash newcomers, the Snopeses. novels: The Sound and the Fury ( Bľabot a bes) where he depicted the downfall of the Compson family seen through the minds of several characters; Other novels: Absolom, Absolom; Intruder in the Dust (Neodpočívaj v pokoji),

John Steinbeck who wrote social novels dealing with the economic problems of rural labour e.g. Of Mice and Man – the story of an imbecile giant Lennie, East of Eden and his masterpiece (majstrovské dielo) The Grapes of Wrath (Ovocie hnevu), the story of Oklahoma tenant farmers (námezdní farmári) who, unable to earn a living from the land, moved to California where they became migratory workers,

Ernest Hemingway for his anti-war novels The Sun also Rises and A Farewell to Arms (Zbohom zbraniam), the study of an American ambulance officer's disappointment in the war and his role as a deserter. Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel For whom the bells toll (komu zvonia do hrobu), the short story An Old Man and the Sea, the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat (porážka).

British writers awarded by a Nobel Prize: John Galsworthy (1867-1933). Received the 1932 Nobel Prize for Literature "for his distinguished art of narration (vynikajúce rozprávačské umenie) which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga,.

Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling wrote novels, poems and short stories--mostly set in India and Burma ", B.B. Shaw Pygmalion (1912), a witty study of phonetics as well as a clever treatment of middle-class morality and class distinction, proved some of Shaw's greatest successes on the stage. It is a combination of the dramatic, the comic, and the social corrective that gives Shaw's comedies their special flavour.

G. B Shaw the first writer awarded by the Nobel Prize - a great playwright, novelist and critical essayist wrote more than 60 plays which deal mainly with social problems – Widower’s Houses, The Devil’s Disciple, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, You Never Can Tell, Caesar and Cleopatra, Man and Superman, Major Barbara, and finally Pygmalion – on which the famous musical My Fair Lady is based. . As well as Oscar Wilde, the author of The Picture of Dorian Gray, he is known for his comedy. They were full of wit and humour.

  and Harold Pinter 2005, he wrote 29 plays including The Birthday Party, The Caretaker, 21 screenplays (filmový scenár), and directed 27 theatre productions.  .

Role models and Idols

pls find a PPT presentation 27_IDOLS__CELEBRITIES_AND_FAMOUS_PERSONALITIES.ppt

topic - 23.Role_models_and_idols.docx

23. Role models and idols

• Positive and negative human qualities, an ideal human, moral standards (morálne zásady) and values (hodnoty)
• Human being I have a great admiration for (človek, ktorého obdivujem)
• Real and literature heroes

A hero or heroine (an IDOL) is an extraordinary character (osobnosť, osoba) that represents the most important qualities valued (oceňované, vysoko hodnotené) by a certain culture. The hero is usually idealised and often possesses (má) superhuman characteristics (nadľudské črty, vlastnosti). These enable (umožňujú mu) him or her to perform extraordinary acts (vykonať mimoriadne skutky) for which he or she is famous. On the other hand, we can say that an ideal person does not exist because every individual has both positive and negative traits (črty, vlastnosti).

Every country has important personalities in their history who become idols (heroes) for many generations. They often become one of the symbols of the country (e.g. Jánošík in Slovakia – legendary folk hero who robbed the rich (okrádal bohatých) and gave the loot (/lút/ korisť) - money and things to the poor (chudobným).

Every society believes in a certain hierarchy of values. Love, health, faith, family and friendship are usually the top values but some people consider money and career as the most important. A similar hierarchy of values is also important for a good relationship.

ROLE-MODEL: model example, person according to whom somebody else tries to live, look like, dress... because of his character or skills. Importance of role-models: some people need no role-models, they want to go their own way, but many people are influenced by role-models (good look, intelligence, humour, talent, skills, success, lifestyle, character…) who inspire people, are their ideals (vzor).
 
PARENTS, FAMILY: our first role models, they brought us up, taught us to be polite, friendly, to greet and respect people, to help others…, family is important for shaping/forming our personal qualities (if a child is loved, he/ she will love, if he/ she is criticized, he/ she will criticize others…)
 
SCHOOL: nearly as important as family, as we start going to school we become a part of society; here we learn how to cooperate with other people, to be tolerant, patient (trpezlivý), self-disciplined, hard-working (these qualities are necessary if we want to be successful), for some of us our teachers became our role models
 
CELEBRITIES: role models mostly among teenagers, they love music, movies, sport – they choose people they read about in newspapers and magazines – pop singers, movie stars, famous sportsmen. Young people idolize them; try to imitate them in clothing, make-up, hairstyle, and lifestyle. Famous personalities influence young generation a lot, negatively  (drugs, alcohol addiction, eccentric/wild behaviour, no respect – we become selfish, unhelpful, rude, mean, drug addict or alcohol addict)  and positively (hard-working to achieve success, give performances and concerts to raise money for charities, help starving people, people suffering from various diseases such as AIDS people natural disasters or famine (hlad, hladomor)…)
 
LITERALY HEROES: found in literary works (stories, novels), most literary heroes are people with high moral standards with whom readers can identify and whose example they may follow. Apart from real, existing heroes there are also fictional heroes –heroes from books, films, plays. Book characters often become idols admired by generations of readers. Every national literature has such idols. When a book is filmed, they can become film heroes. In modern movies, many heroes are charismatic and are adored by viewers. Eomen like handsome, brave male heroes; men like attractive female heroes. In some films, heroes are ordinary people who try to overcome obstacles (prekonať prekážky) in their lives and often change during the story. People can identify with them because they are realistic and they remind them (pripomínajú im) of their own lives. Through these characters they can understand life better. Some heroes, mostly in science fiction or action films, possess superhuman characteristics. This is very attractive for children and the young. There are heroes who are very violent (násilnícky) and consider (považujú) violence (násilie) a way to solve (za spôsob riešenia) all problems. Adults criticise violent heroes from the movies and computer games and say that violence has a very negative impact on their children. They can easily identify themselves with these heroes and start to behave (začať sa správať) in a similar way (podobným spôsobomň. Many crimes have been commited on the basis of such films. EXAMPLE: Božena Nemcová – Babička – Grandmamma, about simply Czech woman, she comes to help her daughter with growing up of 4 grandchildren and with household works. She is intelligent, clever, has experience, every time good mood, helps with a will, she loves nature, work, habits and traditions…
 
EVERYDAY HEROES: we can find in our daily life – lifeguards (plavčíci), fire-fighters (požiarnici), doctors, soldiers (vojaci)… - brave, do not hesitate do risk life and help victims (obetiam) of natural and man-made disasters (earthquake (zemetrasenie), floods (povodne), drought (sucho), war), they have courage and high moral standards(morálne normy). It can be absolutely simple person, real heroine was also mother Teresa (she helped poor and ill people in India for most of her life). People who have difficult jobs such as lifeguards, soldiers, fire-fighters, are heroes for many people because they are brave and do not hesitate to risk their live. Their courage and high moral standards make them excellent role models and therefore no one should be afraid to follow them. Every year, we hear about people who have saved somebody’s life or did some other brave act that needed a lot of courage /karidž/ (odvahy). They saved people who nearly drowned (utopili sa) or were injured (boli zranení) in a car accident (dopravnej /eksident/ nehode, they gave blood or performed a very difficult surgery (vykonali veľmi zložitú operáciu). In our country, every year, one of these heroes is awarded for „the bravest (najstatočnejší) act of the year“.
 
MY ROLE-MODEL: who, why, some info about him/her, his/her positive and negative character features
Positive features - virtues: sincere (úprimný), kind (milý), tactful (ohľaduplný), grateful (vďačný), optimistic, sociable (spoločenský), helpful (ochotný), honest (čestný), brave (odvážny), responsible (zodpovendný), reliable (spoľahlivý), hard-working, generous (štedrý), hospitable (pohostinný), attentive (pozorný, všímavý), faithful (verný), dutiful (svedomitý), honest (čestný), polite (zdvorilý)...
Negative features – vices: deceitful (klamársky), mean (lakomý), cheeky (drzý), stubborn (tvrdohlavý), envious (závistlivý), jealous (žiarlivý), treacherous (nespoľahlivý, klamný, zradný, zákerný), rude (hrubý), dishonest (nečestný), impolite (nezdvorilý)...

24_USA(1).pdf

24_usa_cities(1).pdf

Some facts about the UK and its cities:

24_UK.pdf

24_CARD_ukcities(1).pdf

1 REVISION: ALL THE TOPICS IN THE FIRST BOOK and SECOND BOOK !  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

2 REVISE, STUDY, SIMPLY USE information and phrases and expressions in picture descriptions and role-plays.

DESCRIBING PICTURES

• Start by saying what the picture shows in general.

The picture shows a street of a terraced houses in a city.

• Use the Present Continuous

to describe what people are doing.

There are two old men on the roght who are chatting.

• Talk about what you can see in more detail.

• Use the following phrases to describe

where things are:

in the background/middle/foreground

at the bottom/top

on the right/left

There’s somebody washing his car in the background.

• Use phrases like perhaps and (it) might be

if you are making a guess.

It might be in Britain.

Perhaps it’s in Germany.

• Use it looks + adjective to show how you feel about the picture.

It looks very friendly.

Describing pictures in English

http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/exams/speaking-exams/describe-photo-or-picture

1. Introduction

• The photo/picture shows ...
• It was taken by/in ...
• It's a black-and-white/coloured photo.

2. What is where?

• In the foreground/background you can see ...
• In the foreground/background there is ...
• In the middle/centre there are ...
• At the top/At the bottom there is ...
• On the left/right there are ...
• Behind/In front of ... you can see ...
• Between ... there is ...

3. Who is doing what?

Here you decribe the persons in the picture or you say what is happening just now. Use the Present Progressive.

4. What I think about the picture

• It seems as if ...
• The lady seems to ...
• Maybe ...
• I think ...
• ... might be a symbol of ...
• The atmosphere is peaceful/depressing ...
• I (don't) like the picture because ...
• It makes me think of ...

 

USEFUL PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS

BOX 1: How to describe a Picture(ako opísať obrázok)

In this picture , there is a ... I can see a/some ...

In the top right/left corner, there is a/there are some ...

At the bottom of the picture there is a/there are some ...

In the middle there is a/there are some ...

Both pictures shows ...

BOX 2: How to describe a strange object (ako opísať neznámy predmet)

It’s a thing/stuff/something ...

It looks like...

It reminds me of...

It’s a kind of ... sort of...

This object looks strange.

I have never seen anything like this before.

BOX 3: How to describe a place (ako opísať miesto)

It’s famous for...

It’s one of the most famous/beautiful ... in...

It is situated in the south/north/west/east

It is situated on the river...

It is known as...

You should definitely visit...

...is worth seeing...

...is worth a visit.

 

BOX 4: How to compare (ako porovnávať)

alike,like, similar to, just as, the same as, more or less the same as, identical, equivalent, likewise, comparable to

They are almost identical/almost the same/more or less the same...

In the first picture... while in the other one...

The... in the first picture shows ... whereas the... in the second picture shows...

BOX 5: How to contrast (ako vyjadriť rozdiely)

Unlike, different, in contrast, whereas, is different from, slightly/completely different from, on the other hand, conversely, but, more than, less than, worse than, better than

These two pictures differ a bit/quite a lot because...

The biggest difference between these pictures is...

There are few differences between...

BOX 6: How to talk about advantages and disadvantages

(ako hovoriť o výhodách a nevýhodách)

There are few advantages of...

The first advantage is that...

I can see another advantage in that...

Besides this...

I can see more advantages than disadvantages...

BOX 7: How to express opinion (ako vyjadriť názor)

I think/believe/feel..

I’m quite/fairly certain that...

I am pretty sure that...

In my opinion/view..

I imagine/suppose/reckon...

As I see it.../As far as I can see...

It appears to me/seems to me...

It’s quite obvious that...

Some people might think...

According to some people..

BOX 8: How to agree with an opinion (ako súhlasiť s názorom)

I agree (completely/entirely).

Exactly. Absolutely. Definitely.

That’s right/true. Fair enough.

I suppose so. I think so.

I couldn’t agree more.

That’s exactly what I think.

That’s what I was going to say.

That’s a good point.

BOX 9: How to disagree with an opinion (ako nesúhlasiť s názorom)

Yes, but...

That’s true but...

I agree with you, but...

That’s a good idea, but...

You’re right, but...

I see/take your point, but...

Well, you have a point there, but...

I see what you mean, but...

To a certain extent yes, but...

I can see why you say that, but...

In most cases you would be right, but...

Forgive me if I’m wrong, but...

Yes, but it has to do more with...

I agree in theory, but...

I don’t think so.

That’s one way at looking at it.

Personally, I’m more inclined to agree with...

I’m sorry, but I really can’t agree.

I’m not really sure.

BOX 10: How to give reasons, arguments and examples (ako uviesť dôvody a príklady, ako argumentovať)

Firstly.../Secondly...

The first reason is...

To start with...

And on the top of that...

For one thing...

And for another...

For example...

For instance...

Let’s see an example.

BOX 11: How to start an informal conversation (ako začať spoločenskú konverzáciu)

Hi, Tim, is that you?

I haven’t seen you for a long time.

Tim, how have you been?

Tim, you look great!

It’s been a while, hasn’t it?

So, how are you enjoying the party?

Hell, you must be Sonia’s brother.

BOX 12: How to start a formal conversation with strangers

(ako začať spoločenskú konverzáciu s neznámymi ľuďmi)

Are you here for business or pleasure?

Don’t you happen to know what time it is?

Hello, are you enjoying the party?

Excuse me, is this seat taken?

Hi. I haven’t heard that you come from England. Do you?

Is this your first visit to Slovakia?

The weather is awful, isn’t it?

I’m sorry to trouble you, but haven’t we met before?

BOX 13: How to finish a conversation (ako ukončiť konverzáciu)

It was great to see you/to talk to you again.

I wish I had more time, but I really have to go now.

I am afraid that getting late.

Well, I’d rather go now.

I’ve got to go now, see you.

BOX 14: How to give recommendations and advice (ako odporúčať a radiť)

I’d really recommend...

You must/should certainly try...

Be careful with...

Don’t forget to...

Don’t be surprised if...

Always remember to...

You should expect people to...

It’s polite to...

I wouldn’t recommend...

If I were you, I wouldn’t...

You’d rather didn’t...

You shouldn’t...

Personally, I wouldn’t...

You should never...

BOX 15: How to make polite request (ako zdvorilo o niečo žiadať)

Excuse me, can I...?

Would you mind... /ing? Do you mind if I...?

Can you/Could you..., please?

Could I have..., please?

Is it all right if I...?

Could you possibly ...?

Do you think you could ... for me,please?

May I...?

BOX 16: How to invite, accept and refuse an invitation (ako pozvať, ako prijať a odmietnuť pozvanie)

Do you feel like ................. –ing? How about ............... –ing?

Do you fancy ...............-ing?

Would you like to...?

I was wondering if you’d like to …

ACCEPTING AN INVITATION (prijatie pozvania)

Yes, I’d love to.

That would be great. Thanks.

Thank you very much. That would be lovely.

REFUSING AN INVITATION (odmietnutie pozvania)

We can‘t, I‘m afraid.

Sorry, but we’re busy.

What a shame!

I’d love to, but...

That’s very kind of you, unfortunately, ...

Well, actually, ...

BOX 17: How to offer help, accept and refuse help (ako ponúknuť, prijať a odmietnuť pomoc)

Shall I ... for you?

Can I help you?

I’ll do it for you.

ACCEPTING HELP (prijatie pomoci)

Thank you. That’s very kind of you.

REFUSING HELP (odmietnutie pomoci)

It’s all right. Thanks. I can manage.

BOX 18: How to read charts and graphs (ako čítať tabuľky a grafy)

In looking at the figures in this pie chart, we can see that...

If you look at this bar chart, you can see...

TO INCREASE: to go up, to climb, to rise, to grow, to peak, to expand, to boom, to recover

TO DECREASE: to go down, to fall, to drop, to decline, to shrink, to bottom out

TO REMAIN STABLE: to remain steady, to stand still, to remain constant, to remain the same, to stay steady, to remain level, to fluctuate, to oscillate

 Science and technology

VEDA S BUBLINAMI -uvedená slovná zásoba alebo doplňujúce informácie o vynálezcoch a vynálezcoch

SCIENCE(1).docx

12.Science_and_technology.docx

PREJDITE SI PPT. súbor a ZISTITE, AKO OVLÁDATE TÉMU

13_SCIENCE_AND_TECHNOLOGY.ppt

16_CARD_science(1).pdf

SLOVNÁ ZÁSOBA

149_SCIENCE_AND_TECHNOLOGY.pdf

science: scientist- vedec, researcher - výzkumník, inventor - vynálezca, explorer - bádateľ, prieskumník, to experiment, to study, to invent - vynaliezať, vynájsť, to discover - objavovať, objaviť, to explore - skúmať, bádať, to search for - hľadať, to achieve - dosiahnúť, docieliť, mať úspech, to apply - aplikovať, dať do používania

technology: development - vývoj, rozvoj, posun, steam power/engine - parný stroj, powered machinery - stroje ponáňané elektrickou energiou,

inventions: wheel - koleso, gun powder- pušný prach, windmils - veterné mlyny, steam engine - parný stroj, printing machine - tlačiarenský stroj, electric bulb - žiarovka, telegraph, telephone, laser, nuclear power - jadrová energia, parachute, DNA, penicillin,

technological progress - technický pokrok: transport, medicine, biology, information and communication technology

everyday usage of modern technology: household appliances - domáce spotrebiče, gadgets - prístroje, devices - zariadenia, machines - stroje

pitfalls - nástrahy of using modern technology in life: abuse - zneužitie, to misuse - zneužiť, threat - hrozba, pollution, to damage - poškodiť, to hurt - ublížiť, growth of consumer society - nárast/rást konzumnej spoločnosti, materialism, social/psychological/spiritual hunger - spoločenský/psychologický a duševný hlad,

advance - pokrok, armaments industry - zbrojný priemysel, condition - podmienka, current trends - súčasné trendy, in the field - v oblasti, high-tech/ na vysokej úrovni, lack of - nedostatok, power plant - elektráreň, observation - pozorovanie, provider,  purpose - účel, to promote - propagovať,  presadzovať, to prove - dokázať,  to rely on - spoliehať sa na, to replace - nahradiť, remarkable - pozoruhodný, sophisticated - zložitý, vyspelý, to suffer from - trpieť na, wireless - bezdrôtový,  to witness- byť svedkom, to explore space, to increase rapidly - prudko zvýšiť, the most debated issues - najdiskutovanejšie témy, sense of fulfilment - pocit naplnenia, accesible - dostupný

Discuss the following questions:

1 What is science and what is technology?

2 Which inventions from the past are essential (podstatné) for mankind?

3 Name some examples of pollution caused by technology.

4 How is your life affected/inluenced by living in a consumer society?

5 Can you name any famous scientists? What are they famous for?

6 How has technology made our lives easier with regard to travel, medicine, communication, everyday housework, power/energy?

3 Revision -

TALK ABOUT a healthy (un) lifestyle and balanced diet and wholesome food.

What does a healthy life style mean?

have a regular daily routine, sufficient sleep (dostatocny spanok), take a rest, overwork(prepracovanost), avoid excitement (vyhybat sa rozruseniu), get excited znervoznovat sa , vyrusovat sa) , no smoking, no or little alcohol, healthy, wholesome food (vyvazena strava), be on a diet (mat dietu) , physical training, go in for sports (venovat sa sportom) , go for walks, take a walk, jogging, harden the body(spevnovat si telo)

What is meant by wholesome food? What is your idea of wholesome food?

-  enough/a lot of vitamins, eat fruit and raw (surova) vegetables, drink good water

-  eat slowly, take time to eat, eat more times a day in small amounts/ v malych mnozstvach, eat at a nicely set table( pri pekne upravenom stole)

-  not eat smoked meat (udeniny) and sausages (or a little), not drink spirits (alkoholicke napoje) , little salt and spices, little or no coffeine

-  eat preferably lean  meat jest prednostne chude maso, fish, poultry (hydina) , cereals, fibrous food (vlakniny), dark bread instead of white flour pastries (pecivo)  (rolls/rozky, buns/zemle, cakes/kolace), vegetable oil and butter

-  avoid fat meat/ vyhybat sa tucnemu masu , animal fat/zivocisnemu tuku and high calorie dish/vysokokalorickym jedlam

B2

Should car owners pay more in taxes as a result of environmental damage and pollution?

Should inviduals face stricter penalties as a result of littering?

Should individual households do more to recycle any rubbish that they produce?

Is the nuclear waste produced by nuclear submarines and nuclear power stations disposed of safely enough?

 

the UK

official name, what countries it comprises, their capitals

location, borders, surface, mountains, the highest peak, rivers

climate, weather

places of interest other than London and what to see/do there

political system, currency, Britain and European Union

population, multiculturalism, nationalities, characteristics of the Welsh, Scots, English and Irish

stereotypes 

Political__systems_new.doc

POLITICAL SYSTEMS

The USA

It is a representational federal republic based on a strong constitution (first constitution was proclaimed in 1789)

The government is divided into three branches:

• The Executive branch – is made of the chief of state (the President) and his Cabinet. The chief of state is also the head of the government. There is no prime minister. The president and vice president are chosen by the Electoral College, made up of representatives from each stat. They serve four year terms, limited to just two terms.

• The Legislative branch – is a bicameral (two-chambered) Congress, made up of the SENATE (two senators from each state) and the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (435 members with membership based on state population). Both senators and representatives are directly elected by citizens of the state they represent. Senators serve a term of six years and representatives serve two.

• The Judicial branch – enforces and interprets the law made by the Legislative and approve by the Executive. This branch consists of many levels of federal courts. The highest of these is the Supreme Court, with nine justices appointed for life.

