2020148

• • • Všeobecné informácie
    • I.TMT-ANJ
    • II.TMT-ANJ
    • III.G-ANJ
    • III.G-KAJ
    • III.GMT-ANJ
    • III.GMT-KAJ
    • IV.G-ANJ
    • IV.G-KAJ
    • IV.GMA-ANJ
    • IV.GMA-KAJ
    • Krúžok Easy English
    • Specific terminology

• • • • IV.GMA-KAJ

      • UČEBNICE

        Konverzácia v ANJ Yes B1, autorky Andrea Bilíková a Soňa Kondelová

        Maturita ANGLIČTINA ZÁKLADNÁ ÚROVEŇ s CD a DVD

        The copy of YES B1 is possible to find here for further reference:  yes-b1.pdf

        Táto kniha neobsahuje všetky témy, je potrebné kúpiť si novú verziu, pokladajte túto možnosť za dočasné riešenie.

        SLOVNÍK S BRITSKOU AJ AMERICKOU VÝSLOVNOSŤOU: en.oxforddictionaries.com

         

        Young people and their world

        People from the age of thirteen to the age of nineteen are called “teenagers” because their age ends in “teen” in English. They are not children, but not yet adults. They live in their own world and their lifestyle depends on their parents, background, but mostly on their friends.

         

        During puberty, most children go through dramatic physical changes. Teenagers also undergo mental developments. Their emotional life is more intensive than before. Love and friendship become the most important values. Teenagers prefer relationships with their peers to their parents.

         

        Young people use many means to look different than other generations; they care a lot what they look like. Some of them follow the fashion trends closely and always want to be “in”, the others often wear strange clothes, for example old dirty and torn trousers, cheap shoes, an old T-shirt or other shirt. Teenagers also have strange hairstyles. Some prefer easy hairstyles, but some prefer “extreme” hairstyles. Nowadays it is normal even for boys to dye their hair. Tattoos and piercing are very popular with young people. It is very modern. They can have several parts of their body pierced, for example tongue, eyebrow, ear, nose and mouth.

         

        It is widely known that teenagers spend a lot of their free time with their peers with whom they have similar interests, such as music, dance, sport, film or fashion. Sometimes they simply hang around together. Many of today’s youth work hard on their relationships because they value friendship so highly.

         

        In the developed world, young people are usually well-educated, experienced and self-confident. They have access to all the modern inventions that make our lives easier, such as computer or mobile phone. They have a lot of opportunities to study or work abroad and often see those opportunities as chances to earn money and gain experience.

         

        Many young people today start their own families later in life than their parents did. Many work on their career first and get married in their thirties. However, there are still many teenage pregnancies that often end girls’ education.

         

        Young people often face many problems. They are in the age when they need someone who will listen to them talking about their problems, who will give them advice. It is good if this person is one of their parents but this doesn’t happen often. Parents want their children to be the best and the smartest. They often don’t understand them, criticise their hairstyle, clothes and friends, they think that their children don’t help enough at home, that they don’t study enough and that the music they listen to is terrible. On the other hand, young people think that their parents care too much and are overprotective. Children often have different ideas about their future, different life expectations and opinions than their parents do. All this creates tension between parents and children. Most teenagers would like to start their own independent lives but are still financially dependent on their parents. In this are, young people are under a lot of pressure.

         

        The relationships between the old and the young generation are often talked about. Puberty, the age of revolt, often leads to conflicts between the generations, called a generation gap. It is natural that each generation of young people differs from the one before it. Our grandparents lived in totally different conditions which influenced their behaviour, attitude towards society and values.

         

        The older people say that youngsters are irresponsible today. They often criticize the way the young people dress and behave. On the other hand many young people think that the older can’t understand them and they want to be absolutely different than their parents. Both groups should learn how to be more tolerant. The older should remember what they were like when they were young. The young should remember that the older have more experience and that one day they will be in the same situation.

         

        Človek a spoločnosť

        - morálka /správanie sa mladých a starších ľudí, etická výchova v rodine a v škole/
        - spoločenská etiketa – stretnutia, pozdravy, blahoželania, etiketa návštev – dôvody, čas, témy rozhovorov, pohostenie
        - normy a ich porušovanie /morálka a zákon, nedorozumenie a konflikt/
        - prejavy záujmu a pomoci spoluobčanom v núdzi, sponzorstvo a sponzori /dôvody a podoby/
        - vplyv spoločnosti na rodinu
         
        A.
        Humans, from the very beginning, were not able to live on their own and so started to form a bigger group. These organised groups created their system of laws and accepted behaviour which can be defined as a society. These laws and behaviour make it possible for people to live together.
        Society takes care of its members. Many countries support the idea of government, money paid to people who are unemployed. While some people think that this social security is too low, others do not agree with somebody receiving money but not trying to find work and make a lot of claims for money of other taxpayers. The social work of government is aimed at improving bad social conditions and helping people in need.
        According to modern anthropology, homosexuality has existed in all societies throughout human history and prehistory. Moreover, there is mounting evidence that homosexuality is widespread in the animal world. It must therefore be considered both ´normal´ and ´natural´. Indeed, most cultures have shown a reasonable level of tolerance towards homosexuals.
        A number of controversial issues surround the debate about gay rights. One is the practice of outing. This is the revelation that a public figure is homosexual by gay activists. This practice goes totally against the idea that homosexuality should be discrete. Another issue that causes a lot of controversy in society is whether homosexual couples should be allowed to adopt children.
        Ethics is the study of morals which deals with moral rules or principles of behaviour governing a person or group. Ethics refers to well based standards of right and wrong that set as rules what humans should do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness or specific virtues. Ethical standards also include those that encourage virtues of honesty, compassion and loyalty. And, ethical standards include standards relating to rights, such as the right to life, the right to freedom from injury, and the right to privacy.
        
        B.
        Etiquette can be defined as the formal rules of correct or polite behaviour in society or among members of a particular profession. There are certain rules how to be polite greeting each other. Younger people greet older, men greet women etc.
        There are some special conventions for how to behave in certain places, e.g. women covering their heads or shoulders when entering a church, men taking off hats in a church or women wearing knee-length skirts for business and diplomacy. 
        Being respectful and considerate of others is the main idea behind rules of behaviour. Here are some etiquette tips for going to the theatre:
        -  avoid being late, turn up at the theatre a couple of minutes early
        -  if you arrive late, wait patiently until there is a break in the performance
        -  turn off cell phones, pagers and other electronic devices
        -  do not talk, whisper, drink or eat during the performance
        -  use the restroom during the intermission
        -  during curtain call, do not rush for the exits
        Manners are taught as soon as your child understands what you are saying, but they will need coaching and reminders on manners throughout their childhood. When the child does something right let them know, when your child does something wrong, do not be negative about it, but gently tell them how to do it better and why. Here are some basic manners for young people:
        -  wait your turn and do not interrupt other people when they are speaking
        -  always greet someone when they come over to your house
        -  say please and thank you often, it shows respect and appreciation
        -  clean up after yourself
        -  don’t stuff your mouth full of food, it looks disgusting and you could choke
        -  don’t make any rude comments about any food being served
        
