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MATURITA
The school-leaving examination/FINAL EXAM
In case you are interested in revising for your final exam, check the following sites (nahrávky a testy s kľúčom B1 aj B2)
matura: https://www.matura.sk/maturitne-testy/anglicky-jazyk
núcem: http://www.nucem.sk/sk/maturita#1144,o118
zmaturuj https://zmaturuj.zones.sk/maturitne-testy/
Your school-leaving examination:
- At the desk, there is a panel of three English teachers and you.
- talk about the three tasks:
- TASK 1 - visual input/pictures (5 minutes)
- TASK 2 - the major topic (10 minutes)
- TASK 3 - simulation or role-play (5 minutes)
EXAMPLES:
Student's Worksheet B1
Task 1 Health Care
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Look at the pictures and describe them.
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What is a healthy lifestyle?
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What do people do when they are ill? Describe visiting a doctor.
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How do you care about your health?
Task 2 Culture and Arts
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What types of arts do you know? Which is your favourite one and why?
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Choose one playwright/painter/musician/writer/actor/film maker and tell us more about his/her life and work.
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Describe a visit to the theatre and compare it to visiting the cinema.
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Talk about the music you like listening to.
Task 3 Simulation/Role-play – Towns and Places
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After your graduation you have decided to have a gap year. Talk about countries/places you would like to visit and explain why.
Student's Worksheet B2
Task 1 Housing
Compare and contrast the photographs and say what you think it would be like to live in there. Which building would you choose to live in. Why? Describe the place you live in.
Task 2 Shopping and Services
What kinds of specialised shops do you know? What do they offer?
Name some methods of advertising. What is the main aim of advertising agencies? Do advertisements influence you? What do you like/dislike about advertising.
What can you get at a department store? What are the pros and cons of spending free time at the mall?
What could be done to improve the relationship between shop assistants and customers?
Which services do POST, BANK and POLICE provide?
Task 3 Simulation: Health Care
Have you ever considered donating organs after your death?
Is there a reason why you would not do it?
What do you think of organ donation as a way to save another person‘s life?
Do you think medical science will one day conquer all diseases?VYPRACOVANÉ TÉMY11.THE_HUMAN_RACE_AND_NATURE.docx
12.Science_and_technology.docx
16.The_young_and_their_world.docx
22.the_book_-_a_person_s_friend.docx
24.English_speaking_countries1.docx
24.The_United_States_of_America.docx
25.Slovak_stereotypes__Bratislava.docx
LONDON below
Please find enclosed PPTpresentations related to the final exam topics
14_COMMUNICATION_-_ITS_MEANS_AND_FORMS.ppt
18_THE_YOUNG_AND_THEIR__WORLD.ppt
20__HOBBIES__LEISURE_AND_LIFESTYLE.ppt
23_MULTICULTURAL_SOCIETY_AND_INTERNATIONAL_INSTITUTIONS.ppt
27_IDOLS__CELEBRITIES_AND_FAMOUS_PERSONALITIES.ppt
29_THE_UNITED_STATES_OF_AMERICA.ppt
List of national public holidays of Slovakia
January 01
Day of the Establishment of the Slovak Republic
Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia
January 06
Epiphany
March-April
Good Friday, Easter Monday
May 01
Labour Day
International observances began with the Haymarket Riot in Chicago
May 08
Day of the Victory over Fascism
The end of World War II in Europe
July 05
St Cyril and Methodius Day
Slavic missionaries Cyril (Constantine) and Metod (Methodius) came to Great Moravia
August 29
Slovak National Uprising anniversary
National Day. The Slovaks rose against Nazi Germanz in 1944
September 01
Slovak Constitution Day
The constitution of independent Slovakia was adopted in Bratislava in 1992
September 15
Day of Our Lady of Sorrows
The patron saint of Slovakia is the Blessed Virgin Mary
November 01
All Saints Day
Cemeteries are visited on or around this day
November 17
Struggle for Freedom and Democracy Day
Commemorating the student demostration against Nazi occupation in 1939, and especially the demonstration in 1989 in Prague considered to mark the beginning of the Velvet Revolution
December 24
Christmas Eve
Christmas presents are opened in the evening on Christmas Eve in Slovakia
December 25
Christmas Day
First Christmas Holiday
December 26
St Stephen´s Day
Second Christmas Day
ANJKAJ
NOTE: You will find some information on the topic Printing and Bookbinding below.
AEYERS ROCK - an Aboriginal holy place ULURU,
- situated in the desert in the Northern Territory, Australia,
- 335 m high, 9 km round,
- named after Sir Henry AYERS, a South Australia premier
- dramatically changes its colour at sunset.
Phrases for Persuasion
Here are a few to remember:
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I am certain. . .
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I’m sure that you can see that . . .
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What needs to be done/what we need to do. . .
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I ask you to think about . . .
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I am talking in order to . . .
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Nevertheless . . .
-
On the other hand . . .
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It has come to my attention that . . .
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If you move forward with . . .
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Obviously. . .
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Surely . . .
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Regardless . . .
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If [ ] were to happen, then . . .