There are two main opposed political parties:- the Republicans (conservative) support an economy based on free enterprise.

-The Democrats (liberal) represent the party of reform.

 

The UK

It is a constitutional monarchy meaning the head of the state is a monarch ( a king or queen). Today, Queen Elizabeth II has very little power and only reigns with support of Parliament.

The British Parliament – (the main legislative body, the main period for which a government official can be in office is five years) consists of the HOUSE OF LORDS and the HOUSE OF COMMONS..

The House of Lords has two types of members: L o r d s S p i r i t u a l (the archbishops and bishops)

L o r d s T e m p o r a l (hereditary peers and life peers).

The House of Commons -has true political power

-the new bills are introduced and debated

-the members are elected in a general election held every

five years.

Political parties:

The most influential is Conservative Party (the Tories), the right-wing party, advocates privately owned and state owned industries.

The Labour Party (the Socialists), the main left-wing party, advocates nationalization of key industries and general social reform.

The party which wins the majority of seats in Parliament forms the CABINET and its leader becomes PRIME MINISTER.

 

4 Revision  the USA

location of the country, its area and surface (lowlands, mountains, rivers), climate, 

inhabitants, nationalities and their characteristic features, languages, 

currency, political system

most important towns, cities, landmarks and their significance

five places in N.Y., or Washington you would like to see/visit and their description

five places outside  these cities worth visiting and why (e.g. Las Vegas, Holywood, San Francisco, Florida, California, Grand Canyon. Niagara Falls, etc)

 

11 April

1 REVISION 1-6 topics

2 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

+ PEOPLE AND NATURE + THE USA

10 APRIL

PEOPLE AND NATURE + THE USA

Use links and describe the pictures.

20_CARD_usa.pdf

24_usa_cities.pdf

01_CARD_environment(1).pdf

7 APRIL

PEOPLE AND NATURE YES!book 178-184 + below

The main ecological problems

• climate changes-global warming, e.g. the polar icecaps are melting, so sea levels around the world are rising and scientists predict that some seaside areas will disappear under the sea in the future
• weather-related disasters: floods, tsunami, earthquakes, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes...
• deforestation: destruction of/cutting down the tropical rainforests, especially in South and Central American countries like Brazil and Costa Rica
• pollution: air/soil/water pollution: the ozone hole, acid rain, greenhouse effect, chemicals and harmful emissions
• the disappearance of many animal and plant species;
• many plant and animal species are in danger (endangered) of extinction and have to be protected

          in  national parks, zoos, botanical gardens and game reserves.

THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY

What can you personally do to protect the environment?

• save water - have a shower rather than a bath; make sure that the water isn't left dripping
• save energy - switch off the light when leaving
• sort out waste - recycle glass; plastics: plastic bottles and plastic packaging; paper, metals;...
• bring your own bag or basket to the store
• leftover food (zvysky jedal) and vegetable and fruit peels (supky zo zeleniny a ovocia) should be recycled - composted if possible; compost kitchen garbage
• buy things that have less packaging and are recyclable
• not to buy products with phosphates (detergents, washing powder)
• not to use many fertilizers and pesticides in the garden
• throw your chewing gum in the waste bin, not in the street
• buy products CFCs free, e.g. deodorants without chlorofluorocarbons
• put litter only into litter bins
• not to be noisy in the woods, not to pick flowers and branches
• use public transport, ride a bike
• contact people who are "green", join them and help them with organising events aimed at protecting nature, e.g. plant trees, clean lakes and rivers

01_CARD_environment.pdf

11.THE_HUMAN_RACE_AND_NATURE.docx

12_PEOPLE_AND_NATURE.ppt

global warming - is caused by the greenhouse effect (the heat from the sun is trapped in the atmosphere and cannot escape back into space because of carbon dioxide and other gases) which is slowly making the earth warmer. As the temperature is rising, the icebergs at the North a nd South Poles are melting and the sea level is rising as well. Global warming may cause drought and flodds in some parts of the earth.

The hole in the ozone layer 

Ozone layer helps to protect the earth from the sun's ultraviolet radiation which can cause skin cancer and damage our skin. The hole is caused by chemical substances called CFCs  (chlorofluorocarbons) which are used in refrigerators, sprays and in the manufacturing of some plastic products.

Deforestation is a serious problem because rainforests produce a lot of oxygen we breathe and absorb carbon dioxide. Nowadays, the trees are cut down for wood or burned to clear the land for farming. Moreover, as many grow on poor soils, when they are cut down or burned, the soil is washed away (odplavená) in the tropical rains, so that the area may turn to desert. Many plant and animal species that live there could become extinct.

Pollution 

air pollution is mainly caused by large amounts of carbon dioxide and other waste gases which factories, power stations and motor vehicles pump into the air. To stop it we can use unleaded petrol or travel by public transport. Some poisonous gases mix with vapur in the atmosphere and then fall to the earth as acid rain, which damages trees and buildings and can kill fish in lakes and rivers.

soil pollution is mainly caused by pesticides and fertilizers used by farmers , chemical waste from factories, radioactive waste and chemicals from dumps/wastes

water pollution is caused mainly by factories producing industrial waste which can leak into underground water, by leaking the oil from oil tankers which leads to oil spills to occur and damage both animal and plant species because the oil is sticky and covers bodies of animals and birds and they cannot fly nor move. 

1. THE HUMAN RACE AND NATURE

a) seasons, weather

b) the wildlife around us – fauna (animals in the wild, at the ZOO, at home) and flora

c) the state of the environment (soil, water and air pollution, natural disasters)

d) environmental protection (national parks, protected regions, environmental education)

e) the influence of the environment on human life (agriculture, healthy nutrition, agrotourism, organic crops)

WEATHER (počasie) - The term weather describes the state/conditions (stav/podmienky) of the air (ovzdušia) at a particular (konkrétny) place and time (it is usually one place and one or more days) –it can be warm or cold, wet or dry, and cloudy or windy, snowy or rainy. The weather is all around us, all the time. It is an important part of our lives and one that we cannot control. Instead (namiesto toho) the weather often controls how and where we live, what we do, what we wear and what we eat. Someone who studies (skúma) the weather is called a meteorologist. Weather forecasts (predpovede počasia) are made by forecasters (“rosničky”) who you see on television.

 

CLIMATE (podnebie) - The climate is the long-term weather of a particular place (for example, more than 30 years). We learn about different climates around the world. Deserts have a hot and dry climate, tropical countries have hot and wet climate, and the Antarctic has a very cold and dry climate. The climate may include four seasons a year - spring, summer, autumn and winter - or as in tropical countries a wet and a dry season. Our climate depends on our position on the earth and our distance from the sun. Slovakia has a continental climate (vnútrozemské podnebie) with 4 seasons – sp11 Aprilring, summer, autumn and winter. Winters are normally cold and dry with temperatures below the zero. Summers are hot and humid (vlhké). It rains a lot in spring and autumn but not in summer. It is warmer in the south of Slovakia than in the mountains, where the temperatures (teploty) tend to be (majú tendenciu byť) cooler. Britain has a mild and rainy climate. In winter, cold eastern (východný) wind can bring a cold and continental type of weather. The maximum summer temperature is 27 degrees (27˚C), while winter temperature is rarely below -7˚C. It often rains in Britain. The driest months are from March to June. The coldest months are January and February. The warmest are July and August.

 

FAUNA – (čítaj fónə, zvieratstvo) includes all animals. Animals include mammals [ˈmæməl] (cicavce), reptiles [ˈreptaɪl] (plazy - snakes), birds, insect [ˈɪnsekt] (hmyz), spiders, fish and amphibians [æmˈfɪbɪən ] (obojživelníky – lizards and frogs). There are animals typical for certain areas and animals which live in many parts of the world. Kangaroo, dingo and koala bear are animals typical for Australia. Tiger is typical for India and panda for China. Elephants, zebras, hippos, camels and giraffes live in Africa. In America they have cheetahs, pumas, many kinds of parrots, hummingbirds (kolibríky). Penguins live at the South Pole and polar bears live near and at the North Pole. Arctic animals also include polar fox, wolf, whale, walrus (mrož) and seal (tuleň). These are called endemic animal species (endemické živočíšne druhy), they are rare (zriedkavé, vzácne) animals which live only in a certain area or country, usually they are protected (zvyčajne sú chránené) by law. In Slovakia we have Tatra chamois [šamwa] (kamzík tatranský), marmot [mámət] (svišť) and Eurasian lynx [juəˈreišən links] (rys ostrovid). Some animals live in the wild (voľnej prírode) and they are called wild animals (bear, wild-boar (diviak), fox (líška), wolf, wild cat, hare (zajac), owl (sova), eagle (orol), falcon (sokol), bat (netopier), deer (srnec).

Domestic animals – mainly in villages people breed/raise animals such as horses, cows, goats, sheep, poultry (hydina) – chickens, hens, cocks, turkeys, ducks, and geese.

Pets – a lot of people have pets. These include dogs, cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, snakes, spiders, rats and mice.

 

FLORA – (čítaj flórə, rastlinstvo) includes all plants (rastliny), flowers, bushes (kríky) and evergreen and green trees. Some grow in the woods such as oak (dub), beech (buk), li11 Aprilnden (lipa), maple (javor), birch (breza) and evergreen trees such as spruce (smrek), fir (jedlička) and pine (borovica). Some people grow fruit trees in their orchards (sadoch) and gardens for example apple trees, cherry, walnut, pear, plum, apricot, peach and plants such as potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, watermelons, lettuce, strawberries, blackberries, cranberries, carrots, cauliflowers and others. In the fields people plant crops (obilie – wheat-pšenica, oat-ovos, rye-raž, and barley-jačmeň) and sunflowers, sugar root and corn (kukuricu). Some fruit and vegetables we import, for example bananas, pine-apples, oranges, mandarins/tangerines, mango, kiwi and many others.

Nowadays, the existence of some plants and animals is in danger. The Red List of Threatened Species (zoznam ohrozených druhov) created in 1963 is a list of species that are in danger and gives precise (presné) criteria to evaluate (na hodnotenie) the extinction risk (riziko vyhynutia). There are many world-wide organizations for example World Wildlife Fund that try to protect endangered (ohrozené) animals and plants. A lot of animals do not live in the wild, they live only in ZOOs. In the ZOO we can find animals that do not normally live in our country or are protected and endangered, there are cages (klietky) with monkeys, parrots, flamingos (plameniaky), chamoises (kamzíky), linxes (rysmi), lions, tigers, crocodiles, turtles, spiders and many other. In our ZOO, there is also a DINO PARK where visitors can see dinosaurs made of plastic and rubber and listen to the sounds they make.  

The ENVIRONMENT [ɪnˈvairənmənt] (životné prostredie) means the surroundings (prostredie, okolie) in which people, animals and plants grow and exist. The branch (vedný odbor) of biology that studies the relationships between animals, plants and humans (ľuďmi) and their environment is called ECOLOGY.

In the past people were close to the nature. People did not destroy nature, they used only what they needed. They lived in caves, cut wood (drevo) and grew (pestovali) plants. They hunted and killed animas to feed their families, picked wild berries (zbierali divo rastúce bobule) and used things they found in the nature. Later they became (stali sa) farmers and raised/bred (chovali) domestic animals. They started storing food and sell it. Population started to grow. They needed more and more clear land to plant crops (na pestovanie obilia), to build more houses, to build factories to produce more goods (tovaru) and to build power stations (elektrárne) to produce more electricity. Since the Industrial Revolution people have started damaging and destroying nature. The Earth’s atmosphere and the environment have changed. Today, the world is overcrowded (there are over 6 billion inhabitants in the world).

There are three basic elements we need for our life: AIR (vzduch), WATER and SOIL (pôda). Now, at the beginning of the 21^st century, we are facing (čelíme) various ecological problems. The air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil we plant our foods in are all polluted (air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution). Many plant and animal species have become extinct and have disappeared. We are facing the destruction of ecosystems, sudden (náhle) changes in weather, acid rain (kyslý dážď), the global warming, the destruction of tropical rain forests and the hole in the ozone layer (diera v ozónovej vrstve). We produce a large number of dangerous chemicals (chemikálií) that endanger (ohrozujú) all life. We produce huge (obrovské) amounts (množstvá) of CARBON DIOXIDE (kysličník uhličitý – CO₂). Freon used in refrigeration and plastics technologies destroys the ozone layer (ozónovú vrstvu) which surrounds (obklopuje) and protect our planed from the dangerous sunrays/sunbeams (slnečnými lúčmi). The ultraviolet radiation (UV) of the sun can cause skin cancer. Acid rain is caused by (zapríčinený) chemical SO₂ (sulphur dioxide) from factories and exhaust fumes (výfukových plynov) which is mixed in the air with water from clouds and creates H₂SO₃ (sulphurous acid). It is dangerous and poisonous because it is an acid and it damages buildings, kills trees and pollutes the soil.

All pollution is caused by chemicals which get into our water, soil and air. These chemicals are not just from factories but from products we use daily (denne), things such as laundry detergents/washing powders (pracie prášky), used to wash our clothes and pesticides and fertilizers (hnojivá) used to grow our food. The cars we use every day produce exhaust fumes which pollute our air, and the waste (odpad) and rubbish (smetie), for example packaging (obaly), paper, old bottles, plastic bottles and cans, we produce is either (buď) buried (zakopaný), polluting the soil, or (alebo) burned (spálený), polluting the air. All these chemicals get into the atmosphere or leak (preniknú, presiaknu) into the soil and pollute our water.

NATURAL CATASTROPHES. Nowadays, people are facing various problems connected with weather. There are more weather –related disasters (pohromy) like tornadoes, floods (záplavy) and droughts (suchá). The temperature of our planet is rising (stúpa) and we talk about GLOBAL WARMING. The icebergs (ľadovce) are melting (topia) so the sea level (hladina mora) is rising and scientists predict that some seaside areas will disappear under the sea in the future. Earthquakes (zemetrasenia) are more frequent (častejšie). Many animal and plant species have nearly become extinct and have to be protected in national parks, zoos, and botanical gardens. In recent years, many environmental organisations have been found, some of them on international basis, such as Greenpeace. These organizations show the most serious ecological problems and do campaigns and warn people against possible consequences (varujú ľudí pred možnými následkami). They protest against nuclear power stations, against forest clearings (klčovanie lesa), building factories in the heart of nature. Many of their activities have been successful and they made governments (vlády) pass (prinútili vlády prijať) several laws to protect the environment, e.g. the use of pesticide called DDT was banned (zakázané) by law in many countries and many countries have agreed to stop Freon and other chemicals which destroy our ozone layer. Nowadays we try to protect environment in many ways. There are special bottle tanks, containers for plastic and paper waste which can be recycled and new products can be made out of it. More and more environmentally friendly products are being produced, we fill our cars with unleaded (bezolovnatý) petrol and some of them have electromotor or use gas or biofuel (biologické palivá). Special farms grow bio- vegetables and fruit (without using pesticides and chemical fertilizers) and produce bio-products. We can find them in special departments (oddeleniach) in stores or in specialized shops.

Children learn about ecology and environment at school in special subject called ECOLOGY. They learn how to protect our environment, learn about possible ways of helping the mankind to survive. They learn about three basic factors to be environmentally friendly: Reduce – Reuse – Recycle (zmenšiť – znovu použiť – recyklovať).

Questions:

2. Explain what it means “Reduce – reuse – recycle”. Give examples.
3. What is climate? What is weather?
4. Compare the climate in Slovakia and Britain.
5. What is the Red list of Threatened Species?
6. Name 5 birds, animals, plants, flowers, and fish that are typical for Slovakia.
7. Name 5 fish species and 5 other animals that live in oceans?
8. What endemic animals do we have here in Slovakia?
9. What is an amphibian?
10. What is ecology? What is environment?
11. How can you describe rainy weather?
12. Which are the most serious ecological problems today?
13. What causes the air pollution?
14. What is acid rain caused by?
15. Explain the term Global warming.
16. How can you protect your environment? Give at least 5 examples.
17. Name at least 5 natural catastrophes that have happened in the past 10 years. When did they happen? Explain what happened and what consequences each of the catastrophes had. 

28-31 March

TWO-MINUTE TALKS + CLOTHES AND FASION

+ VOCABULARY YES!BOOK page 177 + 181-182

CLOTHES AND FASHION

Please learn Fashion from your YES books and get ready to talk about the following topics

• How to take care of your clothes (what to do when your clothes get dirty - step by step)
• your attitude towards fashion (your preferences, items you like wearing, what clothes you are wearing today)
• How to get an item of latest fashion (buying clothes - hand out sheet)
• weather and climate and their influence on what people wear
• ready-made clothes (konfekčné oblečenie) vs tailored clothes (zákazkové šitie) - advantages,disadvantages, why people go to tailors
• materials clothes are made of, patterns, colours
• uniformity vs variability, dress code (workplaces, theatre, restaurant
• casual vs smart clothes
• explain the saying Clothes make a man
• what do your clothes reveal about you (in general)

 

you might find the following links helpful

PPT presentation with a mind map Fashion: 19_FASHION.ppt​

final exam topic Fashion21.fashion.docx

handout shopping.fashion.vocab.pdf

21. Clothing, Fashion

a)       The influence of weather and climate on what people wear

b)       Clothes and accessories for various occasions

c)        How people decide what to wear (fashion, age, mood/atmosphere, possibilities) care of clothes

d)       Fashion trends – clothes, designers, fashion shows

e)       Fine feathers make fine birds/clothes make the man, made-to-measure/tailor-made clothing/tailored clothing or mass-producing clothing (in the clothes shop, at the tailor’s/dressmaker’s , krajčír/krajčírka=tailor/dressmaker)

FASHION – is the style of dress or behaviour (správanie) that is common (spoločné, bežné) or popular at a certain time.

Many people, mostly women, are interested in fashion. New styles, materials, shapes (tvary) and patterns (vzory) appear (sa objavujú), last (trvajú) for a certain time, disappear (miznú) and later (neskôr) come back a little bit changed. Many young people are fashion-conscious (uvedomujúci si) and try to follow the latest trends in fashion, watching fashion shows and reading fashion magazines.

                Fashion styles change quite (dosť) often. In 1960s women started to shorten their skirts and mini-skirts were popular for a long period. Narrow (úzke) trousers were replaced by wide trousers and flat (ploché, rovné) shoes by high-heeled shoes (platforms). But pumps (lodičky) and office shoes are still “in”. Nowadays girls like to wear balerinas shoes, pumps, in summer flip-flops and sandals. Later women realized (uvedomili si) that longer skirts are more practical and narrow trousers are sexier. But wide trousers have made a comeback and are fashionable (módne) again.

                The materials used are important and each fabric (každá látka) has its own special qualities. Almost everything our grandparents used to wear was made of canvas (plátno), then cotton, but later those textiles were replaced by synthetic fibres (vlákna). People return to cotton for its natural qualities, while silk (hodvábne) blouses and shirts are appropriate for special occasions (príležitosti). T-shirts used to all be 100% cotton, but today many include spandex.

                A person’s choice (voľba, výber) of suitable (vhodný) clothing is also influenced by climate and weather. In colder countries, people prefer to wear clothes which protect their body from the cold. They usually wear fur coats, boots and fur caps (anoraks, scarves, gloves, thick coats) in winter. In hot countries, people put on light (ľahké) clothes, use materials which allow sweat (pot) to evaporate (vyparovať sa) and cool their bodies, straw hats (slamené klobúky) protect their heads against the sun’s rays (lúče).

                Casual clothes (bežné oblečenie) are worn for everyday purposes (účely). People working in banks and offices are usually more dressed up (viac vyfintení): men in suits, shirts in different colours, ties and suitable shoes, mostly black or brown leather. Women wear suits too, fashionable tops or blouses, various accessories (doplnky – necklace, earrings, bracelet) and leather shoes. For special occasions (balls, special dinners, theatre performance), we usually put on something more formal: long dresses or gowns (róba) for the ladies and tuxedos (Am; smoking), dinner jackets (Br), bow-ties (motýliky) and patent leather shoes for the men. Official ceremonies require that people wear gowns or robes, long loose (voľné) usually black outer garments (odev) worn by judges, lawyers and members of universities.

                Most people prefer buying clothes in shops because if they suit them and fit, they just pay and leave. Some women like clothes made by dressmakers or they make them themselves. If men need suits or coats, they ask tailors to make these outer garments for them.

                Coats and other clothing made of fur (vyrobené z kožušiny) are very expensive, and in the past people wore furs to show that they were rich. In many countries today, however, many people think that it is cruel to kill animals for their fur and choose to wear fake fur (imitáciu kožužiny) instead.

                Colours play an important role in fashion. White is a typical colour for babies to wear when they are christened (krstené) and brides dress in white for church weddings because white represents purity (čistotu) and virginity (panenskosť). In some old stories and films, especially westerns, the good guy always wears white and the bad guy wears black. A baby’s sex is sometimes distinguished (odlíšený) by colours: little girls are dressed in pink and red, while little boys are in blue or light-green. Today, people like to have a free choice. Some colours suit some people more than others so people can be classified by the colours they wear “cold” and “warm” while cold types prefer darker colours (grey, navy blue, grey-blue, black, etc.) brighter colours are suitable for warm types (spring and autumn types: beige, cream white, light-blue, brown, etc.) some people choose colours according to their current mood. When they are happy, the colours are bright (jasné) and light (svetlé), but when they are sad or bad-tempered (v zlej nálade), the colours are dark.

How does weather and climate influence fashion? How would you dress for a theatre performance/school/wedding?

How do you care of your clothes? (dry cleaner, label, ironing, washing at cold temperature, not bleaching..)

What fashion designers/fashion shows do you know? Do you think they influence the way people dress?

Give pros and cons of machine-made and tailor/dressmaker-made clothes, compare them.

What do you know about history of jeans? What do people communicate by the clothes they wear? How has fashion changed in the last few years? What kind of clothing is always appropriate and stylish?