        Etiquette at the table 
        At  the  table  you  have to  behave  according  to  social  principles.  You shouldn’t start eating before other people have served and leave the table immediately after the dinner.
        In some countries table manners are similar and in England and Slovakia too.  It’s considered rude to eat and  drink noisily, to wipe the plate  with bread, to pick at food  with hands, to read at the  table, to rest your elbows at the  table, to  reach  across  the  table  in  front of  people.  When we need something we have to ask another person to give it us. Also you have to ask permission if you want to smoke between courses or anywhere in other people’s home. In Slovakia people usually smoke in the balcony or in a room for smokers. Never clink glasses when drinks are served before meals. It will be considered impolite if you yourself are entertained and do not talk to your neighbours on your right and left. Make your food last till the other have nearly finished eating so that you all finish at the same time.
        At the formal dinner the cutlery is placed in the order in which it will be used. The fork is laid on the left side of the plate with points up. On the right side of the plate are laid knife and spoon. The knife is first and with blade to the plate and then the spoon. The dessert spoon and fork are laid on the top of the place setting. The glass should be on the right and the bowl for stewed fruit on the left side above the fork. When you finish eating the knife and fork should be laid side by side in the middle of your plate and plate can be removed. If you leave them apart, it will show that you have not yet finished eating. You `re supposed to thank for the meal but it’s not so expected as in Britain.
        Whenever a gentleman accompanies a lady along the street, he walks between her and the road full of traffic. A gentleman always raises his hat to a lady but seldom to a man.  People do not shake hands so often; they just say "Hello" without touching. But in our country when people meet together they always shake their hands, especially men.
        Kissing is not common as a form of greeting unless know someone well. People usually kiss on both cheeks.
        People wait in queues at bus stops or elsewhere in a quiet and discipline manner.  They do not speak loudly. In Slovakia in shops and at bus stops you have to go to the back of the queue and wait.  If you `jump the queue`, other people will angrily tell you to wait your turn.
        When  you visit  Slovakia be  prepared to  meet friendly  and generous  people,  who  may  invite  you  into  their  homes. When you are invited to somebody’s home you don’t have to take present but you can. For  example: If you go  there for  the first  time or you haven’t  be there for a long time the  hostess will be pleased when she get a box of chocolate or a bunch of flowers.  When the host is a man a present suitable for him would be a bottle of wine or alcohol.
        In England people are invited to dinner by phone. It will be polite to ask them if you might come. If you arrange to meet someone, try not to be more than a few minutes late, because punctuality is important.
        It`s impolite to ask someone how much they ear or how much they paid for something unless you know someone well.
        When we are invited to dinner to a good restaurant or to home it is suitable for men to wear suit, jackets and ties and women should smartly dressed. If the woman is student and the man is working, the man should pay her share of the bill, but when they are not working, I think they should pay for each share by themselves.
        
        C.
        Society has a right to obey the law. If anybody does not and they are a danger to society, they can be locked up. Most people support the idea that the punishment should fit the crime which means that a person should be punished very severely for a serious crime and less severely for a lesser crime. During the trial, lawyers question witnesses to discover the truth. Witnesses take an oath to tell the truth by putting their right hand on a Bible. While some crimes are not so serious, like stealing, shoplifting, others threaten human life – robbery, burglary, mugging, kidnapping, hijack, murder etc.

        Towns and Places

        HOMEWORK

        Create a presentation of 5 - 7 slides about towns and places of your life. Use pictures and little text. Then present it in English. Describe and explain the basic facts about all the places in your presentation. To speak about your home town you can follow the instructions in this video

        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qb-m3tEW_as

        You should speak for about 5 minutes.

        Please, include:

        1. Your hometown and region(Bratislava, Modra, ...)
        2. Your school town if different
        3. Place where you usually spent your school holiday
        4. Place where you spent a holiday and you will never forget
        5. Place you would like to live in in the future
        6. Holiday destination of your dreams

         

        Please, find the information about some places in the textbook (98 - 103) or on the internet.

         

        Vocabulary

        Expressions for city centre – down town (U.S.) – Midtown (close to the centre U:S:) – uptown (U.S.) – CBD – central business district (a part of the city in the centre with businesses shops, very busy, used in Australia)

        Inner city – centrum mesta, (vnútorná časť)

        Outskirts - predmestie

        Inner ring vnútorný okruh, centrum

        outer ring - vonkajší okruh, mimo centra

        residential area – obytná zóna/oblasť

        industrial area – priemyselná zóna/oblasť, lots of factories, businesses, lorries and trucks, activities, very busy and noisy

        built up area – zástavba, vybudovaná oblasť, with a lot of infrastructure like shops, kindergartens, schools, banks, postoffices, etc, with housing activities where traffic can be also a problem.

        suburban area – prímestská oblasť

        neighbourhood – susedný, v susedstve, neighbourhood shops/friends

        suburb - predmesstie

        district – obvod – vhen we talk about a city

        borough – samosprávna štvrť/obvod (U.K.)

        quarter – štvrť

        Words with negative meaning

        wasteland – pustatina, opustená štvrť - an unused area of land that has become barren or overgrown.

        Slum -- chudobná mestská štvrť

        Ghetto – an area where a certain ethnic group live

        no-go area – a dangerous or abandon area with a lot of crime and drug use

        Shanty town - chudobná štvrť bez vody a elektriny, prístrešky postavené z odpadu

        Suburbia – nudná švrť mimo diania (“Tu skapal pes”)

        Another expressions

        Housing estates - sídlisko

        Council estates – mestské byty, sociálne byty

        Gated community – in some of the more dangerous cities in the world people live in closed communities for security purposes (za účelom bezpečnosti). To get into the area you have to pass a security control, uzatvorená komunita

        Dormitory town – internátne/ubytovacie mestečko pre študentov alebo ľudí dochádzajúcich do zamestnania

        Adjectives to describe towns and places

        Ancient-  historic, having a long history – historický

        Attractive – beautiful, lovely, atraktívny, príťažlivý

        Bustling – very crowded, very busy, cities that never sleep, rušný

        Contemporary – very modern, new, up to date,  súčasný, moderný

        Lively – vibrant, alive, never sleep (New York, London, Paris), živé mesto, rušné

        Dull – a place which is pretty boring, sleepy, without any life

        Picturesque – absolutely charming, beautiful, malebný

        Touristic – place very busy with tourists, very crowded during the holiday seasons

         

        22_TOWNS_AND_PLACES.ppt

        20.Towns_and_places.docx

        20. Towns and places

        1. Important places in my life (birthplace, place of my studies, place where I spend my weekends and holidays)
        2. Travel agency representative (welcome, basic information about the stay)
        3. Places of interest for tourists (castles chateaux, spas, caves) and towns
        4. Places suitable for relaxation and for entertainment
        5. My dream place

        The place where we are born is called a place of birth/birthplace. It is written on our birth certificate (rodný list), our ID card (občiansky preukaz) and passport. The place where we grow up strongly influences our character and behaviour (bɪˈheɪvjə(r) – správanie). Many important relationships (vzťahy) are created there. The place of our studies is often not identical (nie je často identické, totožné) with our place of birth. Nowadays, most young people choose to study in a different town (or even country). It allows (to im umožňuje) them to be more independent, to learn to take care of themselves and meet new people. However, some students prefer to study in their hometown for financial reasons (z finančných dôvodov).

                        There are many beautiful places in the world where people would like to live or spend their holiday. Some people like pure (čistý, pravý) nature and peaceful countryside (pokojný vidiek). Others prefer the hectic life in crowded(preplnený) towns and cities.