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This can be fixed by . . .
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Useful expressions for an itinerary
Slovakia/ UK/USA/
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You should take a walk to ...
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Then come down...
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You can choose from the wide offer of ... (galleries, museums...)
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Enjoy (Bratislava’s Summer of Culture)
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You can find here a few...
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Don’t omit to visit ...
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You can reach ... right from ...
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Use the cabin car from ... to ...
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In addition to a wonderful view and ... you can find here ...
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For those not wanting to (climb down) there is ...
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Alternatively you can ... (stay in ... and play golf or go for a swim...)
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The best choice is to ...
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It’s a perfect place to do sth or to have a closer look at sth
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If you are interested you can ask for a short excursion in ...
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There will be more opportunities for doing sth
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You can end up in ... (some place)
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You will see how (people lived...)
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... is to be seen here (as well)
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Try time travelling and visit ...
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Take a tour around...
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... is the most famous part of the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites
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... which reminds you of...
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...contrast(s) with..
BOOKBINDING
Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. It usually involves attaching a book cover to the resulting text-block. There are hardback books and paperback
books.
PARTS OF A CASE BOUND BOOK
GLOSSARY
back lining/headcap
chrbátnik
sheet paper/flat paper
čistý hárok
bookmaking finishing process
dokončovacie spracovanie, knihárske
over-and-over fold
dva lomy do kríža
foil proof/covering/coating
fóliový poťah
French fold
francúzsky lom,
concertina/ zigzag /accordion /fan /back and forth fold
harmonikový/ cik-cak lom
plastic comb binding
hrebeňová väzba
thickness of book back/spine
hrúbka knižného chrbta
thick sheet paper
hrubý formát
letter folding
jeden jednoduchý lom
simple fold
jednoduchý lom
head-band/bead
kapitálik
book joint/grove
knižná drážka
flag book mark
knižná záložka
signature
knižná zložka
book covers/cover boards
knižné dosky z kartónu
book hard plastic covers
knižné dosky z tuhých plastov
book cords/raised bands
knižné väzy
body of book
knižný blok
book sheet
knižný hárok
book cover gluing
knižný polep
feather proof/covering/coating
kožený poťah
wire-o binding/concealed double-loop/double-loop wire
krúžková väzba
laminating
laminovanie
laminated book proof/covering/coating
laminovaný poťah
verso
ľavá stránka, párna stránka, chrbtová strana
adhesive binding/perfect binding
lepená väzba
gluing
lepenie
glued book back
lepenie knižného chrbta
leporelo
leporelo
soft binding
mäkka väzba
untrimmed size
neorezaný formát
window fold
okienkový lom
edging of the body/trimming
orezanie knižného bloku
edge
oriezka/orezanie
paper proof/covering/coating
papierový poťah
paralel fold
paralelný lom
perforation
perforovanie
cloth book back
platený knižný chrbát
cloth proof/covering/coating
platený obťah
number of folds
počet lomov
half-hard binding
polotvrdá väzba
fold sequence
poradie/postupnosť lomov
printed endpaper
potlačená predsádka
fold position on the sheet
pozícia lomov na hárku
recto
pravá stránka, lícna strana, nepárna stránka
right-angle fold
pravouhlý lom
book jacket
prebal
front book board/cover
predná knižná doska
fore edge
predná oriezka/predný okraj knihy
endpaper
predsádka
industrial bookbinding
priemyslové väzby
cutting
rezanie
signature
signatúra
stitched soft binding
šitá mäkka väzba
stitching/sewing
šitie
saddle stitching/sewing by wire staples
šitie drôtenými skobkami na striešku, brožovanie
chopper blade
skladací nôž na priečný lom
folding machine
skladací stroj
folding cylinder
skladací valec/cylinder
gatefold
skladačka, lomy skladané do seba
folding
skladanie
spiral/coil/plastic binding
špirálová väzba
tail edge
spodná oriezka/spodný okraj knihy
snap-out
súbor listov lepených v lište
symmetrical/asymmetrical fold positions
symetrická/nesymetrická pozície lomov
hard cover binding/ cased binding
tvrdá väzba
adhesive hard binding
tvrdá väzba lepená
thread-stitched binding
tvrdá väzba šitá niťou
flyleaf
vakát
top edge
vrchná oriezka
crop/cropping
výsek, bigovanie
back book board/cover
zadná knižná doska
rounded back
zaoblený knižný chrbát
gathering-and-stitching machine
znášacia zošívačka
gathering
znášanie - skladanie potlačených listov do knižného
Matters of a text book block
acknowledgements
contents
illustrations
appendix
cover
index
bibliography
footnote
jacket
blurb
foreword
preface
chapter
glossary
title
4 A _________________________ is a list of the books and articles that were used in the preparation of a book. It usually appears at the end.
5 The ________________________ are the photographs or drawings that are found in a book.
6 The __________________________ at the beginning or end of a book are where the author thanks everyone who has helped him or her, plus who supplied photographs, etc.
7 A ___________________________ is an introduction at the beginning of a book, which explains what the book is about or why it was written.