 

 

 

 

Human race and nature! learn the topic from your yes books and the papers!

talk about

climate and weather (definitions), climate and weather in Slovakia, 4 seaons

ecology, environment

natural catastrophes and disasters

fauna and flora (the red list of engangered species, YOOs, wild animals, domestic animals, pets)

pollution, its kinds, causes and consequences

Human race and nature! learn the topic from your yes books and the papers!

talk about

climate and weather (definitions), climate and weather in Slovakia, 4 seaons

ecology, environment

natural catastrophes and disasters

fauna and flora (the red list of engangered species, YOOs, wild animals, domestic animals, pets)

pollution, its kinds, causes and consequences

 

On Thursday 16th March We´ll finish making a presentation

Please, pick one English-speaking country, no matter which one (Great Britain, The Republic of Ireland, The United States of America, Canada or Australia/New Zealand) and prepare a short talk about places of interest worth visiting. You have an unlimited choice of the sights/places but there has to be at least 10 of them in your speech. Not only you name them, you should locate them within the area of the country and say what is there to see and why the place is worth visiting!!! You are going to present the places in a week time on Thursday 16th March. Get ready to speak without the paper. Of course, you can pick a city e.g. London or N.Y. and give a lecture just about the city.

I am looking forward to listening to your presentations! In case you have  pics of the places, bring them in or have them on your usb key!

CHRISTIÁN Okrem prezentácie si zopakujte tieto témy na ústne preskúšanie: Slovakia, Bratislava; Human Relationships: What does friendship mean for you?Try to charactise your best friend; Parts of CV; Talk about your dream job.

TOWNS AND PLACES

pls, find PPT presentation 22_TOWNS_AND_PLACES.ppt

pls, find the topic 20.Towns_and_places.docx

watch a beautiful tourist guide video of Bratislava sightseeing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVbVsb6qk9I

London landmarks in two minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2WQBD6nNY4

New York for those who understand https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtCMtC50gwY for beginners https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vA3OuEd4e1c&list=PLOxcUBMFYBFDQnNpH30RoorJc0-mdFs_a&index=5

and Washington DC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQuxghYEYYU for beginners https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6cQYaTw2PY

 

ORAL PERFORMANCES AND TEST

WEDNESDAY 15th February

LEARN YES!book 2 -  topics 18 and 20

MY FREE-TIME ACTIVITIES (250-300 words)

1 Introduction- What influences the way people spend their free time?

2 Differences in how young people and adults spend their leisure time. (Individual interests, e.g.collecting various objects or organised activities, e.g. playing football in a league)

free time spent passively at home- watching TV, reading the newspaper or a magazine, playing computer games, surfing the Net or just chatting, relaxing in comfortable armchairs, knitting, sewing;

consuming way of life- shopping, hanging out;

active hobbies- gardening, DIY, sports, cultural activities, keeping pets/dogs and getting out several times a day to take their four-legged friend on his daily walks; creative hobbies, e.g. playing a musical instrument, drawing, programming;

socializing- fitness classes,  night out a week (joining friends for a drink in a pub, dinning out in a restaurant),  dancing the night away at happening club, playing darts or pool, collective sports

3 Describe your hobbies in the past and now. Compare. Has anything changed? Why? Why not?

4 What would you recommend someone do for fun, keepin fit, for education.

Read the text below and let yourself inspire. Use linking words and time expressions.

      For me, a nice weekend means freedom, fun and relaxation. Unfortunately, it always passes too quickly and everyday life, full of duties and responsibilities, starts again too soon.

     On Friday afternoon, when I come home and throw my schoolbag in the corner, my long-dreamed of weekend begins. Of course, I cannot always enjoy it, because I have to do something for school, like write some papers, do some projects or prepare for a test. I will sit for my school-leaving examination soon, so I have to study a lot.

      On Friday and Saturday evenings, I often go out with my friends. We usually go to discos, parties or drink something in one of the nearby restaurants or bars. When we don't feel like going downtown, we make a comfortable video-evening at someone's home and talk about different things. What I like most is going out with my friends. But that's not always possible because I have to go to see my relatives or celebrate their anniversaries or birthdays. I do enjoy seeing family, even though I can't go out then, because my parents are often busy and don't get to see them very often. I like to go to concerts, too, or to open-air festivals where we join the singers and the atmosphere is awesome.

      The weekend is a good time to invest in my hobbies. When possible, I go skiing in winter, and hiking in the mountains or swimming in the lake in summer. In autumn, our soccer club season begins. I haven't got any free time to do other things on Saturday, because of my soccer games.

      Every other  weekend, I work in a restaurant to earn extra money. Then I can buy what I want and do not have to bother my parents for extra cash. I am not happy about getting up early at the weekend because I love sleeping in the morning. If I can sleep longer, it's more fun staying out later.

      It's a pity that it's not always a weekend. But in our society, education and work are priorities. On the other hand, I can have a lot of fun during the week, too, even at school.

18.Hobbies.docx

18. Hobbies, leisure time and lifestyles

1. What is leisure time?

2. How do most young people in Slovakia spend their leisure time?

3. How can the people spend their leisure time at home?

4. Give the names of some traditional hobbies.

5. Why do you think the keeping of pets is an interesting hobby?

6. Explain the slogan „An Englishman’s home is his castle“.

7. Name some creative hobbies.

8. Which hobby do you practise to develop your talent for arts?

9. What are typical teenage hobbies?

10. Which hobbies can be dangerous?

 

Free time after work or study is called leisure time (voľný čas). It is the time for fun and entertainment (zábavu), such as watching TV or going out (ísť von zabaviť sa). Many people spend (tráviť) their leisure time practising (vykonávaním) their hobbies. There are many types of hobbies. One of the traditional hobbies is the COLLECTING of objects (predmetov) – stamps, postcards, badges (odznakov), flags, coins (mincí), model cars or ships... Collecting can become a lifelong (celoživotné) hobby for many people. It is an international hobby too. There are collector’s clubs all over the world. They often meet to exchange (vymieňať si) the things they collect. However, this hobby is gradually (postupne) becoming old‑fashioned (staromódnym).

Teenagers have their own special leisure interests which form part of their youth culture. These include playing team sports, dancing at a favourite disco, going to parties, cinema or joining some clubs. They like to spend their leisure time actively in groups, in good company (v dobrej spoločnosti). Those who prefer staying at home usually WATCH DVDs, LISTEN TO MUSIC, BROWSE THE INTERNET or CHAT (rozprávajú sa) on the Internet. Typical teenage sports are roller‑skating and skateboarding. Skateboard parks have opened up in big cities for the safe enjoyment (potešenie) of this hobby. Slovak skate‑boarders, roller skaters (korčuliari na kolieskových korčuliach) and cyclists often complain about (stažujú sa, že) not having enough (dosť) places to practise their hobbies, although (hoci) in the last few years new cycle paths (cyklistické chodníky) have been built. Many children and young people join different clubs where they practise their hobbies. The most popular are football, tennis, dance or horse riding clubs.

Sometimes, it is not their choice (voľba) but the choice of their parents, who want them to have interesting hobbies. Some parents want their children to play an instrument or do some sports because they think it will prevent (zabráni im to) them from taking drugs or drinking alcohol. Others failed (zlyhali, neboli úspešní) to become musicians or sportsmen themselves, so they want their children to achieve (dosiahnuť) these aims (ciele).

Older people prefer gardening, fishing, reading, going to the theatre, concerts or art exhibitions (umelecké výstavy). Retired (dôchodci) people in Slovakia are quite traditional and prefer staying at home and do not travel as much as Americans.

A lot of people, both children and adults, KEEP A PET – a dog, a cat, a gold fish, a hamster, a canary, a parrot, a guinea pig (morča) or other exotic animals. To care for (starať sa) a pet requires (si vyžaduje) a good knowledge (znalosti) of its habits (zvykov) and behaviour (správania). The British love animals and many families have a pet, usually a cat or a dog which becomes part of the family. In Slovakia dogs and cats are also popular. However, it is still not easy to find a hotel where you can stay with a dog.

Many British people also love GARDENING. It is still one of the most popular hobbies. They prefer living in small houses rather than flats. The slogan “An Englishman’s home is his castle” is true for many British people. Do-it-yourself or just DIY, doing practical jobs around the house, has become a very popular hobby. People like to redecorate (vymaľovať) their houses or to repair (opravovať) pieces of furniture (nábytok) and household appliances (domáce spotrebiče). There are people who like to repair their cars by themselves, others do some cookery (cooking) (varenie) etc. In Britain a large number of books are published every year giving step-by-step instructions on how to make or repair things. We can say that Slovaks also like gardening and they do jobs around the house themselves. However, we do not have as many evening classes (večerné kurzy) that are organised for those who want to learn the basics (základy) of these activities as they have in Britain.

Many people have creative hobbies, such as acting (hranie), choir singing (spievanie v zbore), folk dancing and playing pop-music in amateur groups. Photography, painting and drawing are also popular hobbies. There are many opportunities (príležitostí, možností) for people to develop (rozvíjať) their talents in these areas.

At present, more and more people of all ages are concerned with (zaoberajú sa) their health (zdravie) and spend some of their leisure time doing exercises to keep fit. For this reason (z tohto dôvodu) many sports and games are practised as hobbies. Running, jogging, hiking (turistika), cycling, playing golf or tennis are enjoyed by many people all over the world. A lot of people spend their weekends outdoors camping. For those who prefer physical exercises indoors, there are bodybuilding and fitness centres. People do sports because they want to keep fit, lose weight, for their own enjoyment, relax, have a perfect figure, and live a healthy lifestyle and to be with other people. These activities help people stay healthy and fit. This can also be achieved (môže byť dosiahnuté) by walking, jogging, swimming, and doing aerobics, which are also useful (užitočné) effective (účinné) and very popular ways of spending leisure time.

Finally, there is a group of exclusive sports which are practised as hobbies by a limited number (obmedzeným počtom) of people such as hot-air ballooning, skydiving (parašutizmus), hang-gliding (lietanie na rogale), scuba diving (ponáranie s kyslíkovou bombou).

In winter many people go skiing and snow-boarding. Snowboarding combines sever sports – skiing, surfing and skate-boarding. It is becoming increasingly popular in our country.

Some people like expensive sports that are not so common in our country and some cannot be practised here so they often travel abroad to practise them, e.g. playing golf, yachting, and scuba-diving.

Hobbies are connected to lifestyles. Some people like to be on their own and learn new things by reading books or participating (zúčastňovaním sa) at cultural events. (kultúrne udalosti). Others enjoy company and often go out or do collective sports. It is important to choose hobbies that fit (sedia) our character and complement (dopĺňajú) our work or study. We do them because we need to relax and want to have a good time. But nowadays there are more and more workaholics who gave up (vzdali sa) their hobbies to be able to work all the time. Psycholologists consider (považujú) this to be a very negative phenomenon (fenomén).

Frázy:

I am keen on sport, I am interested in football, I am fond of skiing – zaujímam sa, mám rád, niečo rád robím, sledujem

I like watching films

Films (movies) – sci-fi, horrors, romantic, thrillers, adventurous (dobrodružné); cinema, I like going to cinema, films of American production, subtitles (titulky), dubbed films (dabované filmy), 2D, 3D (three-dimensional films), Palace Cinemas

TV programmes – weather forecast, news, talk shows, sit-coms, soap operas, documentaries, TV series

To browse the Internet – prezerať si stránky na internete, surfovať po nete

To chat on the Internet – rozprávať sa prostredníctvom sociálnych sietí

Art exhibitions – galleries, museums, Fine Arts (výtvarné umenie), my favourite painter, sculptor, photographer is

Cultural events (kultúrne podujatia) – rock concert, folk festivals (folklórne festivaly), theatre performance, ballet, opera, musical, drama, puppet show (divadelná hra v bábkovom divadle)

Galleries – Slovak National Gallery, City of Bratislava Gallery, Danubiana in Čuňovo

Museums – Slovak National Museum, Bratislava City Museum – Old Town Hall (Stará radnica), Museum of arms (zbraní) in St. Michael’s Tower, Bratislava Castle, Arts and Crafts (múzeum remesiel), Devín Castle, Museums of pharmaceuticals

Theatres – Slovak National Theatre, The New Scene Theatre, The Small Scene Theatre, The Arena Theatre, The Hviezdoslav Theatre – now Bratislava Municipal Theatre, theatre-goer, drama, tragedy, comedy, farce, musical, opera, ballet

Music – rock music, chamber music (komorná), folk music, pop music

 

 

1 SLOVAKIA + BRATISLAVA + YOUR PRESENTATIONS, Human Relationships, Multicultural Society + JOBS (withou Labour Market)

2 Write and e-mail me your CV today / Deadline is over

https://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/editors/en/cv/compose

Give a presentation to a group of exchange students about Slovakia. Július Vám dal na net predlohu. Keep the layout and extend the content.

Každý bude prezentovať Slovensko spamäti, bez čítania zo zošita alebo súboru.

Všetky TASKS pri téme SLOVAKIA sú vypracované, skontrolované v kľúči a informácie použité v obsiahlej 10 minútovej presentácii.

TOPIC SLOVAKIA + BRATISLAVA below

 

25. SLOVAKIA – MY HOMELAND

 

You are studying at Cambridge University. Every month you and your co-students organize a party where one country is being introduced. Today it is your turn. Your task is to introduce your country and people, tell something about Slovak stereotypes, customs and traditions. Explain why Slovakia deserves (zasluhuje si) an important place in the European Union. Your speech should take 5 minutes.

 

1. The country and its inhabitants
2. The place I would like to visit
3. Uniqueness, customs, traditions and conventions
4. Stereotypes and prejudices
5. The place of Slovakia in united Europe

Slovakia - the official name of which is the Slovak Republic – has an area of about 50 000 km2. The Slovak Republic is an independent state situated in Central Europe. It is bordered (je ohraničená/( It borders on Hungary in the south)) in the west by the Czech Republic, in the north by Poland, in the south by Hungary and Austria. The borders (hranice) are mostly natural (prirodzené), made by rivers (the Moravia, the Danube) and mountains (the Carpathians, the High Tatras). Slovakia has a population (obyvateľstvo) of 5,5 (five and a half) million inhabitants (obyvateľov). The most of inhabitants is of Slovak nationality but there are also ethnic minorities (etnické menšiny), from which the most numerous is the Hungarian nationality living mostly in the southern part of Slovakia. There live people of Ruthenian, Ukrainian, German and Polish nationalities, and 1.7 % of inhabitants are of Romany nationality. An official language is the Slovak language, but also languages of minorities: Hungarian, Polish, Ruthenian languages, and for a part of German nationality also German language are spoken in Slovakia.

 Climate in Slovakia is continental (vnútrozemské) and mild (mierne) with mild summer and winter temperatures, snow and rain, sun and wind. Spring, summer, autumn and winter are four seasons of the year typical for Slovakia climate, each lasting for three months.

Slovakia is often called “country in the heart of Europe”. Tourists who visit our country can admire (obdivovať) one of the most spectacular scenery (veľkolepú scenériu) in Europe, old towns and cities, fairytale castles, caves and spa resorts (kúpele). Remarkable historical development (pozoruhodný historický vývoj), beautiful scenery and hospitable (pohostinní) people make Slovakia an attractive tourist destination.

                Slovakia is attractive for foreign visitors (zahraničných návštevníkov) also because of its history. The visitors like to learn about the history of the Great Moravian Empire or the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy. They also like to learn about its recent history (súčasné dejiny), especially (obzvlášť) about the Slovak National Uprising or the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. They are also interested in the events such as Velvet Revolution of November 1989.

                There are many interesting places to visit in Slovakia. There are several national parks and protected regions (chránené oblasti), such as the High Tatras – the highest mountains of the country; the Low Tatras, the Little Fatras, the Great Fatras, Slovak Paradise and others. The High Tatras are situated in the north of Slovakia and create the natural border (hranica) between Slovakia and Poland. The highest peak (štít), Gerlach peak, is situated in the middle of the mountain range (pohorie) and is visible from far and wide. The eastern part of the High Tatras is dominated by the peak Lomnický štít and the western part by the peak Kriváň. The High Tatras are famous for their numerous (početný) valleys (údolia) and mountain lakes (plesá). The most frequently visited lake is Štrbské pleso. It owes (vďačí) its popularity not only to the wonderful views of the surrounding (okolitých) mountain peaks but also to an excellent climate (vynikajúce podnebie). Tourists who are interested in older architecture can visit Starý Smokovec, one of the oldest settlements (osídlenie) of the High Tatras. Together with the neighbouring (susediaci) Nový Smokovec and Horný Smokovec, they are parts of the town Vysoké Tatry. The High Tatras area (oblasť) attracts many tourists throughout the year (po celý rok). The High Tatras National Park is the largest national park in Slovakia.

                Slovak Paradise is a romantic and picturesque (malebný) region located in the northeast. There are numerous rock windows, caves (jaskyne), roaring (hučiace) waterfalls (vodopády) but also vast plains (rozľahlé planiny) with fascinating views of the area. Dobšinská ľadová jaskyňa, located in the western part of this valley, is the oldest ice cave in Europe. It is one of the most attractive places in Slovak Paradise.

                Other places attractive for tourists include the Spiš Castle, the largest medieval (stredoveský) castle in Central Europe and Vlkolínec, a mountain village known for its typical architecture. Both of them have been included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List (svetový zoznam kultúrneho dedičstva). The most visited towns are Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, Banská Bystrica, Banská Štiavnica, both in the central Slovakia and Košice in the east. Many domestic and foreign tourists say that the infrastructure and the services in Slovakia are still not very developed (stale nie sú veľmi rozvinuté).

                Slovaks are proud of their folklore tradition which is well-developed. In every region, there exist many folklore groups. Various traditions connected to Easter (boys whip girls with willow whips and pour water over them) or Christmas (kids go from house to house and sing Christmas carols) are still kept, especially in the villages. There are many typical Slovak restaurants serving traditional Slovak cuisine (slovenská kuchyňa – jedlá). The most typical food is bryndzové halušky (potato dumplings with sheep cheese), lokše (potato pancakes) and cabbage soup (kapustnica).

                Since the 1st May 2004 the Slovak Republic is a member of the European Union, and since the 21st December 2007 is a member of Schengen area, and since the 1st January 2009 is a part of the European Monetary Union and its currency is euro (€).The Slovak language became one of the official languages of the European Union. This membership (členstvo) has influenced the political and economical life of the country. Many Slovak companies and institutions participate in various EU funded projects (projekty dotované EU) concerning (týkajúce sa) environment (životného prostredia), regional development, education, trade and other areas. Many Slovak students get involved (sa zapájajú) in exchange (výmenných) programmes and study abroad (v zahraničí). In spite of the fact (napriek faktu) that several EU countries have imposed (uvalilo) job entry restrictions (obmedzenia na vstrup na trh práce) on Slovaks, a lot of doctors, programmers, engineers, researchers and others have decided to work abroad.

                Slovak are said to be (o Slovakoch sa hovorí, že sú) hospitable, hard-working and willing to help others. However, other nations often say that Slovaks underestimate (podceňujú) themselves. Foreigners (cudzinci), on the other hand (na druhej strane), appreciate (oceňujú) the close relationships Slovaks have within (v rámci) their families. Slovak parents help their children a lot even when (i keď) they grow up. In the past (v minulosti) it was common (bolo bežné) that the children lived together with their parents even (dokonca) after they grew up (vyrástli, dospeli) and had their own jobs. This often had a financial reason. These days, more and more young couples prefer living  alone rather than (než by) remaining (zostať) in the home of their parents. A lot of them decide (rozhodnúť sa) to take a mortgage (vziať si hypotéku) from a bank to buy a flat or a house. They pay it back in monthly payments (v mesačných splátkach). Slovaks are also known (sú známi) for being patriots (tým, že sú vlastenci), which means they have a positive attitude (kladný postoj) to their country. In spite of that there have been several waves of emigration (niekoľko emigračných vĺn) throughout the history of Slovakia and many Slovaks live and work abroad (v zahraničí).

Slovak stereotypes

A lot of foreign visitors experience a culture shock when they visit Slovakia, because we have different culture, way of life and attitudes (postoje).

• Clothes – are very important especially for young people and those who live in big cities. People pay attention to what they wear and you are expected to be neatly (upravene), fashionably (módne) and well-dressed, and have polished and clean shoes.
• When you enter a flat you are expected to take off your shoes and leave them outside or at the door.
• It is considered polite to bring some flowers for a lady and some wine for a man. Always give an odd (nepárny) number of flowers. Before you give them to a woman, take them out of the paper. 
• Men should go first when entering the bar in case there is a fight. You have to protect a woman.
• When you are offered a drink, you are expected to clink glasses and to make an eye contact. And I have to say that Slovaks are quite passionate drinkers. They also smoke a lot.
• Drivers are impatient and do not respect speed limits. They usually drive above (nad) speed limit (50 km/h) in a village or town.
• Most people live in towns and big cities; they live in blocks of flats (panelákoch) in housing estates (na sídliskách). In the past people used to build big houses but they don’t do that anymore. Young people are moving to towns and buy or rent (prenajímať si) small flats or go abroad to find a better-paid job.
• Slovaks like eating fatty food such as salami, sausages, bacon, fast-food and pizza. Men don’t care about their weight and clothes. Slovaks don’t eat much fruit and they like sweet meals and our national cuisine.
• Slovaks greet themselves by shaking hands, they often hug and kiss.

 

Prejudices – predsudky

• Slovaks are said to be hospitable, friendly, open and hard-working. But they underestimate themselves. They often think they are poor and do not have enough skills and knowledge get their dream job.
• We often blame (viníme) Romani people for our economic situation, but the truth is that we are not able to get on with them and accept their way of life and we envy them their freedom.
• Slovaks who do not speak Hungarian language often say that Hungarians do not want to learn Slovak language and they refuse (odmietnuť) to accept the rights of this nationality. The truth is that we are afraid to speak any foreign languages and therefore we have problems to find a well-paid job.