                        A town is larger than a village but smaller than a city. Its population ranges from few hundred to several thousands, it offers basic services and shops. A city is larger than a town and usually consists of areas where people live, industrial and business areas. Skyscrapers (mrakodrapy), housing estates (sídliská), business and shopping centres are built in all major cities. Infrastructure (infraštruktúra), such as roads, streets and public transport routes (trasy hromadnej dopravy) (underground/tube/subway – metro, bus, trams, trolley-bus) are usually well-developed (dobre rozvinutý) too. A global city, also known as a world city, is the main centre of trade, banking, finance, innovations and markets. The four traditional global cities are London, New York, Paris and Tokyo. A suburb (predmestie) is the place with houses and other buildings (church, school, pub, a few shops) situated on the outskirts (na okraji, na periférii) of the city (e.g Dolné Hony, Devínska Nová Ves are the outskirts of BA). A village is larger than hamlet (small settlement, osada) and smaller than a town. It is usually found in rural areas (vidieckych oblastiach) outside a town or a city where people live.

        During their life people move from place to place from various reasons for example jobs, studies and marriage. Moving is connected with personal and social life and therefore adaptation to a new place may take some time. There are also people who spend all their life in one place because they do not have any social or financial needs to change their home.

        We all leave our homes when we travel for holidays. There are many beautiful, exciting and inspiring places in the world that offer a lot of excitement (vzrušenie), possibilities for sightseeing (pozeranie pamätihodností), shopping in luxurious shops, going to restaurants and clubs. The most beautiful cities are Prague, Barcelona, London, New York, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, San Francisco and others. Those people who look for the exotic and relaxation prefer the Hawaiian Islands, the Seychelles and the Pacific Islands. To the most beautiful wild places belong the Antarctica, Amazon, Grand Canyon, Canadian Rockies and Sahara.

        Slovaks can spend their holidays either in Slovakia or abroad. When they choose to go abroad they often contact a travel agency (cestovná kancelária). They choose a destination (usually a seaside resort – prímorské letovisko) from a catalogueand the travel agent gives them all the necessary information and during the holidays they usually communicate with aguide who represents the travel agency. He/she welcomes them, gives them information about their stay (o pobyte), accommodation (ubytovaní), trips organized by the agency, and basic information about the resort and country).

        Slovakia also offers many interesting places for relaxation (oddych). Beautiful towns, castles, chateaux (zámky), caves(jaskyne), roaring waterfalls (hučiace vodopády) and vast plains (rozľahlé planiny) attract many domestic and foreignˈ/fɒrən/ zahraničných tourists. The High Tatras and Low Tatras are great for spending active holidays during the whole year (hiking, skiing, snowboarding, cross-country skiing /bežkovanie/, cycling, horse riding (jazdenie na koni), and swimmingin water parks). Tatranská Lomnica offers many attractions for tourists for example horse – racing track, fitness centres, ski slopes (lyžiarske svahy), discos and casinos.

        Thousands of patients visit open air spas (vzdušné kúpele) in the mountains of Štrbské Pleso and Nový Smokovec. The most famous spa is in Piešťany, with mud bath procedures (bahenné kúpele). Slovakia also offers many interesting places for sightseeing. There are beautiful castles in Orava, Spiš, Zvolen and Bojnice. The town Levoča is famous for its wooden altar made by Master Paul of Levoča. Kremnica and Banská Štiavnica are famous for their mining (maɪnɪŋ -banícku) history. Slovakia also offers many cultural events to tourists such as folklore festivals in Východná, Detva and Myjava where folk groups dance and sing folk songs dressed in folk costumes.   

         

        Bratislava – the capital of Slovakia

        • It is the largest town in Slovakia with about 5OO OOO inhabitants
        • It´s situated on the banks of the River Danube, in the heart of Europe, on borders of three countries- Slovakia, Austria and Hungary. It also lies (leží tiež) at the foothills (na úpätí) of the Little Carpathian Mountains.
        • It is the seat (sídlo) of the president, government (vlády), parliament and many other institutions. A lot of international companies have their offices in Bratislava.
        • It consists of (skladá sa z) 5 parts, the oldest part is called The Old Town. There are many museums, churches (kostoly), palaces and beautiful buildings
        • It is an ancient (starobylé) city, the first settlement (osídlenie) dates back (pochádza) to the Stone Age.
        • St. Martin’s Cathedral is built in gothic style. It is situated in the historical city centre below (pod) Bratislava castle. It is one of the oldest churches in Bratislava and it is the largest one. In the past it was a coronation (korunovačný) church of Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy. 11 kings and 8 queens were crowned (boli korunovaní) here including Maria-Teresa of Austria. At the top of its tower (na vrchu veže) there is a huge gold Crown of St. Stephen. It weights 150 kg. There is a coronation festival called Korunovačné slávnosti held since (konané od roku) 2003 which simulates coronation of one of the king. You can follow the steps of kings and queens and walk along the coronation path.
        • Bratislava Castle is situated on the Castle hill (hradnom vrchu). Originally it was built of stone, then rebuilt to a palace but at the beginning of 19^th century it was destroyed by fire. It was renovated in the 20^th century and today it houses (je domovom) historical exhibitions (výstav) of early settlements of The Slovak National Museum. The Medieval Hall of Knights (stredoveká rytierska sála) is used for various ceremonies, artistic (umelecké) and scientific (vedecké) expositions (výstavy).
        • Old Town Hall (stará radnica) is situated on the Main Square. The oldest part – the tower – is the original house of Mayor Jakub. It was built at a time when the city was not yet protected by massive stone fortifications (hradby), ruins of which we can see renovated today. It houses exhibition of the Bratislava City Museum.
        • Michael’s Gate – is the only preserved gate of medieval (stredoveký) city fortification. There is a statue of St. Michael placed on the top of 51-metre high tower. At present, the tower houses exhibition of the Museum of Weapons. It also offers a very nice view of the old city.
        • Academia Istropolitana – the first and the oldest university in Slovakia was founded (bola založená) by Mathias Corvinus in the 15^th century.
        • Good shepherd’s house – one of the narrowest buildings in BA. It houses collection of historical clocks.
        • Primatial palace – where the so-called Peace of Pressburg was signed between Napolen and Austria in 1805. It is the seat of the mayor (starosta) of the town. It houses a unique collection of tapestries of the 17th century depicting tragic love of Hero to Leandros from an English royal weaving factory (tkáčovňa) at Mortlake.

        Other places of interest: Devín Castle, Pálffy Palace, the Presidential Palace, Mirbach Palace, Slavín, historical building of The Slovak National theatre, Ganymedes fountain, Maximilian fountain, Schone Náci, Čumil

        1. What places in Slovakia would you show to foreign tourists? What does Slovakia offer to tourists?
        2. What country would you like to live in? Why? If you could choose a new place to live, where would it be?
        3. Where would you like to spend your summer holidays? Why?
        4. Why do people move from place to place? What are the reasons for some people to move to a new place?
        5. What is the difference between a town and a city? What are the disadvantages of life in towns and cities?
        6. Name 3 examples of world cities.
        7. How does life in countryside differ from life in towns?
        8. Which world places would you recommend nature lovers to see?
        9. Why do people go to spa resorts? Do you know any places with curative/healing springs in Slovakia?
        10. Where do you spend your weekends?
        11. Where do you spend your holidays? Describe the best holiday you have ever been.
        12. How can you spend your holiday in Tatras in winter/summer?
        13. How can you spend your holiday at seaside resort? Where would you like to spend your summer holiday? Why?
        14. How would you compare New York/London and Bratislava?
        15. Some people prefer to spend their holiday in ancient/big cities such as Prague, Paris, London, New York. What can they do during their stay? Which cities of the world would you like to visit? Why?
        16. What can Bratislava offer to tourists? Name some of its attractions, museums, monuments, galleries, historical buildings and place of interests. (Bratislava castle, St. Martin’s Cathedral, the New Bridge, the Old Town Hall, the Main Square with Maximilian fountain, Michael’s gate, Academia Istropolitana, Good Shepherd’s House, the Slovak National Theatre, the Slovak National Museum…)
        17. What do you know about town Bojnice? Why is it a favourite place to visit for many tourists? (castle, the Zoo, healing springs, festival of ghosts, beautiful park surrounding the castle, falcon show

         

         

        You don´t have to browse on the Net, here are useful links to help you and save your time.