8 A ___________________________ is one of the parts that a book is divided into. It is sometimes given a number or a title.
9 An __________________________ to a book is extra information that is placed after the end of the main text.
10 A ___________________________ is a preface in which someone who knows the writer and his or her work says something about them.
11 An___________________________ is an alphabetical list that is sometimes printed at the back of a book which has the names, subjects, etc. Mentioned in the book and the pages where they can be found.
12 The __________________________ is a list at the beginning of a book saying what it contains.
13 The __________________________ is an alphabetical list of the special or technical words used in a book, with explanations of their meanings.
14 A ____________________________is a note at the bottom of a page in a book which gives the reader more information about something that is mentioned on the page.
15 The __________________________ is a short description by the publisher of the contents of a book, printed on its paper cover or in advertisements.
SOLUTION
Parts_of_a_book_workshhet_filled_in.docx
PARTS OF A BOOK
What is a book's FRONT MATTER? Front matter is the information that appears up front and first in a book. The front matter contains the nuts and bolts of the book’s publication—information like title, author, publisher, ISBN and Library Congress data. The front matter pages generally aren’t visibly numbered; when they are, the numbers appear as Roman numerals.
Here are the typical parts of a book's front matter:
Half title, sometimes called bastard title — is just the title of the book (you can think of it as a kind of half the title page) Frontispice — is the piece of artwork on the left (“verso”) side of the page opposite the title page on the right (“recto”) side. Title page – this is a page which contains the title of the book, the author (or authors) and the publisher. Copyright page — includes:
the declaration of copyright (that is, who owns the copyright, generally the authors)
- other types of credits, such as illustrators, editorial staff, indexer, etc., and sometimes notes from the publishers
- copyright acknowledgments — for books that contain reprinted material that requires permissions, such as excerpts, song lyrics
- edition number — this number represents the number of the edition and of the printing. Some books will specifically note “First Edition”; others don’t declare that they are first editions, and instead is represent their printings with a number. In those cases, a first edition would look like:
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
- A second edition would be noted as: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data – which includes information such as title, authors, ISBN, Library of Congress number, subject matter, year of publication.
Dedication — where the author honors an individual or individuals by declaring that the labor of the book is “To” [name or names] Acknowledgements — the author’s thanks to those who contributed time and resources towards the effort of writing the book. Table of Contents — outlines what is in each chapter of the book. Foreword — is a “set up” for the book, typically written by someone other than the author. Preface or Introduction — is a “set up” for the book’s contents, generally by the author.
ISBN
ISBN – International Standard Book Number precisely identifies a book, there should be no two books with the same number. The following publishing of the same book has a new number ISBN.
The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers.
The ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 by DAVID WHITAKER (named as the “Father of the ISBN) and EMERY KOLTAY (who later became director of the U.S.ISBN agency, Bowker).
The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 210.
Since 1st January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with "Bookland" European Article Number EAN-13s.
An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if assigned before 2007.
An International Standard Book Number consists of 4 parts (if it is a 10 digit ISBN) or 5 parts (for a 13 digit ISBN):
the only difference between a bar code and an ISBN is that the ISBN is hyphenated
parts of ISBN: 5 parts:
1. first three digits 978 or 979 - within EAN code/bar code these tell us it is a book, currently this can only be either 978 or 979. It is always 3 digits in length
2. 3 - language group or country, it depends, English books are assigned either 0 or 1. ( Registration group element – this identifies the particular country, geographical region, or language area participating in the ISBN system. This element may be between 1 and 5 digits in length)
3. 8473 - identifier of a publisher/publishing house
4. 1838 - identifier of a title (this identifies the particular edition and format of a specific title. This may be up to 6 digits in length)An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN.
5. 5 - so called check digit
ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency. In Slovakia it is the National Agency ISBN in Martin.
What is a book's BODY MATTER?
Body matter is the core contents of the book— often divided into segments:
- Parts
- Sections
- Chapters
The body matter is numbered with Arabic numerals beginning with the number “1” on the first page of the first chapter.
Art program — anything that isn’t text (photographs, illustrations, tables, graphs, etc.) is considered to be part of the book’s art program. The art program might be integrated into each page or appear all together within a separate “signature” somewhere in the book.
In non-fiction literature there there could be:
- marginálie – marginalia
- poznámky pod čiarou – footnotes
What is a book's END MATTER?
End matter is the materials at the back of the book, generally optional.
- Glossary - a list of technical or special words, especially those in a particular text, explaining their meanings
- Bibliography – most often seen in non-fiction like biography or in academic books,
a bibliography lists the reference sources used in researching the book. Index – the index is placed at the end of the book, and lists all the major references in the book (such as major topics, mentions of key people in the book, etc.) and their specific, corresponding page numbers.
- Publishing imprint: publishing and printing data: author(s), title, publisher, edition, printing house where a book was printed, circulation, number of publisher’s sheets, number of author’s sheets, production number
- Errata (sg. erratum) – publishers issue an erratum for a production error
The Digital Revolution
It was only a matter of time that books could exist in a purely electronic form.