 

Slovakia – places of interest

Bratislava – the capital of Slovakia

• it is the largest town in Slovakia with about 5OO OOO inhabitants
• It´s situated on the banks of the River Danube, in the heart of Europe, on borders of three countries- Slovakia, Austria and Hungary. It also lies (leží tiež) at the foothills (na úpätí) of the Little Carpathian Mountains.
• It is the seat (sídlo) of the president, government (vlády), parliament and many other institutions. A lot of international companies have their offices in Bratislava.
• It consists of (skladá sa z) 5 parts, the oldest part is called The Old Town. There are many museums, churches (kostoly), palaces and beautiful buildings
• It is an ancient (starobylé) city, the first settlement (osídlenie) dates back (pochádza) to the Stone Age.
• St. Martin’s Cathedral is built in gothic style. It is situated in the historical city centre below (pod) Bratislava castle. It is one of the oldest churches in Bratislava and it is the largest one. In the past it was a coronation (korunovačný) church of Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy. 11 kings and 8 queens were crowned (boli korunovaní) here including Maria-Teresa of Austria. At the top of its tower (na vrchu veže) there is a huge gold Crown of St. Stephen. It weights 150 kg. There is a coronation festival called Korunovačné slávnosti held since (konané od roku) 2003 which simulates coronation of one of the king. You can follow the steps of kings and queens and walk along the coronation path.
• Bratislava Castle is situated on the Castle hill (hradnom vrchu). Originally it was built of stone, then rebuilt to a palace but at the beginning of 19^th century it was destroyed by fire. It was renovated in the 20^th century and today it houses (je domovom) historical exhibitions (výstav) of early settlements of The Slovak national museum. The Medieval Hall of Knights (stredoveká rytierska sála) is used for various ceremonies, artistic (umelecké) and scientific (vedecké) expositions (výstavy).
• Old Town Hall (stará radnica) is situated on the Main Square. The oldest part – the tower – is the original house of Mayor Jakub. It was built at a time when the city was not yet protected by massive stone fortifications (hradby), ruins of which we can see renovated today. It houses exhibition of the Bratislava City Museum.
• Michael’s Gate – is the only preserved gate of medieval (stredoveký) city fortification. There is a statue of St. Michael placed on the top of 51-metre high tower. At present, the tower houses exhibition of the Museum of Weapons. It also offers a very nice view of the old city.
• Academia Istropolitana – the first and the oldest university in Slovakia was founded (bola založená) by Mathias Corvinus in the 15^th century.
• Good shepherd’s house – one of the narrowest buildings in BA. It houses collection of historical clocks.
• Primacial palace – where the so-called Peace of Pressburg was signed between Napolen and Austria in 1805. It is the seat of the mayor (starosta) of the town. It houses a unique collection of tapestries of the 17th century depicting tragic love of Hero to Leandros from an English royal weaving factory (tkáčovňa) at Mortlake.

Other places of interest: Devín Castle, Pálffy Palace, the Presidential Palace, Mirbach Palace, Slavín, historical building of The Slovak National theatre, Ganymedes fountain, Maximilian fountain, Schone Náci, Čumil

 

           MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY

 

In the world history, there are many examples of excellent cooperation of people of different nationalities, different races or religious beliefs.

Many governments have passed a law (prijať zákon) to promote (podporiť, propagovať) racial integration in schools or at work and they support the integration of other ethnic groups into society.

 

MULTICULTURALISM describes a society composed of a different cultural groups which are mutually respected and tolerated. This is the policy of Canada, Australia and the UK. Canada is known for its English-French bilingualism, but they choose who can enter their country. In the UK many immigrants live.

Immigrants have dual citizenship. They use their language and keep their culture and religion. This is called cultural ADAPTATION.

LONDON is a COSMOPOLITAN CITY where the British have lived next door to Pakistanis or West Indians. Their children attend the same school and grow up shoulder by shoulder.

 

In the USA immigrants preserve (uchovávať, udržiavať) their culture but also become Americans. They are expected to integrate into the national culture. This is called cultural ASSIMILATION.

It is more difficult for immigrants to adapt to different cultural values or religion.

Lack of integration can cause the isolation of immigrant minorities. This can provoke reaction of racism or xenophobia, street riots, conflicts and incidents.

NEW YORK is a cosmopolitan city, a typical example of a “melting pot” that mixes and integrates the cultural groups. The city is popular with its multicultural diversity (pestrosť, rozmanitosť). Unlike London, nationalities stay in their areas, like the Russian section, the Greek section, etc.

 

In 2004, Slovakia became a part of a large community – the European Union.

• Thanks to the open borders, Slovaks travel much more than before,

• learn foreign languages, study or work abroad, many students go for exchange study programmes, live in host families what is very beneficial, they get to know a new culture, make friends, become more tolerant,

• some Slovaks decide to stay abroad creating bicultural families (cross-cultural). They try to adapt to the foreign culture as soon as possible – learn the language, make new contacts, find a job and sometimes get a new qualification.

 

Slovakia is also a multicultural country. The majority (väčšina) of Slovak population is Slovak. The country also has several (niekoľko) minorities, the biggest of which are Hungarian, Roma, Ruthenian (rusínska) and Ukrainian. The Roma population in Slovakia has problems to adapt (má problem prispôsobiť sa) and is often a victim (obeť) of racist attacks (útoky).

There are also people from other countries: Vietnamese, Saudi Arabians, people from Albania and Africa. They came to our country to work (Vietnamese work at the market and sell clothes), study and some married Slovaks and decided to settle down in Slovakia.

 

 

19. Multicultural society

Holidays (sviatky), customs (zvyky) and traditions – religious (cirkevné) and public (štátne) holidays, folklore traditions and other events

Public holidays (štátne sviatky) in Great Britain are called “bank holidays”. All the banks, offices, schools, shops and factories are closed. Bank holidays include (zahŕňajú) Easter and Christmas. In Slovakia we celebrate both (aj) public and (aj) religious holidays. On public holidays students don’t go to school and adults don’t go to work. On the 1^st of January we celebrate the establishment (založenie) of the Slovak Republic. The Slovak Republic was established on the 1^st of January 1993. Before that, we were in one state with the Czech Republic. Another important public holiday is on 17^th of November when we celebrate the Velvet Revolution (zamatovú revolúciou) and May Day (the Labour Day – sviatok práce) on the 1^st of May. On the 8^th of May we celebrate the victory over Nazism.

In Slovakia we also celebrate religious holidays (cirkevné sviatky). Among the most famous belong Easter and Christmas. Easter is a typical spring holiday. In Britain it is celebrated over several days. At Easter we celebrate the Crucifixion (ukrižovanie) and Resurrection (zmŕtvychvstanie) of Jesus Christ. On Good Friday (na Veľký Piatok), people in Britain eat hot cross buns (buchtičky ktoré majú na vrchu zárez v tvare kríža) and on Sunday people give each other chocolate eggs. Parents usually hide chocolate eggs all over their house and garden and children go and look for them. There is nothing like Slovak tradition with water and willow whips (vŕbové prútiky). Boys go from house to house and they beat girls with willow whips and then they pour water over them. Girls give the boys painted eggs called kraslice (and sometimes money) and offer them some refreshment (občerstvenie). In the USA children like this holiday very much because the Easter Bunny (veľkonočný zajačik) comes with coloured chocolate eggs and candies. At Christmas houses, shops and streets are decorated with coloured lights (farebné svetielka), Christmas trees (artificial or real), holly (cezmína), ivy (brečtan) and mistletoe (imelo). Christmas carols (vianočné koledy) are sung in houses, cathedrals and churches. In Slovakia carol singers mostly sing in the villages. People buy presents and send Christmas cards to their relatives (príbuzní) and friends. In Slovakia people open their presents, which they find under the Christmas tree on December, 24. In Britain children hang (vešajú) their stockings (pančuchy) at the foot of the bed (na konci postele) for Santa Claus (or Father Christmas) to fill them. In the morning on Christmas Day, December, 25, children get up early to open their Christmas presents. Families have a traditional Christmas dinner: in Britain it is stuffed turkey (plnený moriak) with vegetables and Christmas pudding afterwards (neskôr, následne). The British eat their Christmas dinner on 25^th of December. The following day is the Boxing Day (December, 26) when many people visit other members of their families. It is called Boxing Day because in the past people gave their milkmen, dustmen and postmen money to little boxes. In Slovakia we have special traditions on Christmas Eve (Štedrý Večer). First we eat some fruit, followed by Christmas wafers (oblátky) with honey. Our Christmas dinner usually has two courses (chody). Some people eat lentil soup (šošovicovú polievku) and some eat cabbage soup (kapustnicu). Then we have fish (it is usually a fried carp) and potato salad). When we have finished our dinner we go and open our presents. A lot of people go to church to Midnight Mass (na polnočnú omšu). On December, 26, people in Slovakia visit their families.

 

• Christmas traditions in the US                                                                                          

• presents are brought by Santa and his flyiing reindeeers on December 24th. Santa Claus comes down  the chimney, puts out all the presents for X-mas morning  and they are opened on December 25th Santa even fills up a stocking if you put it over the end of your bed
• some families have a special breakfast together while others serve Christmas dinner early in a day: a meal of roast stuffed turkey or pork, a roast or mashed  potatoes and vegetables such as corn, green beans and eggnog - a mixture of milk, eggs and other ingredients.
• people go to the midnight mass to honour the memory of Christ birth ("Jesus is the reason for the season" )

•  

  Christmas in England

• roast stuffed turkey, plenty of vegetables such as carrots, sprouts, roasted parsnips (paštrnák), roasted potatoes are served
• Christmas pudding (like a fruit cake) is followed then.  Christmas pudding is better home-made of the dried fruit (cherries, plums) and walnuts and a silver three penny coin is mixed into it. Whoever finds it  expects to be happy for the following year.Dad warms a little brandy, set fire to it, pours the brandy onto the pudding and then he comes the pudding alight.
• Christmas Boxing Day - on December  26th, there ithe custom to give a present of money to the milkman, postman and to the other tradesmen.

•  

  Christmas in Slovakia

•   On December 24th, Chrismas Eve, some families give out large, thin wafers (oblátky) with honey (to be sweet and lovable), slices of garlic (for health) and bits of walnuts (for beauty). Then comes sauerkraut (kyslá kapusta) soup with sausage, carp and potato salad and finally bobaľky, which are sweet baked balls of dough (kysnuté cesto) topped with milk and poppy seeds (mak).
• After dinner, everyone opens presents brought by Baby Jesus.

 

In the USA the Independence Day (deň nezávislosti, July, 4) is one of the most important public holidays. It celebrates the independence of American colonies from Britain. The oldest American holiday is the Thanksgiving Day (Deň vďakyvzdania). It reminds us (pripomína nám) of the first successful harvest (úspešný zber úrody/žatvu) which helped the colony at Plymouth to survive (prekonať, prežiť) the winter. Halloween is a typical American holiday celebrated on October, 31. According to an old tradition, it is a witches’ holiday (sviatok čarodejníc). It is popular with both young and old people, who dress themselves in fancy costumes (karnevalové kostýmy) and go to parties to have fun. Children go from house to house, knock the door and say “trick or treat” and people give them candies and sweets.

The most famous holiday of the Irish people is the St. Patrick’s Day, named after the patron saint (svätý patron, ochranca) of Ireland, who brought (priniesol) Christianity to Ireland. On this day, people dress in green, eat Irish food and drink Guinness. St. Patrick’s parades (sprievody) are seen in many towns and cities in Ireland and the USA.

People all over the world celebrate the New Year’s Eve (Silvester). It is the last day of the year and people normally go to work. After work they visit their friends, have parties and stay up till midnight to see the fireworks (ohňostroje). On the first of January we celebrate the New Year’s Day. We wake up late and visit our families and wish them happy New Year. Among other holiday which people celebrate all over the world belong St. Valentine’s Day and Mother’s Day. We send cards and give presents to our lovers and mothers on these days.

 

Co-existence of various nationalities in one country

A multicultural society (multikultúrna spoločnosť) is a country where different cultural groups live together. They try to preserve (uchovať) their cultures, habits (zvyky) and traditions. Cultural differences (rozdiely) should be respected and tolerated. This is the official policy (politika) in Canada, Australia and the UK. Immigrants can have dual citizenship (dvojité občianstvo) they can use their minority language (jazyk menšiny) and they can keep (udržiavať, uchovávať) their culture and religion (náboženstvo. In some countries they are expected (sa od nich očakáva) to mix and integrate (spojiť sa, integrovať sa) into the national culture. A typical example is the USA where immigrants preserve their own culture but also become Americans. Cultural adaptation (prispôsobenie sa) is more difficult when immigrants have to adapt to different cultural values (hodnoty) or religion. Lack of (nedostatok) cultural integration can cause the isolation (izoláciu) of immigrant minorities. This can provoke (vyprovokovať) reactions of xenophobia (fear of foreigners and strangers and of everything what is foreign and strange) and racism which can lead to (viesť k) serious (závažný) incidents (incident).

In 2004, Slovakia became part of a larger community – the European Community. Many Slovaks decided to leave the country for study and work; a lot of them got married abroad and created bicultural families. Living in a bicultural (or cross-cultural) family requires (vyžaduje) a lot of tolerance and understanding from both sides (z oboch strán). Practising the traditions and habits of two cultures can be a good compromise and benefit (osoh, prospech) for the couple (pár) and their children. Nowadays, there are many study programmes which make student exchange (výmenný pobyt študentov) possible. Students go to live and study in a culturally different country in a “host family”. Such exchanges are usually very beneficial (osožné). People learn about new cultures, make friends and become tolerant.

Slovakia is also a multicultural country. The majority (väčšina) of Slovak population is Slovak. The country also has several (niekoľko) minorities, the biggest of which are Hungarian, Roma, Ruthenian (rusínska) and Ukrainian. The Roma population in Slovakia has problems to adapt (má problem prispôsobiť sa) and is often a victim (obeť) of racist attacks (útoky). They are often attacked by skinheads who think they are better because their skin is white.

There are also people from other countries: Vietnamese, Saudi Arabians, people from Albania and Africa. They came to our country to work (Vietnamese work at the market and sell clothes), study and some married Slovaks and decided to settle down in Slovakia.

Cultural contacts in the past and present – in the past (v minulosti) we could not travel to “west” countries, we couldn’t read foreign newspapers and magazines, we could watch only Russian films and read Russian books. Nowadays (v dnešnej dobe) we travel where we want, we go on holidays abroad, try national meals (národné jedlá), read books and watch films in English, German, French, we go to festivals, concerts, students have summer jobs in England and the USA…

Personal contact with other cultures – I have been to Italy, Croatia, Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic. In Italy I tried pasta and a saw Verdi’s opera. I went to Venice and visited a lot of museums. I made lots of friends there…..

Folklore traditions – Slovakia is rich in (je bohatá na) folklore traditions. We keep our customs and traditions, for example on Easter Monday boys whip girls with willow whips and pour water over them. There are many folklore groups in Slovakia who sing folk songs and dance folk dances. They are dressed in folk costumes (krojoch). The most famous folklore festivals are held (sa konajú) in Východná and Detva.

• What nationalities are people who live in Russia, Hungary, on the North Pole, Bolivia, Australia, England, Scotland, Germany, India, China and Japan? (Russians, Hungarians, Eskimos, Bolivians, Australians, English, Scots, Germans, Indians, Chinese, Japanese) What is their national costume like? (Russians wear fur coats (kožuchy) and fur hats, the English wear checked coats and jackets, Scots wear checked skirts and play bagpipes (gajdy), Indian women wear sari and men wear turban, Japanese wear kimono and Chinese too. What makes it easy to identify them?

• It is believed that national stereotypes reflect the true nature of people. Do you agree? If yes or no, explain. I think it is true because for example Americans eat a lot and lots of them are fat (tuční), they love fun, they are friendly and open. British people are conservative and they love talking about weather.

• What do you think of your nationality? Slovaks are friendly, open, but they are lazy and do not work hard. They often complain about everything (sťažujú san a všetko) but don’t do anything to improve/change the situation. On the other hand, we are very hospitable (pohostinní) and helpful (nápomocní). We are patriots and we support our football and hockey teams.

• Make a list of things you would miss most about your own culture if you lived in a country very different from Slovakia. (food – potato dumplings with sheep cheese called bryndza, potato salad and carp we usually have for X-mas dinner, cabbage soup; customs – X-mas, Easter, All Saints Day; our mountains – the High Tatras with Cherlach peak, Slovak folk songs and dances)

• Do you agree with the proverb “when in Rome, do as the Romans do”? Yes, I do, if you live in a different country, you should accept their behaviour and do as they do.

• How important is to keep (udržiavať) our customs and traditions when we settle down (usadíme) in a new country? It is very important, because some of our traditions are different from the traditions of other countries and for example whipping girls at Easter is a great fun.

 

Christián - 13 January: Education, Public holidays, Communication and foreign languages, revision- Mass Media, Human relationship

EDUCATION

 

8. School and study

1. Educational systems (kinds of educational institutions, examinations, organization of the school year, marking/grading, holidays/days off)

2. Lessons (timetable/Schedule, subjects, recess, breaks, school food, what lessons look like)

3. Student life (free time, hobbies, after-school activities/extracurricular activities, part-time/seasonal jobs, friends, pocket money)

4. Learning a foreign language/Exchange stays abroad, educational stays, language courses, au-pair)

5. Student/teacher relationships

 

In Britain today, education [ˌedjʊˈkeɪšən - vzdelávanie] is compulsory ([kəmˈpʌlsərɪ] povinná) from the age of 5 to 16. School begins at 9 a.m. and ends at 4 p.m. there are five school days in a week, from Monday to Friday. School year (školský rok) begins after summer holidays and is divided into three “terms“ ([tɜːmz] trimestre). The intervals ([ˈɪntəvəl] medziobdobie) between terms are formed by Christmas and Easter holidays.

In Britain there are state schools (they are free of charge) and public schools. Public schools are in fact (v skutočnosti) private boarding [ˈbɔːdɪŋ] schools (súkromné internátne školy) in which students both live and study. These are peculiar [pɪˈkjuːlɪə - typický, príznačný] to Britain. They are for children aged 13-18 accepted ([əkˈseptɪd] prijatých) on the basis of the entrance [inˈtraːns] exams (prijímacie skúšky). Only 5 per cent of all children attend (navštevuje) public schools. Their fees (poplatky) are very high. The most exclusive ones, with a long tradition, are Eton, Harrow and Winchester.

State education is divided into two main stages: Primary [ˈpraɪmərɪ] Education from the age of 5 to 11. Secondary Education from the age of 11 to 16/18.

Secondary schools include: Grammar schools which prepare students for the studies at universities. Secondary Modern Schools which provide practical education in addition to general education in subjects like English, Maths, foreign languages. Technical schools prepare students mainly from technical subjects. Comprehensive schools ([ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv] stredné všeobecno-vzdelávacie školy) (11-16/18) and grammar schools are state schools, which offer general education. This ends at the age of 16, when most pupils take some form of public examination in about seven subjects. The most common subjects are English, history, geography, French, German, mathematics, chemistry, physics and biology. These General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams are national and give pupils a qualification that is accepted across the whole country. Most pupils continue (pokračovať) their education after sixteen, for another two years, in the sixth form (šiesty ročník) (two extra years at school) or at college ([ˈkolɪdž] vysoká škola). After two years of their studies students take “A” levels (GCSE at Advanced level”) in two to four subjects. These examinations are very important for those who want to continue their studies. The best ones continue to study at universities. The most famous are Oxford and Cambridge universities.

The educational system (vzdelávací system) in Slovakia has been reformed for several times. In Slovakia, school attendance (školská dochádzka) is compulsory from the age of 6 to 16. The school year begins on 2^nd of September and ends on ^30th of June. In July and August pupils have summer holidays. The school year is divided into 2 terms. The first ends on the 31^st of January. During the winter term pupils have several holidays such as autumn holiday at the end of October, Christmas holiday which usually lasts for 2 weeks. During the summer term pupils have spring holiday, usually at the end of February. In Slovakia, students do not go to school on religious (cirkevné) and national holidays (štátne sviatky). National and religious holidays are days off (dni pracovného pokoja, e.g. All Saints’ Day, May Day) in Slovakia. Students get school reports (vysvedčenia) at the end of January and June and are assessed (sú hodnotení) by marks from 1 to 5 (1 is the best, 5 is the worst). If a student gets a 5 in June from 1 or 2 subjects, he can take a make-up exam (reparát) to try once again to pass. At our school the lessons begin at 8 and last till 14.30. Each lesson lasts 45 minutes. There are five-minute breaks between the lessons and after the third lesson there is a 20-minute break and after the fifth lesson there is 35-minute break for lunch. Students either eat their packed lunch from home or have their lunch at school canteen at school.