        TOWNS AND PLACES

        Here are some videos for you to learn basic facts about famous cities

        LONDON: video 1.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAFmpeCTCfc (attractions and their locations in London)

                        video 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWJiuV5T5VQ(underground, Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, The Houses of Parliament, Tower Bridge)

                        video 3. for english learners https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFRR0zC70-0

                        video 4 London top ten attractions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0r0VTos_wU

        Bratislava video 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmVha809F_0

                        video 2 honest guide - a sort of hypo-vegie-top-knot guide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BtFG8D8aos

        Slovakia tourist guide (no voices) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0ZwmqjapRY

                        video 2 (no voices) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFuhPqLj1w4

        NEW YORK video 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtCMtC50gwY

                           video 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeoQG3h8OeU&t=130s

        Washington DC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTZQ9bta31w

        the most interesting places in the world https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbeHjcLOkgs

        the most interesting cities in the world https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQVdvGRkfKs

         

        14_COMMUNICATION_-_ITS_MEANS_AND_FORMS.ppt

        COMMUNICATION AND ITS FORMS
        
        Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions through speech, signals, writing, or behaviour. In communication process, a sender(encoder) encodes a message and then using a medium/channel sends it to the receiver (decoder) who decodes the message and after processing information, sends back appropriate feedback using a channel.
        
        A.  TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
        People communicate with each other in a number of ways that depend upon the message and its context in which it is being sent. There is variety of types of communication.
         
        Types of communication based on the communication channels used are:
        1.Verbal Communication
        2.Nonverbal Communication
        1.Verbal Communication
        
        Verbal communication refers to the the form of communication in which message is transmitted verbally; communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of writing. Objective of every communication is to have people understand what we are trying to convey. In verbal communication remember the acronym KISS(keep it short and simple).
        
        When we talk to others, we assume that others understand what we are saying because we know what we are saying. But this is not the case. Usually people bring their own attitude, perception, emotions and thoughts about the topic and hence creates barrier in delivering the right meaning.
        Verbal Communication is further divided into:
        1.Oral Communication
        2.Written Communication
        
        Oral Communication
        
        In oral communication, spoken words are used. It includes face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video, radio, television, voice over internet. In oral communication, communication is influence by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of speaking.
        
        Written Communication
        In written communication, written signs or symbols are used to communicate. A written message may be printed or hand written. In written communication message can be transmitted via e-mail, letter, report, memo etc. Message, in written communication, is influenced by the vocabulary & grammar used, writing style, precision and clarity of the language used. Written Communication is most common form of communication being used in business. So, it is considered core among business skills.
        
        Memos, reports, bulletins, job descriptions, employee manuals, and electronic mail are the types of written communication used for internal communication. For communicating with external environment in writing, electronic mail, Internet Web sites, letters, proposals, telegrams, faxes, postcards, contracts, advertisements, brochures, and news releases are used.
        
        2. Nonverbal Communication
        Nonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. We can say that communication other than oral and written, such as gesture, body language, posture, tone of voice or facial expressions, is called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is all about the body language of speaker.
        
        Nonverbal communication helps receiver in interpreting the message received. Often, nonverbal signals reflects the situation more accurately than verbal messages.
        
        B. COMMUNICATION IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS – FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
        People speak and respond variously in various situations. Between our friends or schoolmates, when we are in ordinary situation and when we feel relaxed, we can use informal communication. On the other hand, the formal communication is necessary for serious or official situations, for example when you apply for a job, or write a letter to some company. It is very important to distinguish the situations, because our incorrect manners and expressions could get us into embarrassed moments. It is also serious to learn symbolic gestures and traditions of other nations before visiting them. One meaning can be signalled by diverse actions: in Europe if you tap your forefinger against your temple, it means a sign of stupidity but in Arabic countries you touch the lower eyelid with the tip of the forefinger. Or, in our country it is impolite to belch loudly after eating but in Japan you convey by belching that the meal was really tasty.
        
        C.  MODERN COMMUNICATION
        The way we communicate has radically changed over the ages. For a long time we relied only on sending letters, nowadays also referred to as "snail mail". Then man managed to invent the telegraph and later on the telephone, radio and television. These inventions made communication faster, but these improvements can be considered negligible in comparison to those that we have achieved in the past few years.
        Today we have lot of possibilities how we can communicate, for example mobile phone, the Internet (e-mail), social networking (Skype, MySpace, Facebook) and so. The mobile phone has become ubiquitous device, replacing your telephone, watch, calendar, address book, camera, radio and gradually even your wallet. In case you think you might be disturbing someone with your phone call, you might choose to send a short text message. But not every message can fit into 160 characters. In such a case, everyone turns to the pillar of modern communication: e-mail. E-mail has become the standard for everyone nowadays, from families to large multinational businesses. Since e-mail makes communication over large distances so simple, it has spurred business innovations such as outsourcing. The most recent form of communication that has evolved is so-called social networking. This phrase describes the functionality of sites such as MySpace, Facebook or Bebo, which let users join networks, such as workplace or school networks, to interact with other people. They allow you to add people to your friends list and interact with them by sending short messages, sharing photos or videos, sending virtual gifts or simply by informing all your friends what you're up to.
         

        15.MASS_MEDIA.docx

        MASS MEDIA

         

        a) kinds of mass media (their use, advantages, disadvantages)

        b) the press (newspapers, magazines, articles), how to choose them, where to buy them – favourite columns

        c) radio, TV (favourite kinds of programmes, ratings)

        d) the influence of mass media on life of an individual, family and society

        e) the Internet and its influence on a person and society

         

        Mass media (masovokomunikačné prostriedky) – are means (prostriedky) of communication which reach a very large number of people. They include TV (television), radio, press (tlač) (press includes newspapers, magazines and journals) and the Internet.

        In modern society we are in a daily contact with different types of mass media. We watch television, read newspapers or magazines, listen to the radio or surf the Internet. These are the media that reach a large number of people and that is why they are called mass media.

        Why are mass media so important?

        The mass media serve, first of all, as a source (zdroj) of information. Apart from that, the role of mass media is to educate (they are source of knowledge – vedomostí, znalostí) and entertain (they are source of entertainment - zábavy). Watching TV is the most favourite way of relaxation and spending free time for a lot of people. They watch football or hockey matches, films, sitcoms, soap operas or series; some prefer discussions, documentaries, or reality and quiz shows.

        Television and radio

        Television is the most popular source of information. People of all ages spend their free time watching TV programmes. Children are often obsessed with watching TV but it is not healthy for their mental and physical development (watching TV for a long time causes poor eyesight, children are getting fatter and fatter, they do not play with their friends outdoors, they often spend hours in front of the television and do not talk to anybody, there is too much violence (priveľa násila) on TV, children are becoming more violent and treat their friends and classmates according to what they have seen on TV. Some are not able to see the difference between fact and fiction. People who are TV stars are often idols for a lot of young people. All radio and television stations, public (verejné) or private (súkromné), educational (vzdelávacie) or commercial (komerčné), big or small have to have a licence to broadcast (musia mať licenciu na vysielanie).