Digital books could be updated, be searchable electronically, include sounds & video and even a dictionary, and interact directly with the new Internet, and therefore contain instant links to further information.
E-Book
The electronic book or e-book (also spelt ebook and eBook) began in the last years of the twentieth century, existing as virtually stored in a digital file.
The book is one of humanity's most enduring cultural artifacts and treasures. The ability to read and write is our greatest tool in education, the most important medium for the transmission of ideas and the human culture.
Why should we continue to value, preserve, read and write books?
books record our past and progress
contain our experiments, knowledge, and accumulated wisdom
proclaim our fears and ideas
champion our ideals, dreams, and hopes for the future
carry the heart and soul of our civilization forward, and keep it accessible. Long live the book.
Printing
· Printing was another Chinese invention in the ninth century AD. The first known book not written by hand was printed in what is now China, from engraved wooden blocks.
· Because Chinese writing was in the form of a very large number of pictographs, moveable type was of little advantage. However, such cast type appeared in Korea before developing quite independently in Europe.
Movable type printing
Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices . Copper movable type printing originated in China at the beginning of twelfth century. Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing using bronze.
Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg introduced what is regarded as the first modern movable type system in Europe). Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from lead, tin, and antimony – the same components still used today. (a combination of the 3 metals= a cast/ a metal alloy)
A steam-powered press invented by the German Friedrich Koenig followed in 1810.
An American, Richard Hoe, invented the faster rotary press in 1846. The rotary printing press uses a cylinder (roller) to print on continuous rolls of paper or another material.
Lithography (stará technika hĺbkotlače) was long used to print pictures for books.
From this method came the idea for offset printing, and the first offset press appeared in 1904.
In offset printing the method of "relief" printing from cast metal type, traditional since Gutenberg, is replaced by a smooth photographic plate. (The ink image is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the surface to be printed/printing surface.)
In 1983 the offset plate progressed to a format involving the laser-beam transference of stored digital information. Gradually, printing world-wide became a digital and computerized process, and mechanical printing began to disappear.
CONVENTIONAL PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
All printing processes differ two kinds of areas:
· Image or printing areas
· Non-image or non-printing areas
THE FOUR MAIN CONVENTIONAL PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES (IN PRINCIPLE):
1. Planographics (tlač z plochy) in which the printing and non-printing areas are on the same plane surface (rovná ploch) and the difference between them is made chemically (oil and water) or by physical properties (fine mesh screen – sitko), the examples are: offset and screen printing (sieťotlač).
2. Relief /re´li:f/ (tlač z výšky), in which the printing areas are on a plane surface and the non printing areas are below the surface, examples: flexography (moderná technológia tlače z výšky) and letterpress (stará technológia kníhtlače). Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using the technique of offset.
3. Intaglio /inta:liou/ (tlač z hĺbky), in which the non-printing areas are on a plane surface and the printing area are etched (vyleptané) or engraved (vyryté) below the surface, examples: steel die engraving (technika vyrytia), gravure /graevju:r/ (gravírovanie).
4. Porous /po:res/ (porézna tlač), in which the printing areas are on fine mesh screens (sitko) through which ink can penetrate (prenikať), and the non-printing areas are blocked so that the flow of ink could not penetrate those areas, examples: screen printing.
OFFSET PRESS
Offset printing is a widely used printing technique where the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface.
When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion (odpudzovanie) of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.
OTHER PRINTING TECHNIQUES:
·flexography (flexografia) used for packaging, labels, newspapers
·hot wax dye transfer (prenos farieb pomocou horúceho vosku)
·inkjet is used to print a small number of books or packaging and also to print on high quality papers simulating offset printing, to floor tiles
·laser printing (Toner Printing) mainly used in offices (bills, bank documents). Laser printing is commonly used in home laser printers
·pad printing (tampónová tlač) is used to print on three-dimensional surfaces (e.g. caps, pens, wallets, umbrellas...)
·rotogravure /routograevju:r / mainly used for magazines and packaging
·screen-printing from T-shirts to floor tiles
·Intaglio used mainly for high value documents such as currencies, high quality catalogues
·Thermal printing popular in the 1990s for Fax printing, is used today for airline baggage tags, railway tickets...
Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)
Pls, learn the basics about Johannes Gutenberg plus learn the vocabulary you can find below the text. In case you wish to download the stuff, just click on the following link J._Gutenberg2017._upravene.docx
Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)
Johannes Guttenberg invented the printing press - the most important invention in modern times.
Without books and computers we wouldn't be able to learn, to pass on information, or to share scientific discoveries. Prior to Gutenberg invented the printing press, making a book was a hard process. It wasn't that hard to write a letter to one person by hand, but to create thousands of books for many people to read was nearly impossible. Without the printing press we wouldn't have had the Scientific Revolution or the Rennaisance. Our world would be very different.
He was born in Mainz, Germany around the year 1398. He was the son of a goldsmith. We do not know much about his childhood. He moved a few times around Germany, but that's all we know for sure.