Our school system comprises of (skladá sa z) 4 main grades (stupne), namely (menovite) the pre-school stage (stupeň), the elementary/primary (základný) grade, the secondary grade and higher education including the university. Pre-school stage includes nursery [ˈnɜːsrɪ] schools (jasle) for children from 3 months to 3 years and kindergartens (ˈkɪndəˌgɑːt^ən] škôlky) for children aged 3 to 6. At the age of 6 children begin to attend primary school. It takes 9 years and is divided into two stages, first and second. Basic education is compulsory for all children after the age of 6. At primary school they learn the three R’s (Reading, wRiting, and aRithmetic) with subjects such as Slovak language, foreign language usually English or German, history, geography, maths, chemistry, biology, physics, PE (physical education -TV), art, civics (občianska náuka), music. At the age of 15 they take Monitor test and pass entrance exams to continue their studies at secondary school. The best students apply to study at a grammar school (or high school) called gymnasium. It takes four to eight years. It is popular because it prepares for university study. It is highly selective (vysoko výberový) and only the best applicants can be taken. There are also other types of secondary schools, which usually take 4 years: secondary business schools (SEŠ), technical schools, and medical schools (SZŠ). Vocational [vəʊˈkeɪʃən^əl] schools (učňovky) prepare students for different kinds (druhy) of professions. The study usually lasts three years and at the end students gets their skill certificate ([skil səˈtɪfɪkɪt] výučný list) or five years which ends with school-leaving exam called maturita. School leaving exam from English consists of 4 parts: Reading, Writing, Listening, English in Use, and Speaking. This exam is very important because its results ([rɪˈzʌlts] výsledky) are taken into account (sa berú do úvahy) when students apply ([əˈplaɪ] hlásiť sa, žiadať o) for university study. Most of the students, however, have to pass the entrance exams to be accepted to most universities. In Bratislava, there are lots of universities and colleges, some of them are private and some public. The most recognized (najuznávanejšia) is The Comenius University. At university you can study for 3 years and get a Bachelor’s degree ([ˈbæčələz digri:] BA) and after another 2 years you get a Master’s degree ([ˈma:stəz digri:] MA).

Some young Slovaks decide (rozhodnúť sa) to study at a foreign university in neighbouring ([ˈneɪbəriŋ] susedných) countries especially in Prague, Vienna or Brno. During their studies many students decide [dɪˈsaɪd – rozhodnúť sa] to spend a term (semester) or a year at a foreign university. Many Slovaks students and graduates ([ˈgrædžʊəts] absolventi) work abroad ([əˈbrɔːd] v zahraničí) during the summer (as au-pairs, waiters or shop assistants) because it is an excellent opportunity ([ˌɒpəˈtjuːnɪtɪ] šanca, príležitosť) to earn some money, speak foreign language, get to know new cultures, make new friends and meet new people. They improve (zlepšia si) their foreign language skills, learn to live independently, which makes them more self-confident (sebavedomý, sebaistý).

After-school/Extra-curricular activities (mimoškolské activity) are very important. There are many different clubs and sport teams at schools which meet after lessons. Many schools publish their own student newspapers and some have their own radio station. In Slovakia many students attend language courses, evening courses or extra lessons to prepare themselves for the school-leaving exams. At our school students can also attend several courses, e.g. an English course, an Art course, etc. A lot of young Slovaks play a musical instrument in their free time and attend primary art schools; they are members of different dance clubs and folk groups, and sports teams.

The study at primary and secondary school is quite demanding (dosť náročné). The teachers and parents should therefore (preto) be supportive (byť nápomocný, podporujúci) and motivating. It is important to encourage (povzbudzovať) students, develop their creativity (rozvíjať ich kreativitu) and make them realise the importance of a good qualification to their future lives.

I am studying at Secondary Artistic School. Now I am in the 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th class. This school prepares students for different profession in the field of art. A lot of its graduates start to work in the theatre as make-up men/women (maskéri), scenographers (javiskoví výtvarníci), others in the film-making as cartoon-animators. When I graduate I would like to work in___________ as ____________ .

 

1. How long does the compulsory education last in Britain? How long does it last in Slovakia?

2. What kind of education is offered by grammar schools in our country?

3. What are A-level exams in Britain?

4. Describe the difference between public and state schools in Britain.

5. Would you like to spend a semester at a foreign university? Why?

6. How can parents and teachers encourage children to study?

7. How do young people spend their free time? Are there any after-school activities at your school?

8. What do you do during school breaks?

9. Which subject do you like most? Why?

10. Which subject do you hate most? Why?

11. What are the four grades of educational system in Slovakia?

12. What kinds of secondary schools do you know?

13. What subjects are you studying this school year? What do you do in your practical classes?

14. Why do students at some schools wear a school uniform? Do you know anybody who has to wear it?

15. What should be a good teacher like? What qualities should he/she have?

16. What would you like to do in your English classes?

17. Who attends nursery schools and kindergartens?

18. What is a day off?

19. Have you ever experienced bullying (šikanovanie) at school? What is bullying? What should you do when you see someone bullying his/her classmates?

Communication and foreign languages, Mass Media

14.Communication and its forms

Types of communication and its meaning, verbal, non-verbal communication

Communication is the act of exchanging (vymieňania) thoughts, ideas, messages or information through (cez, prostredníctvom) speaking, writing, signals, sounds and behavior.

We can communicate with other people in many different ways. We talk and write, we can send messages with our hands and face. We send and receive new pieces of information when we talk to somebody about common or specific things, explain something, persuade (presviedčame) somebody, apologize (ospravedlňujeme sa) for something.

DIRECT (priama) communication happens in real time when participants (účastníci) communicate face to face (zoči-voči). Communication can also be realized INDIRECTLY (nepriamo) through various communication channels (telephones, contracts, letters, songs, posters, pictures) where senders (odosielatelia) and receivers (prijímatelia) of information do not see each other and do not necessarily know each other (a nemusia sa nevyhnutne poznať).

In the past, people exchanged their thoughts (myšlienky) in the same way as animals do: through sounds, facial expressions, gestures and body posture (držaním tela). This was very primitive and inefficient (neefektívny) way of communication. Later on, spreading (šírenie) information through pictures, signs and finally letters (písmen) meant significant (významný) progress in communication development (vývoj). Native Americans used smoke signals (dymové signály) to transmit (na prenášanie) important news and to warn their relatives. They also used to put their ear on the ground to listen if someone was coming/arriving. In the 15^th century, after Johann Guttenberg had invented printing, written texts were easily spread (sa ľahko šírili) among people, which increased (čo zvýšilo) general education in European countries.

Speaking and writing are two forms of communication. Both are included in VERBAL COMMUNICATION. Speaking is more or less spontaneous process and does not require (nevyžaduje si) as much concentration as the written form does. Speakers and listeners communicate in real time. It enables (umožňuje) listeners to ask for a repetition of information which was not heard or understood. The message is given immediately (okamžite) without much thinking and so speech (reč) often contains (obsahuje) many pauses, fillers (actually, well, you know what I mean, right…) and hesitation words (slová váhania) (uhm, er, ou). Grammar is usually incorrect because people tend (majú tendenciu) to leave out (vynechávať) words that do not carry any meaning. Intonation (intonácia) of the voice (hlasu) often varies (sa často mení) according to the emotions of speakers. WRITTEN FORM of communication is more complicated and usually more formal. It requires precise choice (presnú voľbu) of words and correct grammar. Written texts should be well-planned and organized. The content (obsah) and structure of a text should be very clear because there is no possibility for re-explanation (znovuvysvetlenie).

Speaking can also be accompanied with a non-verbal communication, body language (reč tela). Our facial expressions (výraz tváre) (happy person is smiling, angry-nahnevaný one is frowning –zamračený), eye contact (looking into eyes), gestures (gestá), the movements of our hands, touches (dotyky), approximation (priblíženie sa) or maintaining personal space (udržiavanie osobného priestoru), body and overall appearance (celkový vzhľad), clothes talk for us (hovoria za nás). They show our feelings and reveal (odhaľujú) our mood (náladu).

In the office and at work people usually use formal and polite forms of language. On the other hand, students among themselves use informal and usually incorrect language, filled up (zaplnený) with slang, jargon and sometimes swear words (nadávkami). Breaking (porušovanie) grammatical rules and leaving out (vynechávanie) words which do not carry (nenesú, nemajú) the main meaning is also quite typical for informal communication among the young.

Communication in various situations – mobile, computer, internet

The new inventions (vynálezy) in the 20^th century, such as radio, television and computers, enabled (umožnili) mass communication among people through the spreading (šírenia) of information in a very short time. Most of us have mobiles which we use for various things: we text our friends, send sms and mms to our relatives, family, friends and colleagues (kolegom), listen to the radio and MP3 players, send e-mails, search for information, play games etc. Nearly every family has got a computer which is connected to the Internet. We can hardly (ťažko si vieme) imagine our lives without computers. We use computers/Internet for storing (uchovávanie) and searching for (vyhľadávanie) information, downloading and uploading files, music, films, booking tickets/flights, holidays, buying things, social networks for talking to our friends and relatives, e-mail for sending electronic mail to our business partners and friends. However, there is a real threat (hrozba) that people will spend more and more time in front of (pred) computers which weakens socializing (oslabuje spoločenský život) and the oral (ústnu = spoken) form of communication. Internet communication is leading to (vedie k) development (rozvoju) of written communication. New inventions have made communication faster and easier.

There are many languages in the world. Some of them are international, e.g. ESPERANTO or SIGN LANGUAGE of deaf (hluchých) and deaf-and-dumb (hluchonemých) people, the MORSE CODE and Braille of the blind (slepých). English is most spoken language in the world. It is followed by Spanish, Portuguese, German and French. People learn foreign languages (cudzie jazyky) for different reasons (z rozličných dôvodov). In Slovakia, foreign languages are part of the curriculum (sú súčasťou učebných osnov). All students have to take a final exam (robiť maturitnú skúšku) in one foreign language. The final language exam tests all language skills (zručnosti), such as listening, comprehension (porozumenie), reading, writing and speaking.

 

-          Advantages and disadvantages of the internet A – email, shopping, downloading, uploading, online chatting, accessing information, booking… D - personal data, pornography, spamming, weakening of socializing, people no more read books, impersonal, causes poor eyesight, children spend too much time at computers instead of being outdoors, ….

Christián ( ústne) 21 Nov put off on 28 Nov, new deadline 6 Dec, Communication and foreign languages, Mass Media+HOUSING, SHOPPING AND SERVICES, HEALTH CARE

Everybody is able to talk about: 10._Human_relationships.docx  COMMUNICATION AND LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES + Mass Media,  revision: Books and Literature, Family, Culture and Art, Sport +  HOUSING, SHOPPING AND SERVICES, HEALTH CARE

 

PUBLIC HOLIDAYS in YES!book and below.

 

10._Human_relationships.docx

10. Human relationships

a) Interpersonal relationships (family, school, neighbours, generations)

b) Friendship and love (value systems (hodnotový system), attitudes (postoje), gatherings (stretnutia), celebrations (oslavy))

c) Social issues (spoločenské problémy) (how communities and individuals relate to the disabled, the addicted and homeless)

d) Negative phenomena (aggression, vandalism, egoism, indifference (ľahostajnosť, nevšímavosť))

e) Methods of solving conflicts

Relationship [rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp] (vzťah) describes the way (spôsob) people get on with each other, talk and behave [bɪˈheɪv] (správajú sa) towards each other, feel about each other. We can have a good, close (blízky) relationship with some people, with the others we can have a polite [pəˈlaɪt] (zdvorilý) and friendly relationship and sometimes there are people we just can’t stand (ktorých nemôžeme vystáť) and we avoid (vyhýbame sa) their company (spoločnosti). It depends on whether [ˈweðə] (či) we like them or not, on how long we have known them, on how old they are, how well we get on with them etc. Today, human relationships are very complicated. Many people are stressed, busy (zaneprázdnení) and tired, spend too much time at work and do not have time for their friends, families and children. So their relationships with other people weaken (slabnú) and often break up (rozpadávajú sa). But there are things you cannot buy for money and one of them is a genuine [ˈdženjuɪn] (ozajstný, pravý) friendship or love.

When two people or groups are friendly towards each other and work well together we say that they have a good relationship. Personal relationships are like sunshine, the weather or temperature – being friendly is like warmth, and being unfriendly is like cold. Relationships are also like physical connections. A good relationship is like being joined to the other person or group, ending a relationship can be like losing a part of yourself. A lot of people believe that a broken friendship can be repaired, but only like a torn thread (roztrhnutá niť) in which a knot (uzol) will remain (zostane) forever. Or maybe like when a broken vase is glued (zalepená) back together but the crack never go away.

Relationships are created between parents, children, married couples (manželskými pármi), friends, men and women, employees (zamestnancami) and employers (zamestnávateľmi) etc. The quality of relationships with others reflects (odráža) our own personality [ˌpɜːsəˈnælɪtɪ] (osobnosť). It is our choice who we talk to, how we treat [triːt] (správať sa k niekomu) other people, how much time and energy we are willing (sme ochotní) to spend with them.

Family: Family is a basic social unit (rodina je základnou jednotnotkou spoločnosti) in which informal relationships (neformálne vzťahy) are formed (sú formované). Perhaps the closest relationship is between parents and their children, or between two people who are in love. One of the most important roles of parents is to raise (vychovávať) their children in accordance with (v súlade s) social models and patterns (vzormi) of behaviour. Parents teach their children what is good and what is wrong, they teach them to differentiate [ˌdɪfəˈrenʃɪˌeɪt] (rozlišovať) between good (dobrom) and evil [ˈiːv^əl] (zlom), how to solve problems in life, how to become (stať sa) an independent person and take care of others, how to help others and how to help at home.

Parents should talk to their children and respect (rešpektovať) their opinions (ich názory). On the other hand, there are parents who set (stanovia) strict [strɪkt] (prísne) rules and do not look for (nehľadajú) compromises [ˈkɒmprəˌmaɪz] (kompromisy). Some give their children too much freedom without limits (bez obmedzení). But there are also parents who are over-caring (príliš starostliví) and overprotective (príliš ochraňujúci), they give too much love to their children and their children are usually spoilt (rozmaznané) and dependent (nesamostatné, závislé) and have problems to set up (založiť si) their own families. Children observe how their parents talk, behave to their relatives, friends, colleagues and strangers (cudzí ľudia). Children copy behaviour [bɪˈheɪvjə] (správanie) of their parents and then, they behave in the same way in their adulthood [ˈædʌlthʊd] (v dospelosti). Parents teach their children basic social rules (spoločenské pravidlá) and behaviour, they teach them to be polite, always ask for things, greet older people in a polite manner saying “Good morning/afternoon/Good bye” and not “Hi/Hello/See you”, always say “thank you”, “please”, “here you are”, “you are welcome”, to offer a seat to an older person on a bus/tram, to cover their mouth when coughing [kɒfɪŋ] (pri kašľaní), yawning [jɔːnɪŋ] (zívaní) or sneezing (pri kýchaní), not to use vulgar words, not to chew with open mouth, not to make unpleasant noises (nevydávať neslušné zvuky) such as belching (grganie) or farting (prdenie), not to sip (nesŕkať) when eating a soup, to show respect (prejavovať) respect (úctu) to older people, etc. If parents shout at (kričia na) each other, if they quarrel a lot, if their rows are too noisy, if children see their parents to fight (they see violence at home) they are likely to treat their partner and their children in the same way when they get married and have children. It is important to show and tell children that it is wrong to tell lies (klamať), that it is better always tell the truth (vravieť pravdu), that it is wrong to steal (kradnúť) and that they always have to ask (vypýtať si) for things they want, that they must not swear (nesmú nadávať), that it is wrong to fight (biť sa) with other children, bully [bʊli] (šikanovať) classmates at school, play truant (blicovať), argue with adults, drink alcohol, take drugs, cheat (podvádzať) in exams, use cheat sheets (používať ťaháky) in tests. Parents should show their children how to cope with (zvládať, poradiť si) difficulties (ťažkosti) and problems, how to solve their problems in a correct way (ako riešiť problem správnym spôsobom).

School: children at school learn more social rules (spoločenské pravidlá), they have to follow school rules, they make new friends and meet new people and they have to show respect to their teachers. At the beginnings of each lesson students stand up to greet their teacher. When they see their teacher for the first time that day they greet him/her in a polite way saying “good morning” or “good afternoon”. In Slovakia students deal with (sa zaoberajú) social issues in special lessons - in a subject called civics [ˈsɪvɪks] (občianska náuka) or ethics [ˈeθɪks] (etika). At school children learn to cooperate with other children, express their opinions, they learn to accept others’ views (názory), and majority of them like being with their classmates and their classmates often become their friends. On the other hand, there are some negative phenomena [fɪˈnɒmɪnə] (javy) at school such as bullying (stronger pupils/students frighten, hurt, fight, threaten (vyhrážajú sa) weaker pupils/students, so these weaker ones often play truant (chodia poza školu, blicujú) or steal things and money at home because they are afraid of being hurt in case they do not bring to school things the bad guys want them to bring.

Neighbours: nearly all of us live in a house or a flat in towns, cities or villages. People who live next to us are our neighbours. As children we were told to greet them and not to make too much noise and always be polite and reply to their questions. It is not always easy to get on with our neighbours, because they might be noisy, or have a dog that is barking (šteká) all night long or a canary that is singing when you want to sleep or they are messy (sú bordelári) and throw litter (smetie) on the stairs (na schodisko), smoke in the lift or have noisy parties when you want to sleep. Sometimes it is difficult to tell them to stop doing things that annoy (ktoré vám vadia, otravujú vás) you.

Generations: The relationships between the old and the young generation are often talked about. Puberty, the age of revolt, often leads to conflicts between the generations, called a generation gap [gæp]. It is natural (je prirodzené) that each generation of young people differs from the one before it. Our grandparents lived in totally different conditions (podmienkach) which influenced (ovplyvnili) their behaviour, attitude [ˈætɪˌtjuːd] (postoj) towards society [səˈsaɪətɪ] (voči spoločnosti) and values. Nowadays we are still talking about generation gap (generačná priepasť, generačný rozdiel) between young people and their parents and grandparents. Generation gap – is a lack (nedostatok) of comprehension [ˌkomprɪˈhenšən] (porozumenia) and understanding (pochopenia) between older and young people, usually between parents and their kids. It can be frustrating for both sides. Kids often quarrel (hádajú sa) about money, behaviour, fashion, knowledge, experience, future. The older ones always think they know everything best, because they have more experience (skúseností). They want their kids to respect them (aby si ich deti vážili) and accept and follow their rules (a aby prijali a riadili sa ich pravidlami).

Children think about their parents that

• They are too conservative, they stick to (pridŕžajú sa) traditions, don’t understand problems of young people,

• They don´t give kids enough freedom, want to know everything, interfere (miešajú sa, zasahujú) too much,

• They are always criticising young people, don’t like their clothes, hairstyles, music, hobbies and friends

• They often say kids are lazy, easy-going, not willing to work hard

• They underestimate (podceňujú) kids, do not respect their personality and individuality

• They would be satisfied if their kids spent more time on studying and helping them with housework

• They do not give them enough pocket money (vreckové)

Parents think about their children that they

• Do not respect (nevážia si) older generations,

• Think they do not need any advice,

• Are only interested in music, fashion, friends, mates and love,

• Do not study enough, do not think about their future

• Spend too much time with friends, on the Internet, chatting on social networks,

• Text too much, make too many phone calls, are lazy and don’t want to help at home,

• Listen to horrible music, wear awful clothes and have dreadful hairstyles

• Disturb (vyrušovať) others with their music

Friendship and love: Two people who have a romantic relationship normally get married when they want to spend their whole life together. A happy marriage represents (predstavuje) the ideal human relationship in which both partners are able to discuss their problems openly, do not hide (neskrývajú) any secrets from each other, are able to solve their problems without quarrelling (bez hádania sa). If they have a problem, they discuss it and each partner explains why he or she is mad while the other one listens with respect. Long-term (dlhodobé) happy couples also tend to argue calmly (majú tendenciu hádať sa pokojne). Loss of control, yelling (revanie, kričanie) or sobbing (vzlykanie) seldom helps to solve problems. They often share similar values, ethnic backgrounds (etnické pozadie), interests, religion and lifestyle and have similar IQs. Couples who can discuss honestly [ˈɒnɪstlɪ] (úprimne, otvorene) things that are important to them – including their relationship – are happier and their love lasts for a long time. On the other hand, some couples might break up (rozísť) because there are no more reasons why they should be and live together – because their love has disappeared [ˌdɪsəˈpɪə] (zmizla), there is a lack [læk] (nedostatok) of faith [feɪθ] (viery) and trust [trʌst] (dôvery) between them, they might have financial problems and one of the most common (najbežnejších) reasons (dôvodov) is a dependence (závislosť) on alcohol, drugs or gambling (hranie hazardných hier).

When people who have a romantic relationship like in a marriage or dating situation (keď spolu randia) break up we can also say they “split up”. If a married couple is separated (žije oddelene), it means they’ve stopped living together. If they decide to officially end the marriage they get a divorce.

Friendship (priateľstvo) is a relationship between people who have something in common (niečo spoločné), they have similar values (hodnoty) and attitudes (postoje) towards life, think and solve problems in a similar way, spend a lot of time together, support and help each other when necessary. Friends usually laugh together, speak about everything and share secrets (majú spoločné tajomstvá). True friends are people who are always there for you. The saying “A friend in need is a friend indeed” shows the full value of friendship. A friend is someone who always gives you advice (radu) when you need it, someone you can tell everything, someone who brings you homework when you are ill at home, someone whose company you really enjoy, someone who gives you support when you need it, someone who wipes your tears when something goes wrong or when you break up/split up with your boy/girlfriend. A friend is someone you can spend hours with without talking, and you are happy just because you are with him/her.

For young people, friendship is very important. They spend a lot of time with their friends and they often argue with their parents because of it. It’s understandable (pochopiteľné). Parents know that friends can often have a bad influence (vplyv) on their children and that is what worries (znepokojuje) them a lot.

We make friends during all life stages. Some friendships last a short time, others for our whole life. If we want to keep our friends, we must work hard on the relationships. We should keep in touch (byť v kontakte), send e‑mails, call them, send occasional cards, and find time to go out for lunch with them when possible. Friendship can be easily lost when friends stop contacting each other or because of unresolved (nevyrešené) arguments (spory). When there is a conflict, it should be resolved (vyriešený) by confrontation (konfrontáciu) or talking it out (prediskutovaním).