        Public TV stations – are owned by a state, they are non-commercial, and they are financed from the state budget (sú financované zo štátneho rozpočtu). In Slovakia we have 3 public television stations: STV1, STV2 and STV3. The first channel STV1 is more and more like other commercial TV stations, the second channel specialises in documentaries, quiz shows, educational programmes, music and sports and the third channel specialises in sports and mainly broadcasts live football or hockey matches. Some cities and areas also have local TV stations presenting mostly local news. There are not too many commercials and for example when you watch a film on STV, it is not interrupted (nie je prerušený) by commercial breaks. They broadcast a lot of films of Slovak and Czech productions and a lot of documentaries and programmes targeted on nationalities and ethnic minorities living in Slovakia, people who have special hobbies (there are programmes for hunters, farmers, fishermen, mothers, etc.)

        Commercial breaks (reklamné prestávky) – five to fifteen-minute breaks broadcasted on TV. Companies pay a lot of money to TV stations to advertise their products or services. These commercials often influence people who watch TV. The aim of the commercial is to persuade the potential customer to buy a product or a service that is advertised. Commercials influence viewers very much. Some people like them and some phrases such as “Díky Broňa” have become widely used and popular among people. Others hate them and they switch to a different station or they have a cigarette or go to loo when there is commercial break on.

         

        Private TV stations – commercial stations, they get money from companies that advertise their products or services on the station. They broadcast programmes that enjoy wide popularity, such as soap operas (telenovely), series (seriály) or mini-series and a lot of American movies. Commercial stations, such as TV Markíza and TV Joj enjoy wide popularity. They don’t often specialise in anything in particular but try to satisfy (uspokojiť) viewers (divákov) with different tastes and preferences. There are several music channels such as MTV, VH1, Music box, hobby and lifestyle channels, sports channels, history channels, cartoon channels, wildlife (Spektrum, Discovery channel) and cookery channels. HBO is a cable TV station which broadcasts a lot of movies/films before they are broadcasted on other channels.

        TA3, the first Slovak news channel started broadcasting in 2001. Thanks to this channel, Slovaks can watch current international and home/domestic news throughout the whole day. Its programmes cover a wide range of topics, mostly from economy, politics, technology and sport. There are several news channels e.g. BBC news in Britain, CNN in the USA and Euro news which broadcast news. In Britain there are several TV stations but BBC1, 2, 3 and Channel 4 are the most popular ones.

        Programmes which are broadcasted on TV:

        1. Entertainment programmes (movies, talk shows, quiz shows, comedies, cartoons, sitcoms, series, mini-series, soap operas, phone-ins, reality shows and talent shows).
        2. Educational (vzdelávacie) and news programmes: the news, sports news, weather forecast, documentaries, wildlife programmes, political discussions etc.

        The news usually starts at 7 o’clock or 7.30 every evening, it covers topics such as politics, world affairs/events (svetové dianie), home affairs/events, crime, catastrophes (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, droughts, terrorist attacks), current events (najnovšie udalosti) – they are usually live broadcasted.

        RADIO programmes: weather, news, chat shows (famous people talk about themselves, answer listeners’ questions), phone-ins (people phone in and ask questions), educational programmes, radio plays, morning shows, music programmes, etc. Some radio stations have their specializations: some present pop music or sport, education and children’s programmes, some light entertainment or the main news. In Slovakia, probably the most popular radio stations are FUN rádio, Jemné Melódie, Rock FM and Rádio Express.

         

        Newspapers

        Most newspapers are daily newspapers. It means that they are published every day except weekends. But there are also some newspapers that are published once a week and they are called weeklies, for example Slovak Spectator – a newspaper about politics and cultural life in Slovakia published in English. There are two kinds (druhy) of newspapers: serious newspapers, also called “broadsheets” (they have large sheets) and “tabloids” (small sheets). The broadsheets are known as “quality” newspapers and the tabloids are called “popular” papers. Broadsheets publish serious articles about politics, world and domestic events, religion, economy, social life, etc. Broadsheets are quality papers and you can find serious news and articles written in a serious manner in them. SME is a daily paper that is widely read and influential. Pravda is another widely read paper in our country. They both, as well as the other quality papers, contain a great variety of national and international news, reports from parliamentary debates, reviews of the arts, features about fashion and sport and business news. The best selling daily paper, however, is the tabloid Nový Čas, which doesn’t really publish any serious material. In this type of a paper you mostly read about sex scandals and money, idols and celebrities. There are advertisements, various competitions and some home news. Popular papers contain a high number of features (interesting reports about subject, place, or a person) about stars, sports and celebrities. The information they publish is not often based on true facts and they publish a lot of made-up stories and gossip (klebety). They contain a lot of pictures and the headline (titulok) sometimes takes more space than the article itself. Both types of the papers, quality ones and tabloids, pay special attention to the reporting of sports.

        Typical sections in newspapers are editorials (úvodníky), news reports, international/domestic news, political commentaries, business news, cartoons, crosswords, sports reports, reviews (recenzie). Newspapers contain articles on politics, sports, economy, social life, editorials (person’s opinion), features etc. People who write articles for newspapers are journalists.

        Slovakia: Broadsheets: SME, Pravda, Hospodárske noviny, Národná obroda, The Slovak Spektator; tabloids: Nový čas, Nový čas víkend, Nový čas pre ženy. Most of our newspapers have their on-line editions so you don’t have to buy them at the newsagent’s. The newsagent is not the only place where you can buy newspapers; nowadays they are sold in supermarkets, groceries and at kiosks.

        Britain: broadsheets: The Times, The Guardian, The Financial Times; tabloids: The Sun, The Daily Mirror.

        The USA: broadsheets: The New York Times, The Washington Post, tabloids: the Star, the Globe.

         

        Magazines are published weekly (once a week) or monthly (once a month) and they contain different kinds of articles, news, stories, agony aunt pages, fashion sections, lifestyle sections, cookery sections and many others. Some magazines such as Plus 7 dní, Televízia, Trend, Profit, Týždeň are popular among all the people and some magazines target special groups - it means that there are magazines for women (Život, Slovenka, Eva), men (Playboy, Esquire) or teenagers, for people interested in various kinds of sports and hobbies (Muscle and Fitness, Záhradkár), such as gardening, cars, tennis, knitting (štrikovanie) and many more.

        Journals – are serious magazines written by experts (economic journals, medicine journals).

        The Internet

        Although the definition of the mass media does not cover it, it is important to mention the Internet. Nowadays many people do not hear the latest news from the TV or read about it in the papers but on the Internet. You can find there even older articles of your interest and many people would say that it is even easier than reading the papers.

        However, the Internet is not only access to any type of information from the latest news to opening hours or details about products or services. These days, more and more people use e-mail to communicate and send information or documents. Many Slovaks use the Internet as a form of entertainment (zábava). Chatting, joining different discussion groups and reading blogs is becoming very popular, especially among the young. The internet has changed our lifestyles, and it has simplified (zjednodušil) communication between people. Google is a web search engine (prehliadač) that is able to find the information we are looking for in a couple of seconds (departures/arrivals, opening hours, addresses of institutions, essays, articles). People use internet to pay their bills, they listen to the on-line editions of music albums, they play on-line games, they watch films, read books on the internet and young people chat on social networks such as Facebook and ICQ. People write their blogs and others read them. You can buy things, food, holidays via (prostredníctvom) the Internet. Nowadays, people do not write letters any more, they write e-mails instead.

        But you have to be very careful and do not enter your personal data because there is a danger that someone (hackers) might misuse them.

        The negative impact of television and the Internet

        For many people the TV or the Internet are the only ways of entertaining themselves. The sick, the unemployed, the disabled or lonely people normally watch it much more than people who have families or who are busy.