Inventions
Gutenberg took some existing technologies and some of his own inventions to invent the printing press in the year 1450. One key idea he came up with was moveable type. Rather than use wooden blocks to press ink onto paper, Gutenberg used moveable metal pieces to quickly create pages. He made innovations all the way through the printing process enabling pages to be printed faster. His presses could print thousands of pages per day vs. 40-50 with the old method. This was a dramatic improvement and allowed books to be acquired by the middle class and spread knowledge and education like never before. The invention of the printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe and soon thousands of books were being printed using printing presses.
Among his many contributions to printing are:
- The invention of a process for mass-producing movable type;
- The use of oil-based ink for printing books (farba na olejovom základe)
- Adjustable moulds (nastaviteľné formy)
- Mechanical movable type (mechanická pohyblivá sadzba)
- The use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses (skrutkový lis) of the period
Combination of these elements into a practical system allowed the mass production of printed books.
Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a type metal alloy (sadzba zhotovená zo zliatiny kovov) and a hand mould (ručná forma) for casting type (odlievanie sadzby). The alloy (zliatina) was a mixture of lead (olova), tin (cínu), and antimony (antimónu) that melted (tavila sa) at a relatively low temperature for faster and more economical casting (odlievanie), cast well (dobre sa odlieval), and created a durable type (a vytvoril trvácnu sadzbu)
First printed books
It is thought that the first printed item using the press was a German poem. Other prints included Latin Grammars and indulgences for the Catholic Church. His real fame came from producing the Gutenberg Bible. It was the first time a Bible was mass-produced and available for anyone outside the church. Bibles were rare and could take up to a year for a priest to transcribe. Gutenberg printed around 200 of these in a relatively short time.
The original Bible was sold for 30 florins. This was a lot of money back then for a commoner, but much, much cheaper than a hand-written version.
There are about 21 complete copies of Gutenberg Bible existing today. One copy is worth about 30 million dollars.
Vocabulary:
Printing press – tlačiarenský stroj invention – vynález
Pass on information – postúpiť, poslať ďalej informáciu
Share scientific discoveries – zdieľať, podeliť sa o vedecké objavy
Prior to – pred, skôr ako invent – vynájsť
Nearly – takmer Scientific Revolution – vedecko-technická revolúcia
Goldsmith – zlatník move – sťahovať sa
For sure – naisto, s istotou key idea –kľúčová/hlavná myšlienka (nápad)
come up with – prísť s čím, vymyslieť moveable type – pohyblivá sadzba
rather than – radšej ako, skôr ako wooden blocks – drevené bloky/kvádre
ink – farba, atrament metal pieces – kovové kusy
all the way through – úplne, v celom enable – umožniť
improvement – zlepšenie allow – dovoliť, povoliť
acquire – získať, dosiahnuť spread – šíriť
knowledge – vedomosti, znalosti education – vzdelanie
mass-produce – masovo vyrábať oil-based ink – farba/atrament na olejovom základe
adjustable – nastaviteľný mould – forma
wooden – drevený similar to – podobný ako
agricultural – poľnohospodársky screw press – skrutkový lis
mass production – masová výroba considered – považovaný
consider – považovať include – zahŕňať
type metal alloy – sadzba zhotovené zo zliatiny kovov alloy – zliatina
hand mould – ručná forma casting type – odlievanie sadzby
type – sadzba mixture – zmes
lead – olovo tin – cín
antimony – antimón melt – taviť sa
low temperature – nízka teplota durable – odolný, trvácny
item – položka, kus German – nemecký
poem – báseň indulgences – odpustky
Catholic Church – katolícka cirkev real – skutočný
Fame – sláva available – dostupný
Rare – vzácny, zriedkavý take up to a year – trvať až rok
Priest – kňaz transcribe – prepísať
Original – pôvodný commoner – bežný človek
Copy – výtlačok worth - hoden
Johannes Gutenberg's printing
A major advance in the West was Johannes Gutenberg's printing from cast metal type (c.1450 AD), still hand composed on a mostly wooden press.
The next great change was slow to arrive, being the metal printing press developed by Lord Charles Stanhope in 1803. This still relied on human power to operate, however.
A steam-powered press invented by the German Friedrich Koenig followed in 1810.
An American, Richard Hoe, invented the faster rotary press in 1846.
Printing raced further ahead when the mechanical composition of type was perfected in 1886 with the Linotype compositor.
Lithography was long used to print pictures for books.
From this method came the idea for offset printing, and the first offset press appeared in 1904.
In offset printing the method of "relief" printing from cast metal type, traditional since Gutenberg, is replaced by a smooth photographic plate. By 1980 offset printing was taking over from the older method in many countries.
That was only the beginning of the modern printing revolution. From 1968 computers became involved in printing (the Linotron). In 1983 the offset plate progressed to a format involving the laser-beam transference of stored digital information. Gradually, printing world-wide became a digital and computerized process, and mechanical printing began to disappear.