Friendship can change into love if people fall in love with each other. Some people don’t believe that a man and a woman can be true friends and that if they say they are “just” friends, one of them must be suffering by (trpieť čím) suppressing (potláčaním) his/her real feelings
 

The relationship between men and women in society was not always like what we see in today’s modern society. The women’s movements of the past hundred years have tried to change the way women are treated by men and by society in general. Compared with the past, women today have better jobs and educational opportunities, and are paid and treated more equally (rovnako). They have become equal in chore distribution at home and in the raising of children. Women still do not have equal political power, but they are becoming more influential and also have responsible jobs in business. There is still an invisible “glass ceiling” (sklenený strop), however, which prevents successful women from getting the most powerful jobs in an organization.

Visits/get togethers/gatherings – there are various [ˈveərɪəs] (rôzne) reasons for visiting other people and relatives. Usually it is a birthday, anniversary (výročie), some religious or public holidays (cirkevné alebo štátne sviatky), weddings, funerals, graduation ceremonies or name days when families get together. People in Slovakia love to celebrate their birthdays with their friends and family. Young people often do not have to have a reason to come round, they love spending time with their friends and they often make parties just because they want to spend some time with their friends. Young people often pop in (zastavia sa) for coffee just because they want to see their friends and talk to them. When you visit somebody it is polite to bring a present – usually a bottle of wine, bunch of flowers (always an odd number), box of chocolates or bonbons. When somebody visits us, we usually offer coffee and a light snack (sandwiches, cookies, crisps, nuts).

  Besides (okrem) informal relationships such as friendship, marriage (manželstva) and parent-child relationship, there are other sorts of formal relationships formed among people at school, work and in the streets. Formal relationships are not very deep (hlboké) and open. They are formed among people of different social positions: teachers and students, employers and employees, doctors and patients, neighbours, etc. Such relationships require (si vyžadujú) respect (úctu) and a higher level of formality and politeness (zdvorilosti).

Social issues (spoločenské javy, problémy): Society often faces relationship problems between people of different races, religions and social classes. These negative ralationships are usually based on prejudice (predsudkoch), illiteracy (negramotnosť), intolerance and closed-mindedness (predpojatosť, zaujatosť). Sometimes people are just rude because they know nothing about the other person or group of people and are suspicious (podozrievaví).

There are many problems our society has to face (ktorým musí naša spoločnosť čeliť) such as vandalism [ˈvændəˌlɪzəm] (vandals are people who destroy public or private property (majetok) or spray and paint graffiti on the walls of buildings and houses) and violence [ˈvaɪələns] (násilie) based on racism. Groups of young people with racial prejudices [reɪšəl predžudɪsiz] (s rasovými predsudkami) such as Skinheads regularly (pravidelne) provoke conflicts in many countries. They are aggressive (agresívni) and beat people of different colour of skin just because they think that people of white colour are better than the others. In Slovakia, members of skinhead movements often attack Romani people and people of different colour. Addiction [əˈdɪkšən] (závislosť), such as alcoholism, taking drugs and gambling, is another consequence [ˈkonsɪkwəns] (dôsledok) of frustration [fraˈstreɪšən], family conflicts or unhappy relationships. These people are sent to special hospitals where doctors try to help them to get rid of their addiction. There are also lots of homeless people especially in bigger towns and cities who gather (zhromažďujú sa) in public places. Some of them sell Nota Bene magazines and they earn some money by selling this magazine, others just drink alcohol and beg (žobrú) passers-by (okoloidúcich) for money. In Bratislava, there is a special place (homeless shelter [ˈšeltə] – útulok pre bezdomovcov) where they can have a shower and sleep but the problem is that they mustn’t be drunk and have to be sober [ˈsoubər] (triezvi).

Many societies have a certain prejudice (predsudok) against the disabled (zdravotne postihnutí ľudia). In recent years, however, there has been a great improvement (zlepšenie) in people’s attitudes: their ignorance has been replaced by information, their fear has disappeared and has given way to understanding and their pity (ľútosť, súcit) has been replaced by positive practical help. The most positive headway (pokrok) has been that most people today now see the person before the disability (postihnutie), while in the past they used to see the disability before the person. Some disabled people are brilliant thinkers, people like Dr. Stephen Hawkin, the scientist, researcher and author who lectures at Oxford University. He is physically helpless (bezmocný), totally dependent on his mother for all his daily needs and on his computerized chair for all communication and movement. Some are great craftsmen (remeselníci) and artists, actors and performers, and even sportsmen, as can be seen every four years at the Paralympics Games. The disabled people are people with some form of physical handicap. These people are often integrated within normal society and live at home, if possible or live in special medical institution. They attend special schools and there are community centres where they meet and spend their time. There are special parking places reserved for them, special toilets and each public institution should have a wheelchair access (bezbariérový prístup).

Egoism: – There are more and more people who think and care just of themselves. They pay attention only to their own interests and needs, are selfish, not willing to help others. If they do something good, they usually expect something in return. They do not want to see problems around them and do not want to deal with them.

Vypracovať otázky:

1. What is your relationship with your parents like? Do you get on with your parents?

2. Name the qualities of real friends.

3. What are pros (klady) and cons (zápory) of living with grandparents?

4. How would you characterize behaviour of young people?

5. How would you characterize behaviour of older/elderly (over 65) people?

6. What was the relationship between children and adults like in the past?

7. What is the relationship between young and older generation like in the present?

8. How would you characterize friendship?

9. How would you characterize love?

10. Describe the qualities of your best friend.

11. Describe the quotation “Truly great friends are hard to find, difficult to leave and impossible to forget”.

12. What social issues are often discussed nowadays?

13. How can society help homeless, disabled/handicapped, drug addicts?

14. What qualities do you value most?

15. How do you greet your friends/older people/relatives?

16. What do you bring to your host when you are invited for a dinner?

17. What would you like to get for your birthday?

18. What does a typical birthday party look like?

19. When do families in Slovakia get together? For what reasons?

20. When do we send cards?

 

WRITING AN ESSAY YES!book 1 page 219 there is an assigned topic with subtopics, follow them and remember the layout-paragraphs.You will find on page 290 in YES!book 2 the example with the instructions how to write for and against (argumentative) essay. Use 200 words. Deadline is over.

CHRISTIÁN - 7.11.2016 pondelok ústna odpoveď.Nedostavil sa 2x na dohodnutý termín.

TOTO SA NAUČTE ALEBO SI ZOPAKUJTE

PEOPLE AND SOCIETY

13.MAN_AND_SOCIETY.docx

13_Man_and_Society.docx

COMMUNICATION AND LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES + Mass Media,  revision: Books and Literature, Family, Culture and Art, Sport +  HOUSING, SHOPPING AND SERVICES, HEALTH CARE

DOPISOVAČI: 

TUESDAY or WEDNESDAY every week,  by the third week included since a test or essay was done

Fujas, Hornáková, Luciak, Polák - revision: the first 3 topics + Books and Literature

 

ALL MY STUDENTS WILL BE VERY WELL-PREPARED:

Picture descriptions (American Literature that's  my task. )

COMMUNICATION AND LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES + Mass Media,  revision: Books and Literature, Family, Culture and Art, Sport +  HOUSING, SHOPPING AND SERVICES, HEALTH CARE

ADAM MORBACHER - Learn about  Multicultural society - LINK 19_Multicultural_Society.docx

                                       25 CRIME AND JUSTICE in YES!book 2, page 145/ TEXT: Types of Crime, Causes of Crime

                                        + page  148 Vocabulary practice  Task 1

                                         11 Human Relationships in YES!book , page 169 TASK 2,3 + SPEAKING, page 174/TASK A

 

Communication and Studying foreign languages 14.communication.docx  + Mass Media,  revision: Books and Literature, Family, Culture and Art, Sport +  HOUSING, Shopping and Services, Health Care + People and Society

14.Communication and its forms

Types of communication and its meaning, verbal, non-verbal communication

Communication is the act of exchanging (vymieňania) thoughts, ideas, messages or information through (cez, prostredníctvom) speaking, writing, signals, sounds and behavior.

We can communicate with other people in many different ways. We talk and write, we can send messages with our hands and face. We send and receive new pieces of information when we talk to somebody about common or specific things, explain something, persuade (presviedčame) somebody, apologize (ospravedlňujeme sa) for something.

DIRECT (priama) communication happens in real time when participants (účastníci) communicate face to face (zoči-voči). Communication can also be realized INDIRECTLY (nepriamo) through various communication channels (telephones, contracts, letters, songs, posters, pictures) where senders (odosielatelia) and receivers (prijímatelia) of information do not see each other and do not necessarily know each other (a nemusia sa nevyhnutne poznať).

In the past, people exchanged their thoughts (myšlienky) in the same way as animals do: through sounds, facial expressions, gestures and body posture (držaním tela). This was very primitive and inefficient (neefektívny) way of communication. Later on, spreading (šírenie) information through pictures, signs and finally letters (písmen) meant significant (významný) progress in communication development (vývoj). Native Americans used smoke signals (dymové signály) to transmit (na prenášanie) important news and to warn their relatives. They also used to put their ear on the ground to listen if someone was coming/arriving. In the 15^th century, after Johann Guttenberg had invented printing, written texts were easily spread (sa ľahko šírili) among people, which increased (čo zvýšilo) general education in European countries.

Speaking and writing are two forms of communication. Both are included in VERBAL COMMUNICATION. Speaking is more or less spontaneous process and does not require (nevyžaduje si) as much concentration as the written form does. Speakers and listeners communicate in real time. It enables (umožňuje) listeners to ask for a repetition of information which was not heard or understood. The message is given immediately (okamžite) without much thinking and so speech (reč) often contains (obsahuje) many pauses, fillers (actually, well, you know what I mean, right…) and hesitation words (slová váhania) (uhm, er, ou). Grammar is usually incorrect because people tend (majú tendenciu) to leave out (vynechávať) words that do not carry any meaning. Intonation (intonácia) of the voice (hlasu) often varies (sa často mení) according to the emotions of speakers. WRITTEN FORM of communication is more complicated and usually more formal. It requires precise choice (presnú voľbu) of words and correct grammar. Written texts should be well-planned and organized. The content (obsah) and structure of a text should be very clear because there is no possibility for re-explanation (znovuvysvetlenie).

Speaking can also be accompanied with a non-verbal communication, body language (reč tela). Our facial expressions (výraz tváre) (happy person is smiling, angry-nahnevaný one is frowning –zamračený), eye contact (looking into eyes), gestures (gestá), the movements of our hands, touches (dotyky), approximation (priblíženie sa) or maintaining personal space (udržiavanie osobného priestoru), body and overall appearance (celkový vzhľad), clothes talk for us (hovoria za nás). They show our feelings and reveal (odhaľujú) our mood (náladu).

In the office and at work people usually use formal and polite forms of language. On the other hand, students among themselves use informal and usually incorrect language, filled up (zaplnený) with slang, jargon and sometimes swear words (nadávkami). Breaking (porušovanie) grammatical rules and leaving out (vynechávanie) words which do not carry (nenesú, nemajú) the main meaning is also quite typical for informal communication among the young.

Communication in various situations – mobile, computer, internet

The new inventions (vynálezy) in the 20^th century, such as radio, television and computers, enabled (umožnili) mass communication among people through the spreading (šírenia) of information in a very short time. Most of us have mobiles which we use for various things: we text our friends, send sms and mms to our relatives, family, friends and colleagues (kolegom), listen to the radio and MP3 players, send e-mails, search for information, play games etc. Nearly every family has got a computer which is connected to the Internet. We can hardly (ťažko si vieme) imagine our lives without computers. We use computers/Internet for storing (uchovávanie) and searching for (vyhľadávanie) information, downloading and uploading files, music, films, booking tickets/flights, holidays, buying things, social networks for talking to our friends and relatives, e-mail for sending electronic mail to our business partners and friends. However, there is a real threat (hrozba) that people will spend more and more time in front of (pred) computers which weakens socializing (oslabuje spoločenský život) and the oral (ústnu = spoken) form of communication. Internet communication is leading to (vedie k) development (rozvoju) of written communication. New inventions have made communication faster and easier.

There are many languages in the world. Some of them are international, e.g. ESPERANTO or SIGN LANGUAGE of deaf (hluchých) and deaf-and-dumb (hluchonemých) people, the MORSE CODE and Braille of the blind (slepých). English is most spoken language in the world. It is followed by Spanish, Portuguese, German and French. People learn foreign languages (cudzie jazyky) for different reasons (z rozličných dôvodov). In Slovakia, foreign languages are part of the curriculum (sú súčasťou učebných osnov). All students have to take a final exam (robiť maturitnú skúšku) in one foreign language. The final language exam tests all language skills (zručnosti), such as listening, comprehension (porozumenie), reading, writing and speaking.

 

-          Advantages and disadvantages of the internet A – email, shopping, downloading, uploading, online chatting, accessing information, booking… D - personal data, pornography, spamming, weakening of socializing, people no more read books, impersonal, causes poor eyesight, children spend too much time at computers instead of being outdoors, ….

1_Family.docx

1_Family_pokr..docx

2_CULTURE_and_ART_Voc(1).doc

2_Culture_and_Art.docx

3_Sport.docx

SPORT_AND_GAMES.pdf

10_CARD_sport.pdf

4.housing.docx

Shopping_and_services.doc

5._shopping_and_services.docx

6._healthcare.docx

7.travelling.docx

8.School_and_study.docx

9.Jobs_and_employement.docx

10._Human_relationships.docx

11.THE_HUMAN_RACE_AND_NATURE.docx

12.Science_and_technology.docx

13.MAN_AND_SOCIETY.docx

13_Man_and_Society.docx

14.communication.docx

15.MASS_MEDIA.docx

16.The_young_and_their_world.docx

17.food.docx

18.Hobbies.docx

19_Multicultural_Society.docx

20.Towns_and_places.docx

21.fashion.docx

22.the_book_-_a_person_s_friend.docx

23.Role_models_and_idols.docx

24.English_speaking_countries1.docx

24.The_United_States_of_America.docx

25.Slovakia-my_homeland.docx

25.Slovak_stereotypes__Bratislava.docx

LONDON below

MY_CAPITAL_CITY.docx

22. The Book – a Person’s friend

a) books – variety/ how people choose where and when they read

b) favourite author, genres

c) a book I have read by an author from an English-speaking country

d) Nobel prize winners for literature and their work

e) crisis in reading fiction (reasons, do people buy books?, services of libraries/bookshops )

celý text okrem ISBN a odbornej časti k dispozícii tu: 22.the_book_-_a_person_s_friend_-NEW_(1).docx

 

Reading books is a favourite free time activity for lots of people. Books accompany (sprevádzať) people everywhere: we read them while we travel to school/work, wait in the waiting room at the doctor’s surgery, during breaks at school, on holiday while sunbathing lying on the beach. We can‘t imagine our lives without books. People usually read for pleasure (pre potešenie). There are books that give a chance to learn about the world around you. Other books give you a lot of information and advice (rada). And there are books about other people’s experiences (zážitky). Books enrich (obohacujú) our lives, we learn a lot about cultural heritage, help us to develop our imagination, improve our vocabulary, me us escape from the real world and last but not least, they please our senses.

CHILDREN’S BOOKS Our first books are usually read to us by our parents or grandparents. These are fairytales or stories and they normally have more pictures than text. They take children to the world of fantasy and teach them to distinguish well from evil. Children’s books by Hans Christian Andersen and the Brothers Grimm are popular worldwide. Classic English children’s books like Alice in Wonderland (written by Lewis Carol) and Winnie the Pooh (written by A. A. Milne) are read and loved by many generations of English children.

READING FICTION (beletria)VS. NON-FICTION(náučná literature) Nowadays, people in Slovakia can read both original Slovak books and books translated from different languages, mainly English. They read books from both the fiction and non-fiction genres. Boys usually read adventure stories or science fiction, girls prefer romances or novels. Many young Slovaks have started to read in English. A lot of English books exist in their simplified versions and are not difficult to read for non-active speaker of English. Adults like reading detective stories/spy novels, historical novels or travel books. Some also read non-fiction genres, such as biographies or scientific papers (vedecné štúdie). There are people who enjoy reading poetry. There are not many of them because this genre is not easy to read. Speculative fiction for adults and fantasy series for children have become very popular genres in recent years. People also enjoy watching film versions of famous books which they have read. In Western Europe, people like reading comic books – there are more pictures than text and the story is usually adventurous and dynamic.

                Literature can be divided (môže byť rozdelená) into 2 categories: non-fiction books and fiction books. Non-fiction books (náučné knihy) usually serve as a source of information (slúžia ako zdroj informácií). There are textbooks (educational books containing information and ideas about some subject), dictionaries (books that tell us the meanings of words; monolingual dictionaries explain meaning of the word in the same language as the entry; bilingual dictionaries, e.g. English-Slovak d. explain meaning of the word in another language), encyclopaedias (large books or a set of books containing facts about different subjects in alphabetical order), biographies (book of a life of someone famous) , autobiographies (book of the author’s life), and memoirs (memories of events in someone’s life), DIY (do it yourself) books, travel/history/art books and cookery books (include recipes for cooking/baking/roasting).

Fiction (beletria) is about imaginary people or events. There two types of fiction books: poetry and prose. People who are keen on poetry can read poems by famous poets in books of poetry. Those who prefer prose can choose to read tales, legends, short stories, novellas, romances, crime/spy novels, mystery novels, science fiction, westerns, thrillers or historical novels.

A story (príbeh) in a book can be set (môže byť umiestnený) in a real or imaginary place/time in which the characters (postavy) live. The plot (dej, zápletka) – the series of events (sled udalostí) which form the story of a novel can be narrated (rozprávať) by the author or by one of the characters (Narrator is the one who is telling the story). Talented writers are excellent storytellers (rozprávači), able to attract (schopní pritiahnuť) readers and keep their attention (udržať ich pozornosť) from the very first page until the plot culminates (vrcholiť) at the end of the book.

BOOKSHOPS AND LIBRARIES Books can be bought in a wide range of bookshops. Some are small and quite specialised; others are situated in big shopping centres. People can drink a cup of tea or coffee there and sometimes see a presentation of a new book. Bestsellers can also be bought at newsstands (novinové stánky) or in supermarkets. It is becoming more and more popular to buy a book via the Internet from an Internet bookshop. It is also possible to read a book in electronic form; such books are called e-books. In England and other countries in Western Europe publishing companies publish many more books than in Slovakia. People buy them in mega stores or small specialised bookshops (e.g. children’s bookshops).

The place where books are lent (lend – požičať niekomu)and borrowed (požičať si) for a fee (an annual fee /ročný poplatok/ for the library membership) is called a library. A good one is usually equipped with (vybavený) a wider range of books which are lent to library members for an agreed lending period (výpožičná doba). If it is overdue (oneskorený) the lending can be extended (rozšírený) for some time. Unique books, current and older issues (číslo, výtlačok) of magazines and newspapers are available (dostupné)  just for reading in study rooms where silence is requested (je vyžadované ticho). Nowadays, almost every educational institution and public library provide (poskytovať) an on-line service which helps readers check all information about the books they request.

READING CRISIS In general, people in our country do not buy many books. There are several reasons why there is a crisis of reading nowadays. The first one is that books are getting more and more expensive and people cannot afford to buy many of them. This also leads (viesť) to illegal photocopying, mainly among students who often copy textbooks. The second reason is that people do not read so much anymore. People do not look for (hľadať) information in books (such as encyclopaedias or textbooks) as much as they used to in the past. They need to save as much time as possible. Therefore, they prefer to look up the information on the Internet. Instead of (namiesto)reading good fiction, they watch films. Reading a book takes days or weeks, watching a movie just one or two hours, and on top of that, almost all classic novels have been made into films (zfilmovaný). People do not need to concentrate so much when they watch a movie, they do not need to imagine things. Everything is ready for them on the screen; moreover, teenagers prefer the interactive virtual reality of computer games. They participate (zúčastniť sa)in the game, take action (konať), and feel what the heroes (hero/heroine) feel. Adults read more and more magazines because it takes less time and concentration than reading a book.

WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF BOOKS? To change this negative trend it is very important to develop a good relationship with reading and literature form a very young age. When a positive relationship is developed, books enrich (obohatiť)our lives, we read for pleasure (pre potešenie), we train our imagination. Books make us think, amuse (pobaviť, rouzveseliť)  and give us answers to some questions. A good book is also a pleasant way to escape from the real world (príjemný spôsob ako uniknúť z reality). When we read a lot, we improve (zdokonaliť) our vocabulary (slovná zásoba) too, people who read more, verbally express themselves better.

Some people think that books will die out (vymrieť, vymiznúť)one day; they say that everything will be read in electronic form and people will have less and less time to read books. Others argue that reading is a hobby for many people and books are a part of the cultural heritage (kultúrne dedičstvo) of every nation (národ). That is why they think that the book will never cease to exist and is irreplaceable (nenahraditeľné).

Every year, the Nobel Prize for Literature is awarded to the writer whose work of fiction is considered (je považovaná) to be a unique literary achievement (za jedinečný literárny výkon). There are many writers who are Nobel Prize winners: William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, and Ernest Hemingway from the U.S.A - G. B. Shaw, Harold Pinter and Rudyard Kipling from Great Britain.