        However, there are people, especially children and the youth, who are obsessed with watching the TV or surfing the Internet several hours a day. It damages their eyesight and keeps them from doing sports or being outside. People do not spend their time outdoors nowadays and they do not meet their friends so often. It is also one of the reasons why people do not read as many books as they did before and why the relationships are so bad.  

         

         

        Otázky:

        1. What are mass media? Why do we call them mass media?
        2. What are their main functions?
        3. What types of mass media do you know? Which of them do you use most often?
        4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of reading a newspaper/reading on-line edition of a newspaper?
        5. What is the difference between daily and weekly newspapers?
        6. What is a broadsheet?
        7. What sorts of news can you find in quality papers?
        8. Which Slovak, British, American broadsheets do you know?
        9. What is the tabloid? What sorts of articles can you find in it?
        10. Do you know any magazines for teenagers/men/women/sportsmen/photographers…?
        11. What do you like reading about? What do you read more often: newspapers or magazines?
        12. What are the typical sections in newspapers?
        13. Which is the best-selling Slovak tabloid?
        14. Do you know any journalist who writes for newspapers?
        15. Where do public TV stations get their money from?
        16. Where do commercial TV stations get their money from?
        17. Why do companies pay a lot of money to commercial TV stations?
        18. Which educational programmes do TV stations broadcast?
        19. Which entertainment programmes do TV stations broadcast?
        20. What is a commercial break?
        21. Is there any commercial you like?
        22. What do you do during commercials?
        23. Which British TV stations do you know?
        24. Which public TV stations are there in Slovakia?
        25. What sorts of programmes does STV2 broadcast?
        26. What does the News report on?
        27. Which news channels do you know?
        28. What radio programmes do you listen to? Which is your favourite radio station?
        29. What are the disadvantages of spending too much time in front of the TV?
        30. What do you use the Internet for?
        31. What can you do via the Internet?
        32. Why is it not healthy to spend too much time on the Internet?
        33. What is Google?

        17_MASS_MEDIA.ppt

        Learn  the topics in Yes!book, also available in scanned form (just the introductory text) yes-b1.pdf.

        Education

         

        Most people realise that a good qualification is very important for a successful career. Educational systems and types of degrees differ quite a lot from country to country and each state is responsible for its own educational system.
        
        There have been some serious changes in the educational system in Slovakia in the last few years. The National Curriculum (osnovy, vzdelávací program) has been changed, a new school-leaving exam has been introduced at secondary schools and many students are taking advantage of studying abroad.
        In Slovakia school attendance is compulsory from the age of 6 to 16 and parents can decide whether they send their children to a state, church (religious) or private school.

         

        There are several stages of education. Pre-school education (predškolská výchova) is voluntary (dobrovoľná) and it includes nurseries and kindergartens. It is not only a place where babies and young children are looked after while their parents are at work but it also prepares children for primary education.

         

        After pre-school education, children start to attend primary schools at the age of 6. Primary schools provide children with a general education. Pupils study languages, History, Geography, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Arts (výtvarná a hudobná výchova), Religion or Ethics and Physical Education.

         

        When children are in their final year at primary school, they have to choose what type of secondary school they want to attend (navštevovať). Every primary school student has to apply and pass entrance exams (prijímacie skúšky) before moving on to secondary school.

         

        There are different types of secondary schools in Slovakia: the best students apply for (hlásia sa na) study at grammar school called gymnasium, which prepares for university study, but business and hotel academies, technical schools and medical schools are also popular. These types of schools last 4 or 5 years and end with a school-leaving exam (maturitná skúška). At some secondary schools they have their training centres preparing students for different kinds of professions, students graduate after passing final examinations in both theoretical and practical subjects achieving a skill certificate after the thirrd grrade and 5-year study ends with a school-leaving exam.

         

        Students’ schedule (rozvrh) and school subjects differ (sa líšia) from school to school. At some schools, there are both compulsory and optional (voliteľné) subjects. Vocational school students must also take some practical lessons (praktické vyučovanie) outside their schools, called the practice.

         

        The school year at primary and secondary schools starts the first week of September and finishes the last week of June. In between, there are a few days off (for example the All Saint’s Day, Easter or the May days). There are winter holidays, which last about two weeks and spring holidays, which last one week. The summer holidays are the longest and last two months. There are two semesters in one school year. Students get school reports at the end of January and June and are assessed (hodnotení) by marks from 1 to 5 (one being the best, five being the worst).

         

        Extracurricular activities (mimoškolské activity) are very popular in the afternoons. There are many different clubs and sports teams at schools, which meet after the classes. Many schools publish their own student newspapers and some have their own radio stations. Most schools in Slovakia have their own gym, school canteen and sometimes a swimming pool and school playground.

         

        After finishing study at secondary schools, students can get a job or apply to study at university. In most cases, they have to take an entrance exam to get in. Students can enrol in three-year courses for bachelor’s degrees or five-year courses for master’s degrees. A study at university takes 5-6 years and finishes with graduation where graduates are given diplomas to their majors.

         

        Questions: 

        • Talk about the system of education in Slovakia; schools, school subjects, organization of a school year, examinations, after-school/extracurricular activities(.
        • What is your favourite subject at school? Why? What do you like most about your school?
        • Should students in Slovak schools wear uniforms? Why?/Why not?
        • If you could study anything you like, what would you choose? Why?
        • In your opinion, will traditional schools be replaced by online studies/by computers? Why?/Why not?

         

        Fashion - Useful Vocabulary:

        Clothes_(1).pdf

        21. Clothing, Fashion

        1. The influence of weather and climate on what people wear
        2. Clothes and accessories for various occasions
        3. How people decide what to wear (fashion, age, mood/atmosphere, possibilities) care of clothes
        4. Fashion trends – clothes, designers, fashion shows
        5. Fine feathers make fine birds/clothes make the man, make-to-measure/tailor-made clothing/tailored clothing or mass-produced clothing (in the clothes shop, at the tailor’s/dressmaker’s)

        FASHION – is the style of dress or behaviour (správanie) that is common (spoločné, bežné) or popular at a certain time.

        Many people, mostly women, are interested in fashion. New styles, materials, shapes (tvary) and patterns (vzory) appear (sa objavujú), last (trvajú) for a certain time, disappear (miznú) and later (neskôr) come back a little bit changed. Many young people are fashion-conscious (uvedomujúci si) and try to follow the latest trends in fashion, watching fashion shows and reading fashion magazines.

        Fashion styles change quite (dosť) often. In 1960s women started to shorten their skirts and mini-skirts were popular for a long period. Narrow (úzke) trousers were replaced by wide trousers and flat (ploché, rovné) shoes by high-heeled shoes (platforms). But pumps (lodičky) and office shoes are still “in”. Nowadays girls like to wear balerinas shoes, pumps, in summer flip-flops and sandals. Later women realized (uvedomili si) that longer skirts are more practical and narrow trousers are sexier. But wide trousers have made a comeback and are fashionable (módne) again.

        The materials used are important and each fabric (každá látka) has its own special qualities. Almost everything our grandparents used to wear was made of canvas (plátno), then cotton, linen, wool, but later those textiles were replaced by synthetic fibres (vlákna). People return to cotton for its natural qualities, while silk (hodvábne) blouses and shirts are appropriate for special occasions (príležitosti). T-shirts used to all be 100% cotton, but today many include spandex. Everybody looks for first class, washable, non-iron, crease- and shrink-resistant fabric (nekrčivý a nezrážanlivý materiál).