GLOSSARY
antimony
antimón
baked clay tablet
vypálená hlinená tabuľka
bark
kôra
blue printing
reprografia
blurred print
rozmazaná tlač
book in print
kniha v tlači
book printing
kníhtlač
collotype
svetlotlač
copper
meď
flax
ľan
flexography
flexografia
gravure printing
hĺbkotlač
gravure rotary press
hĺbkotlačová rotačka
hemp
konope
image carrier
nosič
impression
odlačok
intaglio
intaglio z hĺbky
lead
olovo
letterpress
tlač z výšky
maintain
udržiavať
offset lithography
ofsetová hĺbkotlač
papyrus roll
papyrusový zvitok
property
vlastnosť
screenless printing
sieťotlač
stensil printing
filmová tlač, tlač postrekom
Thermal printing
tepelná tlač
tin
cín
wax coating
voskový povrch
offset web-fed/printing machine
kotúčový ofsetový stroj
uncoiling device
odvíjacie zariadenie
alternative printing unit
alternatívna tlačová jednotka
printing unit-black
tlačový agregát - čierna
printing unit-cyan
tlačový agregát-azúrová
printing unit- magenta
tlačový agregát-purpurová
printing unit- yellow
tlačový agregát-žltá
drying machine
sušiaci agregát
chill roll stand
chladiace valce
re-moistening unit
zariadenie na opätovné zvlhčenie
perforating unit
perforačná jednotka
folder unit
skladacia jednotka
product stream delivery
šupinovitý transport výtlačkov
right-angle fold
pravouhlý lom
COLOUR MIXING
video we watched today dealing with rgb vs cmyk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hirYMZ7PQc
Additive Colour Mixing RGB
Subtractive Colour Mixing CMYK
Red + Green = Yellow
Cyan + Magenta = Blue
Blue + Green = Cyan
Magenta + Yellow = Red
Red + Blue = Magenta
Cyan + Yellow = Green
Red + Green + Blue = White
Cyan + Magenta + Yellow = black (Key)
Used in: monitors, projectors, scanners Used in: printers
COLOUR THEORY:
Whatever is used in the way of technical aids or colour classification systems must be aligned with
- the colour perception of the eye of the human observer
- and in the range of spectrum of electromagnetic waves visible to the human eye.
Both additive and substractive colour mixing processes occur in modern reproduction theory.
WATCH!!!!!!!
video explaining primary, secondary and tertiary and complimentary colours https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1CK9bE3H_s&t=2s
video about psychology of colours https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6ImJkv7F_Q
or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8n9BzzWy4zY
In additive colour mixing light is emitted by the source of its own.
COLOUR MIXING
video we watched today dealing with rgb vs cmyk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hirYMZ7PQc
Additive Colour Mixing RGB
Subtractive Colour Mixing CMYK
Red + Green = Yellow
Cyan + Magenta = Blue
Blue + Green = Cyan
Magenta + Yellow = Red
Red + Blue = Magenta
Cyan + Yellow = Green
Red + Green + Blue = White
Cyan + Magenta + Yellow = black (Key)
Used in: monitors, projectors, scanners Used in: printers
Colour psychology
By using color psychology, you can send:
- a positive or negative message
- encourage sales
- calm a crowd
The latest colour psychology is focused on marketing, particularly:
- in logo design
- web site design
- the cover of a book
- the package of a product.
NOTE:
This information will help you decided what colors to use in your marketing projects.
Also remember for the World Wide Web, that different cultures have differing views on the meaning of color.
Black
Black is the color of authority and power, stability and strength. It is also the color associated with intelligence (doctorate in black robe). Black clothes make people appear thinner. In the western hemisphere black is associated with grieving.
White
For most of the world this is the colour associated with purity (wedding dresses); cleanliness (doctors in white coats) and the safety of bright light.
White is also associated with creativity (white boards, blank slates). It is a compression of all the colors in the color spectrum.
Gray
Gray is most associated with the practical things in life. Some shades of gray are associated with old age, death, taxes, depression or a lost sense of direction but gray is often associated with giving a helping hand, strong character
Red
Red is the colour of energy. It's associated with movement and excitement.
Red is the symbol of life and, for this reason, it's the colour worn by brides in China. Red is used at holidays that are about love and giving (red roses, Valentines hearts, Christmas, etc.)
Blue
Seeing the colour blue actually causes the body to produce chemicals that are calming; but that isn't true of all shades of blue. Over the ages blue has become associated with wisdom and loyalty (note how many uniforms are blue). People tend to be more productive in a blue room.
Green
The colour of growth, nature, and money. A calming colour also that's very pleasing to the senses. It is also the colour associated with envy, good luck, generosity and fertility.
Yellow
Cheerful yellow is the colour of the sun, associated with laughter, happiness and good times. It has the power to speed up our metabolism and bring out some creative thoughts. Some shades of yellow are associated with cowardice; but the more golden shades with the promise of better times.
Orange
It's the colour associated with funny times, happy and energetic days, warmth and organic products. It is also associated with ambition.
Purple
most royal colour that is associated with wealth, prosperity, rich sophistication. This colour stimulates the brain activity used in problem solving.
Brown
This colour is most associated with reliability, stability, and friendship and with things being natural or organic. In India it is the colour of mourning.
GRAPHICS
2D and 3D GRAPHICS
There is a basic difference between pixel and vector graphics.