 

William Faulkner for his contribution (prispenie) to modern American novel – the theme (téma) of his novels is the decay (úpadok) of the old South, as represented by Sartoris and Compson families and the emergence of cruel and arrogant newcomers, the Snopeses. He invented lots of characters typical of the historical growth (historický rast) and subsequent (následný) decadence of the South. The human drama in Faulkner's novels is built on the model of the actual (skutočný) historical drama extending (tiahnucej sa ) over almost a century and a half. Each story and each novel contributes to the construction of a whole, which is the imaginary Yoknapatawpha County and its inhabitants. Their theme is the decay of the old South, as represented by the Sartoris and Compson families, and the emergence of ruthless and brash newcomers, the Snopeses. novels: The Sound and the Fury ( Bľabot a bes) where he depicted the downfall of the Compson family seen through the minds of several characters; Other novels: Absolom, Absolom; Intruder in the Dust (Neodpočívaj v pokoji),

John Steinbeck who wrote social novels dealing with the economic problems of rural labour e.g. Of Mice and Man – the story of an imbecile giant Lennie, East of Eden and his masterpiece (majstrovské dielo) The Grapes of Wrath (Ovocie hnevu), the story of Oklahoma tenant farmers (námezdní farmári) who, unable to earn a living from the land, moved to California where they became migratory workers,

Ernest Hemingway for his anti-war novels The Sun also Rises and A Farewell to Arms (Zbohom zbraniam), the study of an American ambulance officer's disappointment in the war and his role as a deserter. Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel For whom the bells toll (komu zvonia do hrobu), the short story An Old Man and the Sea, the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat (porážka).

British writers awarded by a Nobel Prize: John Galsworthy (1867-1933). Received the 1932 Nobel Prize for Literature "for his distinguished art of narration (vynikajúce rozprávačské umenie) which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga,.

Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling wrote novels, poems and short stories--mostly set in India and Burma ", B.B. Shaw Pygmalion (1912), a witty study of phonetics as well as a clever treatment of middle-class morality and class distinction, proved some of Shaw's greatest successes on the stage. It is a combination of the dramatic, the comic, and the social corrective that gives Shaw's comedies their special flavour.

G. B Shaw the first writer awarded by the Nobel Prize - a great playwright, novelist and critical essayist wrote more than 60 plays which deal mainly with social problems – Widower’s Houses, The Devil’s Disciple, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, You Never Can Tell, Caesar and Cleopatra, Man and Superman, Major Barbara, and finally Pygmalion – on which the famous musical My Fair Lady is based. . As well as Oscar Wilde, the author of The Picture of Dorian Gray, he is known for his comedy. They were full of wit and humour.

  and Harold Pinter 2005, he wrote 29 plays including The Birthday Party, The Caretaker, 21 screenplays (filmový scenár), and directed 27 theatre productions.  .

Questions to answer:

1. Did you read a lot as a child? Do you remember your first book?
2. What kind of books do young Slovaks read?
3. Are comic books popular with Slovak readers? Why/Why not? Where can you buy/borrow a book?
4. How can you get hold of a book?
5. Do you prefer reading a book in the original language or in translation? Why?
6. Which book are you going to read in the near future?
7. Have you ever read an e-book? Why are they becoming so popular?
8. What do you know about the winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature?
9. Have you ever read a book written by an English or American author? If yes, say which writer/s and what you have read by them.
10. Why do some people prefer going to the cinema to watch a filmed version of a book instead of reading the book?
11. What kind of books are usually read to small kids? What authors of such fiction do you know?
12. Which literary genres are most popular among teenagers nowadays?
13. What are comic books?
14. What are the main reasons for the crisis in reading fiction?
15. What are the consequences (následky) of the crisis?

 

 

15.   MASS MEDIA

a) kinds of mass media (their use, advantages, disadvantages)

b) the press (newspapers, magazines, articles), how to choose them, where to buy them – favourite columns

c) radio, TV (favourite kinds of programmes, ratings)

d) the influence of mass media on life of an individual, family and society

e) the Internet and its influence on a person and society

 

Mass media (masovokomunikačné prostriedky) – are means (prostriedky) of communication which reach a very large number of people. They include TV (television), radio, press (tlač) (press includes newspapers, magazines and journals) and the Internet.

In modern society we are in a daily contact with different types of mass media. We watch television, read newspapers or magazines, listen to the radio or surf the Internet. These are the media that reach a large number of people and that is why they are called mass media.

Why are mass media so important?

The mass media serve, first of all, as a source (zdroj) of information. Apart from that, the role of mass media is to educate (they are source of knowledge – vedomostí, znalostí) and entertain (they are source of entertainment - zábavy). Watching TV is the most favourite way of relaxation and spending free time for a lot of people. They watch football or hockey matches, films, sitcoms, soap operas or series; some prefer discussions, documentaries, or reality and quiz shows.

Television and radio

Television is the most popular source of information. People of all ages spend their free time watching TV programmes. Children are often obsessed with watching TV but it is not healthy for their mental and physical development (watching TV for a long time causes poor eyesight, children are getting fatter and fatter, they do not play with their friends outdoors, they often spend hours in front of the television and do not talk to anybody, there is too much violence (priveľa násila) on TV, children are becoming more violent and treat their friends and classmates according to what they have seen on TV. Some are not able to see the difference between fact and fiction. People who are TV stars are often idols for a lot of young people. All radio and television stations, public (verejné) or private (súkromné), educational (vzdelávacie) or commercial (komerčné), big or small have to have a licence to broadcast (musia mať licenciu na vysielanie).

Public TV stations – are owned by a state, they are non-commercial, and they are financed from the state budget (sú financované zo štátneho rozpočtu). In Slovakia we have 3 public television stations: STV1, STV2 and STV3. The first channel STV1 is more and more like other commercial TV stations, the second channel specialises in documentaries, quiz shows, educational programmes, music and sports and the third channel specialises in sports and mainly broadcasts live football or hockey matches. Some cities and areas also have local TV stations presenting mostly local news. There are not too many commercials and for example when you watch a film on STV, it is not interrupted (nie je prerušený) by commercial breaks. They broadcast a lot of films of Slovak and Czech productions and a lot of documentaries and programmes targeted on nationalities and ethnic minorities living in Slovakia, people who have special hobbies (there are programmes for hunters, farmers, fishermen, mothers, etc.)

Commercial breaks (reklamné prestávky) – five to fifteen-minute breaks broadcasted on TV. Companies pay a lot of money to TV stations to advertise their products or services. These commercials often influence people who watch TV. The aim of the commercial is to persuade the potential customer to buy a product or a service that is advertised. Commercials influence viewers very much. Some people like them and some phrases such as “Díky Broňa” have become widely used and popular among people. Others hate them and they switch to a different station or they have a cigarette or go to loo when there is commercial break on.

 

Private TV stations – commercial stations, they get money from companies that advertise their products or services on the station. They broadcast programmes that enjoy wide popularity, such as soap operas (telenovely), series (seriály) or mini-series and a lot of American movies. Commercial stations, such as TV Markíza and TV Joj enjoy wide popularity. They don’t often specialise in anything in particular but try to satisfy (uspokojiť) viewers (divákov) with different tastes and preferences. There are several music channels such as MTV, VH1, Music box, hobby and lifestyle channels, sports channels, history channels, cartoon channels, wildlife (Spektrum, Discovery channel) and cookery channels. HBO is a cable TV station which broadcasts a lot of movies/films before they are broadcasted on other channels.

TA3, the first Slovak news channel started broadcasting in 2001. Thanks to this channel, Slovaks can watch current international and home/domestic news throughout the whole day. Its programmes cover a wide range of topics, mostly from economy, politics, technology and sport. There are several news channels e.g. BBC news in Britain, CNN in the USA and Euro news which broadcast news. In Britain there are several TV stations but BBC1, 2, 3 and Channel 4 are the most popular ones.

Programmes which are broadcasted on TV:

1.       Entertainment programmes (movies, talk shows, quiz shows, comedies, cartoons, sitcoms, series, mini-series, soap operas, phone-ins, reality shows and talent shows).

2.       Educational (vzdelávacie) and news programmes: the news, sports news, weather forecast, documentaries, wildlife programmes, political discussions etc.

The news usually starts at 7 o’clock or 7.30 every evening, it covers topics such as politics, world affairs/events (svetové dianie), home affairs/events, crime, catastrophes (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, droughts, terrorist attacks), current events (najnovšie udalosti) – they are usually live broadcasted.

RADIO programmes: weather, news, chat shows (famous people talk about themselves, answer listeners’ questions), phone-ins (people phone in and ask questions), educational programmes, radio plays, morning shows, music programmes, etc. Some radio stations have their specializations: some present pop music or sport, education and children’s programmes, some light entertainment or the main news. In Slovakia, probably the most popular radio stations are FUN rádio, Jemné Melódie, Rock FM and Rádio Express.

 

Newspapers

Most newspapers are daily newspapers. It means that they are published every day except weekends. But there are also some newspapers that are published once a week and they are called weeklies, for example Slovak Spectator – a newspaper about politics and cultural life in Slovakia published in English. There are two kinds (druhy) of newspapers: serious newspapers, also called “broadsheets” (they have large sheets) and “tabloids” (small sheets). The broadsheets are known as “quality” newspapers and the tabloids are called “popular” papers. Broadsheets publish serious articles about politics, world and domestic events, religion, economy, social life, etc. Broadsheets are quality papers and you can find serious news and articles written in a serious manner in them. SME is a daily paper that is widely read and influential. Pravda is another widely read paper in our country. They both, as well as the other quality papers, contain a great variety of national and international news, reports from parliamentary debates, reviews of the arts, features about fashion and sport and business news. The best selling daily paper, however, is the tabloid Nový Čas, which doesn’t really publish any serious material. In this type of a paper you mostly read about sex scandals and money, idols and celebrities. There are advertisements, various competitions and some home news. Popular papers contain a high number of features (interesting reports about subject, place, or a person) about stars, sports and celebrities. The information they publish is not often based on true facts and they publish a lot of made-up stories and gossip (klebety). They contain a lot of pictures and the headline (titulok) sometimes takes more space than the article itself. Both types of the papers, quality ones and tabloids, pay special attention to the reporting of sports.

Typical sections in newspapers are editorials (úvodníky), news reports, international/domestic news, political commentaries, business news, cartoons, crosswords, sports reports, reviews (recenzie). Newspapers contain articles on politics, sports, economy, social life, editorials (person’s opinion), features etc. People who write articles for newspapers are journalists.

Slovakia: Broadsheets: SME, Pravda, Hospodárske noviny, Národná obroda, The Slovak Spektator; tabloids: Nový čas, Nový čas víkend, Nový čas pre ženy. Most of our newspapers have their on-line editions so you don’t have to buy them at the newsagent’s. The newsagent is not the only place where you can buy newspapers; nowadays they are sold in supermarkets, groceries and at kiosks.

Britain: broadsheets: The Times, The Guardian, The Financial Times; tabloids: The Sun, The Daily Mirror.

The USA: broadsheets: The New York Times, The Washington Post, tabloids: the Star, the Globe.

 

Magazines are published weekly (once a week) or monthly (once a month) and they contain different kinds of articles, news, stories, agony aunt pages, fashion sections, lifestyle sections, cookery sections and many others. Some magazines such as Plus 7 dní, Televízia, Trend, Profit, Týždeň are popular among all the people and some magazines target special groups - it means that there are magazines for women (Život, Slovenka, Eva), men (Playboy, Esquire) or teenagers, for people interested in various kinds of sports and hobbies (Muscle and Fitness, Záhradkár), such as gardening, cars, tennis, knitting (štrikovanie) and many more.

Journals – are serious magazines written by experts (economic journals, medicine journals).

The Internet

Although the definition of the mass media does not cover it, it is important to mention the Internet. Nowadays many people do not hear the latest news from the TV or read about it in the papers but on the Internet. You can find there even older articles of your interest and many people would say that it is even easier than reading the papers.

However, the Internet is not only access to any type of information from the latest news to opening hours or details about products or services. These days, more and more people use e-mail to communicate and send information or documents. Many Slovaks use the Internet as a form of entertainment (zábava). Chatting, joining different discussion groups and reading blogs is becoming very popular, especially among the young. The internet has changed our lifestyles, and it has simplified (zjednodušil) communication between people. Google is a web search engine (prehliadač) that is able to find the information we are looking for in a couple of seconds (departures/arrivals, opening hours, addresses of institutions, essays, articles). People use internet to pay their bills, they listen to the on-line editions of music albums, they play on-line games, they watch films, read books on the internet and young people chat on social networks such as Facebook and ICQ. People write their blogs and others read them. You can buy things, food, holidays via (prostredníctvom) the Internet. Nowadays, people do not write letters any more, they write e-mails instead.

But you have to be very careful and do not enter your personal data because there is a danger that someone (hackers) might misuse them.

The negative impact of television and the Internet

For many people the TV or the Internet are the only ways of entertaining themselves. The sick, the unemployed, the disabled or lonely people normally watch it much more than people who have families or who are busy.

However, there are people, especially children and the youth, who are obsessed with watching the TV or surfing the Internet several hours a day. It damages their eyesight and keeps them from doing sports or being outside. People do not spend their time outdoors nowadays and they do not meet their friends so often. It is also one of the reasons why people do not read as many books as they did before and why the relationships are so bad.  

 

 

Otázky:

1.       What are mass media? Why do we call them mass media?

2.       What are their main functions?

3.       What types of mass media do you know? Which of them do you use most often?

4.       What are the advantages and disadvantages of reading a newspaper/reading on-line edition of a newspaper?

5.       What is the difference between daily and weekly newspapers?

6.       What is a broadsheet?

7.       What sorts of news can you find in quality papers?

8.       Which Slovak, British, American broadsheets do you know?

9.       What is the tabloid? What sorts of articles can you find in it?

10.   Do you know any magazines for teenagers/men/women/sportsmen/photographers…?

11.   What do you like reading about? What do you read more often: newspapers or magazines?

12.   What are the typical sections in newspapers?

13.   Which is the best-selling Slovak tabloid?

14.   Do you know any journalist who writes for newspapers?

15.   Where do public TV stations get their money from?

16.   Where do commercial TV stations get their money from?

17.   Why do companies pay a lot of money to commercial TV stations?

18.   Which educational programmes do TV stations broadcast?

19.   Which entertainment programmes do TV stations broadcast?

20.   What is a commercial break?

21.   Is there any commercial you like?

22.   What do you do during commercials?

23.   Which British TV stations do you know?

24.   Which public TV stations are there in Slovakia?

25.   What sorts of programmes does STV2 broadcast?

26.   What does the News report on?

27.   Which news channels do you know?

28.   What radio programmes do you listen to? Which is your favourite radio station?

29.   What are the disadvantages of spending too much time in front of the TV?

30.   What do you use the Internet for?

31.   What can you do via the Internet?

32.   Why is it not healthy to spend too much time on the Internet?

33.   What is Google?

 

 

 

 

 

 

HUMAN RALATIONSHIPS

 

 

10._Human_relationships.docx

IDOLS AND CELEBRITIES

23.Role_models_and_idols.docx

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

12.Science_and_technology.docx

SCIENCE.docx

healthcare - parts of human body, layers of human body, seeing a doctor, at the hospital - vocabulary, diseases and their symptoms, stress and fitness, common and civilization illnesses/disorders (hiv, aids, cancer, allergies, bulimia, anorexia, insomnia....) and their symptoms, healthy lifestyle, health insurance, regular check-ups, v učebnici YES,ktorú máte hore v elektronickej podobe, je to téma číslo 6, strany 42-47, urobte si cvičenia

heathcare worksheets: healthcare_worksheet1.pdf

                                 healthcare_worksheet_2.pdf

tu je spracovaná téma 6._healthcare.docx

 

HUMAN BODY

HEALTHCARE

FASHION page 113- 118

Oral and written examination

Focus on vocabulary.

Jobs 

Slovakia, the UK, the USA (geography, political system, customs and traditions, stereotypes, education, historical events, places of interest, food and drinks, cultural events...),

People and society  (the basic rules of etiquette, loss of manners, social behaviour at school, first visit- table/food manners, theatre/cinema etiquette, acts of courtesy)

The young and their world (changes teenagers go through, interests they have, emotional life, generation gaps: teenagers say about parents, parents say about teenagers, common teenager problems: unemployment, financial problems, lack of emotional intelligence, racial prejudices, taking drugs, alcoholism, gambling, pregnancy, family problems, problems with peers, love)

Hobbies, leisure and lifestyle (individual/collective hobbies, traditional and creative, for children, teenagers, adults, for people of all ages, indoor/outdoor hobbies)

Towns and places (important places in my life - birthplace, place where I study, holiday destinations, the most beautiful places in Slovakia and in the world recommended to nature lovers, sights worth seeing, festivals, description of a place from a tourist guide)

+ REVISION ABOUT PARTS OF A BOOK

Write the missing words in the picture and sentences below. Choose from the following:

 

acknowledgements	contents	illustrations
appendix	cover	index
bibliography	footnote	jacket
blurb	foreword	preface
chapter	glossary	title

 

4         A _________________________ is a list of the books and articles that were used in the preparation of a book. It usually appears at the end.

5        The ________________________ are the photographs or drawings that are found in a book.

6        The __________________________ at the beginning or end of a book are where the author thanks everyone who has helped him or her, plus who supplied photographs, etc.

7        A ___________________________ is an introduction at the beginning of a book, which explains what the book is about or why it was written.

8        A ___________________________ is one of the parts that a book is divided into. It is sometimes given a number or a title.

9        An __________________________ to a book is extra information that is placed after the end of the main text.

10    A ___________________________ is a preface in which someone who knows the writer and his or her work says something about them.

11    An___________________________ is an alphabetical list that is sometimes printed at the back of a book which has the names, subjects, etc. Mentioned in the book and the pages where they can be found.

12    The __________________________ is a list at the beginning of a book saying what it contains.

13    The __________________________ is an alphabetical list of the special or technical words used in a book, with explanations of their meanings.

14    A ____________________________is a note at the bottom of a page in a book which gives the reader more information about something that is mentioned on the page.

15    The __________________________ is a short description by the publisher of the contents of a book, printed on its paper cover or in advertisements.

 

1_Family.docx

1_Family_pokr..docx

2_CULTURE_and_ART_Voc(1).doc

2_Culture_and_Art.docx

4.housing.docx

Shopping_and_services.doc

5._shopping_and_services.docx

6._healthcare.docx

7.travelling.docx

8.School_and_study.docx

9.Jobs_and_employement.docx

10._Human_relationships.docx

11.THE_HUMAN_RACE_AND_NATURE.docx

12.Science_and_technology.docx

13.MAN_AND_SOCIETY.docx

13_Man_and_Society.docx

14.communication.docx

15.MASS_MEDIA.docx

16.The_young_and_their_world.docx

17.food.docx

18.Hobbies.docx

19_Multicultural_Society.docx

20.Towns_and_places.docx

21.fashion.docx

22.the_book_-_a_person_s_friend.docx

23.Role_models_and_idols.docx

24.English_speaking_countries1.docx

24.The_United_States_of_America.docx

25.Slovakia-my_homeland.docx

25.Slovak_stereotypes__Bratislava.docx

LONDON below

MY_CAPITAL_CITY.docx

YES!book  UK + USA +

REVISION: Culture and Art, Shopping and Services, Education, Jobs, People and Society, Multicultural Society

SLOVAKIA

The system of government of the Slovak Republic is divided into three branches: legislative branch represented by the National Council of the Slovak Republic (Parliament), the executive branch represented by the Government  (THE Prime Minister and his cabinet) and the President, and the judicial branch (the courts, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the courts at all levels of regional and district government.). The National Council is the law making body.

Slovakia is a small country but it has a long and rich history.

There have been several milestones in Slovak history:

833                                                      The Great Moravian Empire was founded.

863                                                      Byzantine brothers Constantine and Methodius headed the mission to Great Moravia, devised the oldest Slavic alphabeth and translated the liturgical books into old Church Slavonic which they codified.

907                                                      Slovakia became a part of the early feudal Hungarian state.

19^th century                                        The time of national revival.

1843                                                    Ľudovít Štúr codified the literary Slovak language.

October 28, 1918                               The Czechoslovak Republic was founded.

March 14, 1939                                  The Declaration of the Slovak Republic – a puppet state of Nazi Germany.

August 29, 1944                                 The Slovak National Uprising against the Nazi Germany started.

1968                                                    Prague Spring – led by Alexander Dubček.

August 21, 1968                                 Invasion of the Warsaw Pact troops into Czechoslovakia.

November 17, 1989                           The Velvet Revolution, restoration of democracy.

January 1, 1993                                 The Independence of the Slovak Republic was declare.

May 1, 2004                                       The Slovak Republic became the member state of the European Union.

January 1, 2009                                 Slovakia is a member of the Eurozone.

 

 

Slovak people have a lot of customs and traditions.

One of the oldest traditions is the “fašiangy” festival held at the end of February/beginning of March.People walk down the street dressed in funny costumes, sing and dance to celebrate the end of winter and welcome the coming spring. In the evening they have a party that finishes late at night.

The next day Lent starts – the period of forty days from Ash Wednesday to the day before Easter, during which Christians give up food or activities they enjoy in memory of Christ's suffering. People go to church to commemorate Jesus Christ's crucifixion on Good Friday. Easter Monday is a special day in Slovakia. On that day boys go from house to house and splash girls with plaited whips and wash them with water so they will be healthy and strong all the year round. The boys are given coloured eggs as a reward.  (It is quite common to see drunk boys and men in the afternoon because the are given also  alcoholic drinks.)

 

Slovakia offers lots of attractions that are worth seeing. One unique sight in Slovakia is Spiš Castle which dates back to the time before the13^th century and is known as one of the most extensive Gothic castles in Europe. The castle resisted Tartar raids in 1241.  In the14^th  and 15^th was extended. In 1780 during a fire was damaged. Extensive research and conservation had been done before the castle was opened to the public. In 1993, Spiš Castle, Špišské Podhradie, Špiská Kapitula and the church in Žehra were listed among some 300 of the most important monuments in the world.

SLOVAKIA

INFORMATION FILE:

Name: the Slovak Republic

Capital: Bratislava

Government: Parliamentary democracy

Independence: from January 1, 1993

Accession to EU: May 1, 2004

Area: 49,037 km²

Population: 5,401,000

Density: 111/km²

GDP (Gross Domestic Product): 2008 estimate: 90 billion US dollars

Currency: Euro from January 1, 2009

Time zone: CET

Calling code: +421

     Slovakia is a landlocked country in Central Europe and borders the Czech Republic and Austria on the west, Poland on the north, the Ukraine on the east and Hungary on the south.