        A person’s choice (voľba, výber) of suitable (vhodný) clothing is also influenced by climate and weather. In colder countries, people prefer to wear clothes which protect their body from the cold. They usually wear fur coats, boots and fur caps (anoraks, scarves, gloves, thick coats) in winter. In hot countries, people put on light and airy(ľahké) clothes, use materials which allow sweat (pot) to evaporate (vyparovať sa) and cool their bodies, straw hats (slamené klobúky) protect their heads against the sun’s rays (lúče).

        Casual clothes (bežné oblečenie) are worn for everyday purposes (účely). People working in banks and offices are usually more dressed up (viac vyfintení): men in suits, shirts in different colours, ties and suitable shoes, mostly black or brown leather. Women wear suits too, fashionable tops or blouses, various accessories (doplnky – necklace, earrings, bracelet) and leather shoes. For special occasions (balls, special dinners, theatre performance), we usually put on something more formal: long dresses or gowns (róba) for the ladies and tuxedos (Am; smoking), dinner jackets (Br), bow-ties (motýliky) and patent leather shoes for the men. Official ceremonies require that people wear gowns or robes, long loose (voľné) usually black outer garments (odev) worn by judges, lawyers and members of universities.

        Most people prefer buying clothes in shops because if they suit them and fit, they just pay and leave. Some women like clothes made by dressmakers or they make them themselves. If men need suits or coats, they ask tailors to make these outer garments for them.

        Coats and other clothing made of fur (vyrobené z kožušiny) are very expensive, and in the past people wore furs to show that they were rich. In many countries today, however, many people think that it is cruel to kill animals for their fur and choose to wear fake fur (imitáciu kožužiny) instead.

        Colours play an important role in fashion. White is a typical colour for babies to wear when they are christened (krstené) and brides dress in white for church weddings because white represents purity (čistotu) and virginity (panenskosť). In some old stories and films, especially westerns, the good guy always wears white and the bad guy wears black. A baby’s sex is sometimes distinguished (odlíšený) by colours: little girls are dressed in pink and red, while little boys are in blue or light-green. Today, people like to have a free choice. Some colours suit some people more than others so people can be classified by the colours they wear “cold” and “warm” while cold types prefer darker colours (grey, navy blue, grey-blue, black, etc.) brighter colours are suitable for warm types (spring and autumn types: beige, cream white, light-blue, brown, etc.) some people choose colours according to their current mood. When they are happy, the colours are bright (jasné) and light (svetlé), but when they are sad or bad-tempered (v zlej nálade), the colours are dark.

         Special kinds of clothes are uniforms and costumes. Uniforms are worn particularlyby professionalssuch as the police, the armed forces, health workers, sometimes workers in a certain firm. It is still a tradition in some schools in Britain (also in Slovakia in some private schools) to wear a school uniform ( a white shirt, grey or dark trousers and dark sweater or blazer with a school badge on the breast pocket and perhaps a cap for younger boys. A girl´s uniform consists of a plain coat, a blouse and a skirt in some dark colour, such as navy blue or brown. The argument for uniforms is that they prevent competition among teenager and hide differences in family income.

        Costumes on the other hand reflect the style of a past time. Scotsmen are well-known for their national costumes which consists of a kilt (a short skirt with many pressed pleats, knee-lenght woolen socks, a cap and a sporran (a fur-covered bag worn as a purse).

        What to do with worn-out clothes (nosené)? It is easy to discard then (vyhodiť) or store them up in a wardrobe. Some people pass them down to someone younger or give them to a charity organization. Women who can do needlework (sew, knit, crochet, embroider) often remake them into a new stylish model.

        Some people do not wear the latest fashion. They apply a wait-and-see attitude and wear what suit them, what is healthy and what they can afford. The most omportant thing is that clothes are neat and clean, they look smart and elegant and they feel comfortable.

        Questions:

        • performance/school/wedding?How does weather and climate influence fashion? How would you dress for a theatre 
        • How do you care of your clothes? (dry cleaner, label, ironing, washing at cold temperature, not bleaching..)
        • What fashion designers/fashion shows do you know? Do you think they influence the way people dress?
        • Give pros and cons of machine-made and tailor/dressmaker-made clothes, compare them.
        • What do you know about history of jeans?
        • What do people communicate by the clothes they wear?
        • How has fashion changed in the last few years? What kind of clothing is always appropriate and stylish?

         

        HOMEWORK - WRITING

        Úloha bola pridelená aj cez e-learning pod hlavičkou Mne pridelené materiály. Po otvorení môžte vašu esej priložiť ako súbor vo formáte pdf, docx alebo doc. Ak vám viac vyhovuje fyzické odovzdanie vašej práce, posledný termín je piatok 20. 10. 

        A Book I have recently read or A book I was deeply impressed by.

        Level B1 Use 180 - 200, B2 220 - 250 words.

        Please, submit by Monday, October 23th 

        Please, divide your essays/descriptions into paragraphs - introduction, body, conclusion, 1 paragraph - 1 point (bullet)
        Write a description of a book by an English speaking author you like very much (Level B1 180 - 200, Level B2 220–250 words).
        Include:

        • the title and the writer; when the book was published for the first time
        • some basic facts about the writer - life, family background,genre he/she writes, books published etc
        • the reasons for your choice;
        • a short description of the plot;
        • the characters you admire in the book and why;
        • why you would recommend it to your best friend.

         

        HOMEWORK - SPEAKING

        Pls learn a new topic The book - the friend of people (No. 24 in YES books).

        Please, use the notes from our lesson as well. 

        The Book a Person´s Friend

        26_READING_BOOKS.ppt

        topic: 22.the_book_-_a_person_s_friend.docx

        22. The Book – a Person’s friend

        a) books – variety/ how people choose where and when they read

        b) favourite author, genres

        c) a book I have read by an author from an English-speaking country

        d) Nobel prize winners for literature and their work

        e) crisis in reading fiction (reasons, do people buy books?, services of libraries and institutes)

         

        Reading books is a favourite free time activity for lots of people. Books accompany (sprevádzať) people everywhere: we read them while we travel to school/work, wait in the waiting room at the doctor’s surgery, during breaks at school, on holiday. We can‘t imagine our lives without books. People usually read for pleasure (pre potešenie). There are books that give a chance to learn about the world around you. Other books give you a lot of information and advice (rada). And there are books about other people’s experiences (zážitky).

        Literature can be divided (môže byť rozdelená) into 2 categories: non-fiction books and fiction books. Non-fiction books (náučné knihy) usually serve as a source of information (slúžia ako zdroj informácií). There are textbooks (educational books containing information and ideas about some subject), dictionaries (books that tell us the meanings of words), encyclopaedias (large books or a set of books containing facts about different subjects in alphabetical order), biographies, autobiographies, and memoirs, DIY (do it yourself) books, travel/history/art books and cookery books.

        Fiction (beletria) is about imaginary people or events. There two types of fiction books: poetry and prose. People who are keen on poetry can read poems by famous poets in books of poetry. Those who prefer prose can choose to read tales, short stories, novellas, romances, crime/spy novels, mystery novels, science fiction, westerns, thrillers or historical novels.

        A story (príbeh) in a book can be set (môže byť umiestnený) in a real or imaginary place/time in which the characters (postavy) live. The plot (dej, zápletka) – the series of events (sled udalostí) which form the story of a novel can be narrated (rozprávať) by the author or by one of the characters (Narrator is the one who is telling the story). Talented writers are excellent storytellers (rozprávači), able to attract (schopní pritiahnuť) readers and keep their attention (udržať ich pozornosť) from the very first page until the plot culminates (vrcholiť) at the end of the book.