2D Graphics
Pixel graphics use a grid or screen of small square picture elements (pixels) for displaying graphics (bitmaps). Each pixel has a particular position and a particular colour value. Because the total number of pixels is always the same, the resolution is reduced if the image is enlarged and the image then often looks jagged, not so sharp. Pixel graphics are created in drawing programs such as Microsoft Paint, MacPaint, Photoshop.
Vector graphics are created from mathematically defined lines (vectors) and curves (exclusively Bézier curves that can be processed in PostScript). Vectors draw pictures on the basis of their geometrical characteristics. Vector graphics are always suitable for showing sharp contour and details.
Well known vector graphic programmes are Macromedia Freehand, Adobe Illustrator, and CorelDraw.
Exchanged formats for vector graphics are, for example, EPS (Encapsulated PostScript), WMF (Windows MetaFile) and MacPICT. These formats are metafiles, that is, they can contain vectors as well as bitmaps.
Note: HTML does not support vector data, so that all vector graphics must be changed into pixel format.
JPEG is preferred on the Internet for contone images (photos.)
2D computer graphics
are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as typography, cartography, technical drawing, advertising, etc. The two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a real/world object. The 2D computer graphics give more direct control of the image than 3D computer graphics.
2D graphics models may combine:
· geometric models (also called vector graphics),
· digital images (also called raster graphics),
· text to be typeset ( defined by content, font style and size, colour, position, and orientation)
· mathematical functions and equations, and more.
These components can be modified and manipulated by two-dimensional geometric transformation such as translation,
rotation, scaling.
2D graphics software
MacDraw(Macintosh), Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, free editors or drawing programs are e.g. xfig or Inkscape.
There are also many 2D graphics editors specialized for certain types of drawings such as electrical, electronic diagrams, topographic maps, computer fonts, etc.
3D computer graphics
use a three dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images.
In computer graphics software, the difference between 2D and 3D is blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and 3D may use 2D rendering techniques. (Rendering means the generation of pictures from digitally available scenes.)
ANIMATION
ANIMATION concerns the artificial generation by computer of objects in scenes.
The chronological course of the scene is determined by:
· the sequence of movements
· the viewer position
· the line of vision
The sequence is predetermined and cannot be changed by the viewer.
Animation uses 3D visualizing technology and proceeds via extensive rendering processes back to series of halftone images, which, depending on quality, can achieve displays almost in photographic quality. FLASH is used frequently for animation.
Rendering means the generation of pictures from digitally available scenes.
VIDEO
By VIDEO we mean the recording of chronologically arranged sequences of pixel images.
The resolution and the number of images per second are determining factors for the amount of data.
Digital formats are playing an increasing role in recording and transmission. All videos that are distributed via the Internet are digital. Examples are the Coding Standards Motion JPEG and MPEG.
MPEG also allows the coding of a synchronized audio signal in addition to the video, i.e. picture and sound sequences.
By SOUND/AUDIO we mean changes in pressure in gases, liquids or solids.
In order to record acoustic signals, the sound signal is converted into an electrical signal, e.g. by microphone. If a signal is needed in a digital form, the acoustic/electric signals are scanned.
You are learning the program for producing videos – PremiérPRO.
VIRTUAL REALITY
If one combines data of animations and adds an interactive component, e.g. joystick, 3D mouse, headset, or data glove, then one enters into virtual reality.
On hardware side, it requires sophisticated projection or display technologies as well as the possibility to change the position and the viewing angle using a suitable tracking system.
The variety of projecton technologies ranges from data helmets to projection rooms called CAVEs (CAVE = Cave Automated Virtual Environment).
The basis for the necessary software is 3D visualization technology.
The calculations for VR must be carried out in real time, that is, at the same time as it is displayed.
MAKING A GOOD LAYOUT
A Good Layout:
- works (helps a reader quickly and easily understand a message)
- is well-organized (shows what comes first, second, third, etc.)
- is attractive (grabs a reader’s attention) to effectively communicate a message.
The Elements of Design
Knowing what the basic elements of design are and how to use them will help you make the right choices to create a good layout:
- LINE – any mark connecting any points
- SHAPE – anything that has height and width
- TEXTURE – the look or feel of a surface
- SPACE – the distance or area between or around things
- SIZE – how big or small something is
- VALUE – the darkness or lightness of an area
- COLOUR – the ultimate (neprekonateľný, vrcholný) tool for symbolic communication
Basic Principles of Design and Layout
How to organize:
- Use different sizes of type. (e. g. headlines are bigger than subheads)
- Put colours behind an important area of information.
- Use rules to separate information into groups.
- Change the weight of the type. (e. g. semi-bold stands out, but bold really stands out)
- Leave white area around information.
- Pick the best location. (e. g. the upper left corner is usually read first)
- Put pictures next to important copy. (e. g. they attract the eye and reinforce(posilniť, support) the message)
- Put type (písmo) in a box or give it an interesting shape.
- Call out items by putting bullets on front of them.
- Use different coloured or reversed type to separate and emphasize.
How to attract:
- Enlarge a photo of something small.
- Surround a very small picture with a lot of open space.