Slovakia is rich in interesting natural landscapes, mountains, deep caves, medieval castles and towns, folk architecture and ski resorts.

At Štrbské Pleso ideal snow conditions sometimes last for more than 200 days. The Tatras are a real winter jewel. Apart from the Tatras regions Slovakia is particularly noted for its numerous mountain ski resorts, such as the Velka Raca, Velka and Mala Fatra Mountain Ranges and many others.

The Slovak National Park (TANAP), was founded in 1949 and together with the Polish Tatra National Park was added to the UNESCO Bioshpere Reserve List in 1993. The Tatras feature many rare plant and animal species; some forested areas are home to brown bears, wolves, foxes, wild boars (diviaky), rabbits, squirrels, weasels (lasice), and muskrats (ondatry). Chamois and lynx (kamziky a rysy) can be seen in high mountain areas.

The many and varied rivers and lakes provide excellent opportunities for water sports – canoeing,sailing, water-skiing, fishing, white water rafting and many others.

Slovakia has been noted for its historic cities: Banska Bystrica, Kremnica, Levoca, Banska Stiavnica…, caves, wooden churches…

Slovakia has also become world famous for its numerous mineral springs and spas, the most famous being those of Piešťany, Bardejov, Bojnice, Brusno, Sliač, Trenčianské Teplice (balneological spas), Nový Smokovec, Štós, Štrbské Pleso(climatic spas) and Čiž, Nimnica, Rajecké Teplice and Vyšné Ružbachy (mixed spas).

New water parks are mushrooming (rastu ako huby po dazdi) throughout the country, e.g. Tatralandia in Liptovský Mikuláš, Aquacity in Poprad and Aquathermal in Senec.

Slovakia karst (kras, vapenec) areas offer an extremely high number of caves , many of which are open to the public.

Some of them have been proclaimed UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including Ochtinská Aragonite Cave, which is one of the three aragonite caves in the world.

Slovakia has the highest number of fortified castles (opevnených), the best known are those of Bratislava, Bojnice, Spiš castle, Devin castle and Trenčín castle.

Ancient stone churches can be found in virtually (skoro, takmer) any village and town in Slovakia; most of them were built in the Baroque style, but there are also many examples of fine Romanesque and Gothic architecture (e.g. in Banská Bystrica, Bardejov, Spišská Kapitula). The St. James Church in Levoča with the highest wood-carved altar (oltár) in the world and the Church of the Holy Spirit in Žehra with precious medieval frescos are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Another highlight is St. Martin’s Cathedral in Bratislava, which served as the coronation church of the ancient Kingdom of Astro-Hungary.

The oldest sacral buildings in Slovakia stem(pochádzajú) from the Great Moravian period (the 9^th century).

Slovakia is also rich in songs, dance, folk art, folk costumes (ľudový kroj) and folk architecture, which is well preserved, for example, in the villages of Čičmany and Vlkolinec (these have also been preserved as UNESCO World Heritage Sites).

If you are interested in buying some nice souvenirs, the Centres of folk Art (ÚĽUV) sell typical souvenirs from Slovakia such as dolls dressed in folk costumes, ceramic objects (majolica), crystal, carved wooden figures, wooden „črpáky“ pitchers, fujaras (folk instruments which are also on the UNESCO list) and decorated folk hatches – „valaškas“, and human figures made from corn husks (kukuričné šúpolie) and wire, which are very popular among foreign tourists.

FOOD AND DRINK

Any hungry and thirsty tourist would probably be very eager to taste some typical local prosucts. Traditional Slovak eating and drinking habits date back to the ols Slavic period, which was later influenced ba Hungarian, Austrian and German cooking/cuisine.

Slovak food is based on many different kinds of soups, porridge, boiled and stewed vegetables, mainly cabbage and sauerkraut, roast and smoked meats and dairy products, especially those from sheep. The style of cooking varies from region to region. Slovak specialities include salted and sweetened dishes made with flour, including dumplings (knedlík). One such dish is the popular “bryndzové halušky” – small potato dumplings served with sheep cheese and fried bacon chunks (oškvarky). Maybe not to everyone’s taste, but certainly worth trying

Slovakia is also known for its high quality wines and popular beer brands. The most popular are those from the Tokai, Little Carpathian Mountains, Nitra, Topolcany and Zahorie regions. Hubert is a highly rated Slovak sparkling (šumivé) wine brand, and Demänovka and Horec are traditional herbal liqueurs. Other popular Slovak aperitifs include slivovica (plum brandy) and borovicka (a liquor made from juniper berries-borievky- and similar to gin).

Some popular beer brands are Zlatý bažant, Šariš, Corgoň, and many others…

Lent starts – the period of 40 days from Ash Wednesday to the day before Easter, during which Christians give up food or activities they enjoy in memory of Christ`s suffering on the cross and two days later, on Easter Sunday, they celebrate His resurrection . Easter is a Christian festival.  People go to church to commemorate Jesus Christ`s crucifixion on Good Friday which is the greatest religious festival of the year. In the eastern part of the country they carry basket of food that is eaten during Easter (e.g. bread, sausages, hard-boiled eggs, cakes). Even small children have their own baskets with sweet baked lamb in it. During this special mass the priest walks among people and consecrates the food. Then people pray the Lord, go home and eat this food during the whole festival.

Easter Monday is special day in Slovakia. On that day boys go from house to house and splash girls with plaited whips and wash them with water so that they will be healthy and strong all year round. The boys are given colored eggs as a reward.

VOCABULARY:

to remain – zostať, zotrvať

in commemoration of – na slávu

Holy Ghost – Duch Svätý

suffering – utrpenie

crucifixion – ukrižovanie

commemorate -  pripomínať si, sláviť, oslavovať (pamiatku)

consecrate – posvätiť

resurrection – vzkriesenie

In the US, a basket of sweets, small chocolate eggs and a chocolate Easter Bunny, is left out on Easter Monday to be discovered by children who believe it is a gift from Easter Bunny.  On Easter Monday, the British give presents of Easter eggs, especially to children.

 

Find enclosed copy YES B1 book, just click on the following link 

yes-b1.pdf

SLOVAKIA

learn about Slovakia, my homeland, do all the tasks in YES B1 book, plus prepare presentation about Slovakia

geography - location, area, bordering countries, borders, mountains, lowlands, rivers, dams

climate - mild and continental, seasons, temperatures, favourite activities

population - 5 million people, nationalities, official language, Roma people/immigrants

history of Slovakia - the Great Moravian Empire,Velvet Revolution, establishment of the independent state 1st January 1993, joining European Union - what it brought to Slovaks - possibilities to study/work abroad, participation in different projects, monetary union, Euro as a currency

places worth seeing - open air museums (skanzeny), caves, folk festivals, mountains, villages, towns - why would you take a tourist to such a place? why is it interesting? what can you see/do there?

holidays/customs/traditions - Christmas and Easter in Slovakia

Slovak national cuisine - potato dumplings with sheep cheese, potato pancakes, cabbage soup...

Slovak stereotypes - what are Slovaks said to be like? e.g. Slovaks are said to be hospitable and warm. They are patriots and support their national football and hockey team

FASHION layout

learn fashion, YES book, the sheet below and my sheet plus

tailor-made/made-to-measure clothes vs. ready-made clothes: yes book p. 118

how to take care of your clothes:

all clothes require special care if you want to wear them for a longer time.

follow carefully the washing and ironing instructions on the clothes labels.

if you wash your clothes in a washing machine on a high temperature, they can shrink or become larger.

greasy stains can be washed with stain removers.

the worst happens when coloured clothes are washed together with white ones.

if you are not sure how to care about certain clothes, use the service of a local laundrette.

all tasks related to fashion, YES B1 (see the link above), final exam topic 18, p.115-120. For your homework pls do the A,B,C,D,E stuff. Read the main article, learn vocabulary and pls go through MY FASHION sheet 21.fashion.docx

FASHION WORKSHEET

shopping.shopping_vocab.pdf

 

the topic number 19 in YES!book only the UK. + UK + People and Nature

Everyone will be prepared to talk about one place of interest in this country, or some attraction for tourists,or something curious about the British. pdf. below will help you.

01_uk_basic_facts.pdf

24_CARD_ukcities.pdf

 

1 EUROPASS CV + COVER LETTER

https://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/editors/en/cv/compose

2 Describe qualities and skills needed to the jobs

       

3 YES!book JOBS

 

 

PEOPLE AND NATURE

QUESTIONS AND POSSIBLE ANSWERS, DESCRIBING PICTURES

01_CARD_environment(1).pdf

VOCABULARY

141_NATURE_AND_ENVIRONMENT.pdf

LEARN PEOPLE AND NATURE YES!BOOK p. 67, VOCAB 70-71

SEASONS AND WEATHER

 Spring begins on the 21^st March. The weather is clear and sunny but the temperature almost never arises to more than twenty degrees. Nature begins to awake from a long winter sleep, nights get shorter and days get longer. Woods and first flowers appear: snowdrops, dandelions, daffodils, forget-me-nots, violets and many more.

June 21^st is the date when summer begins. Schoolchildren have two months holidays and a lot of people set on journeys and take holidays. The temperature rises to 25 degrees and more, sky is clear and bright, there is a lot of sunshine, no wind blows and sometimes we suffer from a heat, which means the weather is sultry, hot and dry. Summer rains often come in the form of a storm. Then there is a crash of thunder and a flash of lighting and a heavy downpour. Occasionally it starts hailing or there is a cloudburst, but when the storm dies down, a rainbow may appear in the sky.

Autumn is usually colder than summer with foggy mornings. It starts on the 23^rd September. We can still enjoy a few fine days of Indian summer. It is the most rainy season and the nature is preparing for the winter. It is the time of harvest gathering fruit like apples and pears. The leaves of maples, beeches, birches, oaks and ashes are changing to red, yellow, orange or brown.

After autumn usually comes winter, the coldest season of the year on 21st December - winter. Everything is covered by snow and ice, animals and plants are hibernating, Children enjoy throwing snowballs, sledging, sliding and skating on frozen lakes. The temperature sometimes drops to 20 degrees Celsius below zero. The hands get numb and stiff, fingers tingle with cold and we sometimes suffer from frostbite. The roads become icy and slippery, which make driving hazardous.

There are three basic elements we need for our life: AIR, WATER and SOIL (pôda).

The main ecological problems

Now, at the beginning of the 21^st century, we are facing (čelíme) various ecological problems.

• climate changes-global warming, e.g. the polar icecaps are melting, so sea levels around the world are rising and scientists predict that some seaside areas will disappear under the sea in the future

• 
  weather-related disasters: floods, tsunami, earthquakes, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes, avalanches...

• deforestation: destruction of/cutting down the tropical rainforests, especially in South and Central American countries like Brazil and Costa Rica

• pollution: air/soil/water pollution: the ozone hole, acid rain, greenhouse effect, chemicals and harmful emissions

• The air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil we plant our foods in are all polluted (air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution). We produce a large number of dangerous chemicals (chemikálií) that endanger (ohrozujú) all life. We produce huge  amounts (množstvá) of CARBON DIOXIDE (kysličník uhličitý – CO₂). Plastics technologies destroys the ozone layer (ozónovú vrstvu) which surrounds (obklopuje) and protect our planed from the dangerous UV (ultraviolet) sunrays/sunbeams (slnečnými lúčmi). The ultraviolet radiation (UV) of the sun can cause skin cancer. Acid rain is caused by (zapríčinený) chemical SO₂ (sulphur dioxide) from factories and exhaust fumes (výfukových plynov) which is mixed in the air with water from clouds and creates H₂SO₃ (sulphurous acid). It is dangerous and poisonous because it is an acid and it damages buildings, kills trees, plankton and pollutes the soil.

• All pollution is caused by chemicals which get into our water, soil and air. These chemicals are not just from factories but from products we use daily (denne), things such as laundry detergents/washing powders (pracie prášky), used to wash our clothes and pesticides and fertilizers (hnojivá) used to grow our food. The cars we use every day produce exhaust fumes which pollute our air, and the waste (odpad) and rubbish (smetie), for example packaging (obaly), paper, old bottles, plastic bottles and cans, we produce is either (buď) buried (zakopaný), polluting the soil, or (alebo) burned (spálený), polluting the air. All these chemicals get into the atmosphere or leak (preniknú, presiaknu) into the soil and pollute our water.

• the disappearance of many animal and plant species;

• many plant and animal species are in danger (endangered) of extinction and have to be protected

          in  national parks, zoos, botanical gardens and game reserves.

THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY

What can you personally do to protect the environment?

• save water - have a shower rather than a bath; make sure that the water isn't left dripping

• save energy - switch off the light when leaving, use LED lights, turn off your computer and other electrical equipment, when not in use and save on electricity

• eat less beef and rice, livestock farming (chov dobytka) and rice growing (pestovanie ryže) are both major sources of methane production

• bring your own bag or basket to the store

• leftover food (zvysky jedal) and vegetable and fruit peels (supky zo zeleniny a ovocia) should be recycled - composted if possible; compost kitchen garbage

• buy things that have less packaging and are recyclable

• not to buy products with phosphates (detergents, washing powder)

• not to use many fertilizers and pesticides in the garden

• throw your chewing gum in the waste bin, not in the street

• buy products CFCs free, e.g. deodorants without chlorofluorocarbons

• put litter only into litter bins

• not to be noisy in the woods, not to pick flowers and branches

• use public transport (cars are the main pollutants), ride a bike

• contact people who are "green", join them and help them with organising events aimed at protecting nature, e.g. plant trees, clean lakes and rivers

• REDUCE. Reduce your usage of disposable/one-time-use items (jednorazové výrobky) and reduce the amount of solid waste (množstvo tuhého odpadu).

• RECYCLE. Sort out waste - recycle glass; plastics: plastic bottles and plastic packaging; paper, metals.

• REUSE. Recycled materials can be reused, e.g. recycled material from plastic bottles is used for making door mats.

USEFUL VOCABULARY

waste - odpad

spread - rozširovať

groundwater- spodná voda

leak into - presakovať

seep into - vsakovať

trash - haraburdy, odpad

discharge into - vypustiť, vylievať

dispose of sth - likvidovať, zbaviť sa

landfill area - verejná skládka odpadu

sawage – kanalizačné splašky

FLORA AND FAUNA ADAPTATION TO THE CLIMATE

 

FLORA

Plants are adapted to the climate. Trees in rainforests have broad leaves so that the heavy rain run off the leaves easily. The large leaves help the plants not to overheat.

Cactuses due to tiny spines reduce transpiration to almost nothing so they store water and adapt to the dry climates.

Coniferous plants also have small spiky leaves so that they don't lose too much water during the frozen winters.

Plants affected by strong winds have thicker stems to streghten and prevent themselves from being blown over.

 

FAUNA

Many animals are adapted to the weather in the local climate. Animals living in the coldest parts of the world, such as seals and polar bears, have thick layers of fat under their skin to protect them from the cold. Polar bears have hair on their feet to help them keep footing on slippery ice.

Brown bears hibernate during the coldest part of the year, living off stored fat and water to survive.

Toads do the same during periods of drought, lying in the mud until the next rains.

Many animals migrate to breeding areas to escape starvation during the winter season when food is harder to find, e.g. swallow.

In hot places, animals can often store water in their bodies such as camels. Nocturnal animals come out only at night to hunt and feet. Nights are a little bit colder.

 

VOCABULARY

Spike – pichliač, spiky leaves - ihličie

stem - stopka

hibernate – prezimovať

starvation – vyhladovanie

coniferous – ihličnatý

hair – srsť

drought – sucho

nocturnal - nočný

 

 

REVISION SHOPPING, learn SERVICES YES!BOOK B1 p. 36-40

5_Shopping_and_Services.docx

Shopping_and_services.doc

REVISION from YES!book + links below

15_Mass_Media.docx

7_Travelling.docx

19_Multicultural_Society.docx

13_Man_and_Society.docx

Multicultural society

-           a society is composed of different cultural groups that try to preserve their identity and unique culture.

-          differences should be mutually respected and tolerated

Multiculturalism includes:

·         Cosmopolitan cities

·         Bilingualism /learn languages, make new contacts, get a new qualification,...

·         Dual citizenship

„MELTING POT“ – mixed and integrated cultural groups e.g. New York

INTEGRATION – represents multicultural DIVERSITY, that means immigrants preserve

                             their DISTINCTIVE FEATURES of the original culture: customs, traditions, habits,

                             religion

ASSIMILATION, ADAPTATION is more difficult for immigrants, they have to adapt to different

                             CULTURAL VALUES and religion

Lack of cultural integration or assimilation can:

·         cause isolation of immigrant minorities

·         provoke reactions of xenophobia /fear from strange thing/ and racism

     which can lead to serious incidents: violent clashes  and riots

YES!book 80/ex. E, F + Voc 82-83, TOPIC PEOPLE AND SOCIETY  p. 78-79 + link number 13 Man and society

+ REVISE English File SB 38-39 Debrett´s guide to mobile phone etiquette + notes about school etiquette  AND FOOD etiquette

07_CARD_holiday(1).pdf

People and Society

We are influenced by:

·         family background

·         upbringing

·         education

·         social status

·         society: parents, friends, community, church, television, newspapers, by everything we are surrounded by

 HOME MODEL

1.     Parents themseves  must show the same manners to children they expect them to to take.

2.     Parents must never disagree with their partner’s opinion in front of the children. They live under the same roof, that roof must shelter unity of opinions also in upbringing.

“HOME” example/model is more important than anything else. Manners which children learn at home before they are grown up are basic principles for lifelong habits.

Children should learn some basic manners or general rules:

·         They wait their turn and do not interrupt other people when they are speaking.

·         They always greet someone visiting your house so that a guest feels welcome.

·         They say “Please” and “Thank you” often to show respect and appreciation.

·         They clean up after themselves. Children should always pick up after     themselves, it is their mess.

·         They chew with their mouth closed. No one wants to be grossed out (znechuteny) seeing food being chewed up or hearing it being chomped on (prezuvanie, mlaskanie).

·         They do not make any rude comments about any food being served. It will hurt someone’s feeling. If the meal is not buffet style, then children should wait until everyone is served before eating. It shows consideration. (ohladuplnost)

·         They always use a napkin to wipe their mouth and keep it on their lap when not in use. They remember that a napkin is only for dabbing their mouth, not for wiping their faces (utierat) or blowing their noses.

·         They simply learn all good table manners, e.g. the tablecloth must be spotless (cisty, bez skvrn), the table must be decorated, the style of dinning: how to hold knife, forks; the etiquette to the placement of the fork and knife at a restaurant when finishing with the meal.(Simply place the fork and knife side-by-side on the plate, with the handles either 3:00 or 5:00.)

 

Some etiquette tips for going to the theatre:

·         avoid being late

·         turn off cell phones, watch alarms and other electronic devices

·         do not talk, whisper or sing during the performance

·         do not use cameras

·         do not eat or drink during the performance

·         keep feet on the floor, not on the seat in front of you

·         use the restroom during the intermission

·         during curtain call, do not rush for the exits

SCHOOL:

Manners are also taught at school. Here are some of them:

·         Follow all school rules.

·         Bring school supplies daily.

·         Don’t eat or drink in the classroom.

·         Complete all your work.

·         Don’t argue with the teacher and with your classmates.

·         Be seated and ready to work when the bell rings.

·         Don’t copy homework.

·         Don’t cheat.

·         Don’t bully classmates or schoolmates.

School should learn you how to co-exist with other people, how to behave in a group of people, how to cope with problems and become responsible for yourself.

We have more conventions of social behaviour in Europe. Europe is long on history and tradition and there many rules of politeness, e. g.  younger people greet older, and man greets woman, children greet adults they know in a nice, loud clear voice, looking into the eyes.

ETIQUETTE (Spolocenska etiketa)– meetings/stretnutia, greetings/pozdravy a congratulations/blahozelania, seeing friends/etiketa navstev: reasons/dovody a tima/cas, topics,small talks/temy rozhovorov, serving food,drinks/pohostenie

There are some special conventions for how to behave in certain places:

·         women covering their heads or shoulders when entering a church

·         men taking off hats in a church

·         women wearing knee-length skirts for business and diplomacy

·         women wearing hats and gloves when meeting personalities like the Pope and the Queen

 Certain acts of courtesy are considered polite:

·          holding the door open for someone

·          taking the end place in a queue

·          moving aside to pass someone on the pavement

·          putting the hand over one’s mouth when coughing or yawning

·          

These manners are considered impolite:

·          to speak with one’s mouth full

·          to stare at someone

·          to flatter  (lichotiť, pochlebovať)

·          to keep a hand in the pocket when greeting and being introduced

1_Family.docx

1_Family_pokr..docx

2_CULTURE_and_ART_Voc(1).doc

2_Culture_and_Art.docx

4.housing.docx

Shopping_and_services.doc

5._shopping_and_services.docx

6._healthcare.docx

7.travelling.docx

8.School_and_study.docx

9.Jobs_and_employement.docx

10._Human_relationships.docx

11.THE_HUMAN_RACE_AND_NATURE.docx

12.Science_and_technology.docx

13.MAN_AND_SOCIETY.docx

13_Man_and_Society.docx

14.communication.docx

15.MASS_MEDIA.docx

16.The_young_and_their_world.docx

17.food.docx

18.Hobbies.docx

19_Multicultural_Society.docx

20.Towns_and_places.docx

21.fashion.docx

22.the_book_-_a_person_s_friend.docx

23.Role_models_and_idols.docx

24.English_speaking_countries1.docx

24.The_United_States_of_America.docx

25.Slovakia-my_homeland.docx

25.Slovak_stereotypes__Bratislava.docx