- Choose bright colour when the piece will be viewed in a grey environment, such as a text-heavy magazine.
- Use a solid black area or a large white area for a newspaper ad.
- Crop an image in an unusual way. (e. g. show an eye, not a whole face)
- Use very large type for a thought-provoking or humorous headline.
- Make the piece a different size and shape from other similar pieces.
- Choose a paper with an interesting, noticeable texture or colour.
- Set important information in an atypical way, e.g. set a headline on a curve or try a script font or face).
Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)
Pls, learn the basics about Johannes Gutenberg plus learn the vocabulary you can find below the text. In case you wish to download the stuff, just click on the following link J._Gutenberg2017._upravene.docx
Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)
Johannes Guttenberg invented the printing press - the most important invention in modern times.
Without books and computers we wouldn't be able to learn, to pass on information, or to share scientific discoveries. Prior to Gutenberg invented the printing press, making a book was a hard process. It wasn't that hard to write a letter to one person by hand, but to create thousands of books for many people to read was nearly impossible. Without the printing press we wouldn't have had the Scientific Revolution or the Rennaisance. Our world would be very different.
He was born in Mainz, Germany around the year 1398. He was the son of a goldsmith. We do not know much about his childhood. He moved a few times around Germany, but that's all we know for sure.
Inventions
Gutenberg took some existing technologies and some of his own inventions to invent the printing press in the year 1450. One key idea he came up with was moveable type. Rather than use wooden blocks to press ink onto paper, Gutenberg used moveable metal pieces to quickly create pages. He made innovations all the way through the printing process enabling pages to be printed faster. His presses could print thousands of pages per day vs. 40-50 with the old method. This was a dramatic improvement and allowed books to be acquired by the middle class and spread knowledge and education like never before. The invention of the printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe and soon thousands of books were being printed using printing presses.
Among his many contributions to printing are:
- The invention of a process for mass-producing movable type;
- The use of oil-based ink for printing books (farba na olejovom základe)
- Adjustable moulds (nastaviteľné formy)
- Mechanical movable type (mechanická pohyblivá sadzba)
- The use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses (skrutkový lis) of the period
Combination of these elements into a practical system allowed the mass production of printed books.
Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a type metal alloy (sadzba zhotovená zo zliatiny kovov) and a hand mould (ručná forma) for casting type (odlievanie sadzby). The alloy (zliatina) was a mixture of lead (olova), tin (cínu), and antimony (antimónu) that melted (tavila sa) at a relatively low temperature for faster and more economical casting (odlievanie), cast well (dobre sa odlieval), and created a durable type (a vytvoril trvácnu sadzbu)
First printed books
It is thought that the first printed item using the press was a German poem. Other prints included Latin Grammars and indulgences for the Catholic Church. His real fame came from producing the Gutenberg Bible. It was the first time a Bible was mass-produced and available for anyone outside the church. Bibles were rare and could take up to a year for a priest to transcribe. Gutenberg printed around 200 of these in a relatively short time.
The original Bible was sold for 30 florins. This was a lot of money back then for a commoner, but much, much cheaper than a hand-written version.
There are about 21 complete copies of Gutenberg Bible existing today. One copy is worth about 30 million dollars.
Vocabulary:
Printing press – tlačiarenský stroj invention – vynález
Pass on information – postúpiť, poslať ďalej informáciu
Share scientific discoveries – zdieľať, podeliť sa o vedecké objavy
Prior to – pred, skôr ako invent – vynájsť
Nearly – takmer Scientific Revolution – vedecko-technická revolúcia
Goldsmith – zlatník move – sťahovať sa
For sure – naisto, s istotou key idea –kľúčová/hlavná myšlienka (nápad)
come up with – prísť s čím, vymyslieť moveable type – pohyblivá sadzba
rather than – radšej ako, skôr ako wooden blocks – drevené bloky/kvádre
ink – farba, atrament metal pieces – kovové kusy
all the way through – úplne, v celom enable – umožniť
improvement – zlepšenie allow – dovoliť, povoliť
acquire – získať, dosiahnuť spread – šíriť
knowledge – vedomosti, znalosti education – vzdelanie
mass-produce – masovo vyrábať oil-based ink – farba/atrament na olejovom základe
adjustable – nastaviteľný mould – forma
wooden – drevený similar to – podobný ako
agricultural – poľnohospodársky screw press – skrutkový lis
mass production – masová výroba considered – považovaný
consider – považovať include – zahŕňať
type metal alloy – sadzba zhotovené zo zliatiny kovov alloy – zliatina
hand mould – ručná forma casting type – odlievanie sadzby
type – sadzba mixture – zmes
lead – olovo tin – cín
antimony – antimón melt – taviť sa
low temperature – nízka teplota durable – odolný, trvácny
item – položka, kus German – nemecký
poem – báseň indulgences – odpustky
Catholic Church – katolícka cirkev real – skutočný
Fame – sláva available – dostupný
Rare – vzácny, zriedkavý take up to a year – trvať až rok
Priest – kňaz transcribe – prepísať
Original – pôvodný commoner – bežný človek
Copy – výtlačok worth - hoden