        Every year, the Nobel Prize for Literature is awarded to the writer whose work of fiction is considered (je považovaná) to be a unique literary achievement (za jedinečný literárny výkon). There are many writers who are Nobel Prize winners: William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, and Ernest Hemingway from the U.S.A - G. B. Shaw, Harold Pinter and Rudyard Kipling from Great Britain.

         

        William Faulkner for his contribution (prispenie) to modern American novel – the theme (téma) of his novels is the decay (úpadok) of the old South, as represented by Sartoris and Compson families and the emergence of cruel and arrogant newcomers, the Snopeses. He invented lots of characters typical of the historical growth (historický rast) and subsequent (následný) decadence of the South. The human drama in Faulkner's novels is built on the model of the actual (skutočný) historical drama extending (tiahnucej sa ) over almost a century and a half. Each story and each novel contributes to the construction of a whole, which is the imaginary Yoknapatawpha County and its inhabitants. Their theme is the decay of the old South, as represented by the Sartoris and Compson families, and the emergence of ruthless and brash newcomers, the Snopeses. novels: The Sound and the Fury ( Bľabot a bes) where he depicted the downfall of the Compson family seen through the minds of several characters; Other novels: Absolom, Absolom; Intruder in the Dust (Neodpočívaj v pokoji),

        John Steinbeck who wrote social novels dealing with the economic problems of rural labour e.g. Of Mice and Man – the story of an imbecile giant Lennie, East of Eden and his masterpiece (majstrovské dielo) The Grapes of Wrath (Ovocie hnevu), the story of Oklahoma tenant farmers (námezdní farmári) who, unable to earn a living from the land, moved to California where they became migratory workers,

        Ernest Hemingway for his anti-war novels The Sun also Rises and A Farewell to Arms (Zbohom zbraniam), the study of an American ambulance officer's disappointment in the war and his role as a deserter. Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel For whom the bells toll (komu zvonia do hrobu), the short story An Old Man and the Sea, the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat (porážka).

        British writers awarded by a Nobel Prize: John Galsworthy (1867-1933). Received the 1932 Nobel Prize for Literature "for his distinguished art of narration (vynikajúce rozprávačské umenie) which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga,.

        Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling wrote novels, poems and short stories--mostly set in India and Burma ", B.B. Shaw Pygmalion (1912), a witty study of phonetics as well as a clever treatment of middle-class morality and class distinction, proved some of Shaw's greatest successes on the stage. It is a combination of the dramatic, the comic, and the social corrective that gives Shaw's comedies their special flavour.

        G. B Shaw the first writer awarded by the Nobel Prize - a great playwright, novelist and critical essayist wrote more than 60 plays which deal mainly with social problems – Widower’s Houses, The Devil’s Disciple, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, You Never Can Tell, Caesar and Cleopatra, Man and Superman, Major Barbara, and finally Pygmalion – on which the famous musical My Fair Lady is based. . As well as Oscar Wilde, the author of The Picture of Dorian Gray, he is known for his comedy. They were full of wit and humour.

        Harold Pinter 2005, he wrote 29 plays including The Birthday Party, The Caretaker, 21 screenplays (filmový scenár), and directed 27 theatre productions.  

        Additional material: B1Books_and_Literature_w.pdf

         

        Education

         

        Most people realise that a good qualification is very important for a successful career. Educational systems and types of degrees differ quite a lot from country to country and each state is responsible for its own educational system.
        
        There have been some serious changes in the educational system in Slovakia in the last few years. The National Curriculum (osnovy, vzdelávací program) has been changed, a new school-leaving exam has been introduced at secondary schools and many students are taking advantage of studying abroad.
        In Slovakia school attendance is compulsory from the age of 6 to 16 and parents can decide whether they send their children to a state, church (religious) or private school.

         

        There are several stages of education. Pre-school education (predškolská výchova) is voluntary (dobrovoľná) and it includes nurseries and kindergartens. It is not only a place where babies and young children are looked after while their parents are at work but it also prepares children for primary education.

         

        After pre-school education, children start to attend primary schools at the age of 6. Primary schools provide children with a general education. Pupils study languages, History, Geography, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Arts (výtvarná a hudobná výchova), Religion or Ethics and Physical Education.

         

        When children are in their final year at primary school, they have to choose what type of secondary school they want to attend (navštevovať). Every primary school student has to apply and pass entrance exams (prijímacie skúšky) before moving on to secondary school.

         

        There are different types of secondary schools in Slovakia: the best students apply for (hlásia sa na) study at grammar school called gymnasium, which prepares for university study, but business and hotel academies, technical schools and medical schools are also popular. These types of schools last 4 or 5 years and end with a school-leaving exam (maturitná skúška). At some secondary schools they have their training centres preparing students for different kinds of professions, students graduate after passing final examinations in both theoretical and practical subjects achieving a skill certificate after the thirrd grrade and 5-year study ends with a school-leaving exam.

         

        Students’ schedule (rozvrh) and school subjects differ (sa líšia) from school to school. At some schools, there are both compulsory and optional (voliteľné) subjects. Vocational school students must also take some practical lessons (praktické vyučovanie) outside their schools, called the practice.

         

        The school year at primary and secondary schools starts the first week of September and finishes the last week of June. In between, there are a few days off (for example the All Saint’s Day, Easter or the May days). There are winter holidays, which last about two weeks and spring holidays, which last one week. The summer holidays are the longest and last two months. There are two semesters in one school year. Students get school reports at the end of January and June and are assessed (hodnotení) by marks from 1 to 5 (one being the best, five being the worst).

         

        Extracurricular activities (mimoškolské activity) are very popular in the afternoons. There are many different clubs and sports teams at schools, which meet after the classes. Many schools publish their own student newspapers and some have their own radio stations. Most schools in Slovakia have their own gym, school canteen and sometimes a swimming pool and school playground.

         

        After finishing study at secondary schools, students can get a job or apply to study at university. In most cases, they have to take an entrance exam to get in. Students can enrol in three-year courses for bachelor’s degrees or five-year courses for master’s degrees. A study at university takes 5-6 years and finishes with graduation where graduates are given diplomas to their majors.

         

        Questions: 

        • Talk about the system of education in Slovakia; schools, school subjects, organization of a school year, examinations, after-school/extracurricular activities(.
        • What is your favourite subject at school? Why? What do you like most about your school?
        • Should students in Slovak schools wear uniforms? Why?/Why not?
        • If you could study anything you like, what would you choose? Why?

         

         

        Fashion - Useful Vocabulary:

        Clothes_(1).pdf

         

        21. Clothing, Fashion

        1. The influence of weather and climate on what people wear
        2. Clothes and accessories for various occasions
        3. How people decide what to wear (fashion, age, mood/atmosphere, possibilities) care of clothes
        4. Fashion trends – clothes, designers, fashion shows
        5. Fine feathers make fine birds/clothes make the man, make-to-measure/tailor-made clothing/tailored clothing or mass-produced clothing (in the clothes shop, at the tailor’s/dressmaker’s)

        FASHION – is the style of dress or behaviour (správanie) that is common (spoločné, bežné) or popular at a certain time.

        Many people, mostly women, are interested in fashion. New styles, materials, shapes (tvary) and patterns (vzory) appear (sa objavujú), last (trvajú) for a certain time, disappear (miznú) and later (neskôr) come back a little bit changed. Many young people are fashion-conscious (uvedomujúci si) and try to follow the latest trends in fashion, watching fashion shows and reading fashion magazines.

        Fashion styles change quite (dosť) often. In 1960s women started to shorten their skirts and mini-skirts were popular for a long period. Narrow (úzke) trousers were replaced by wide trousers and flat (ploché, rovné) shoes by high-heeled shoes (platforms). But pumps (lodičky) and office shoes are still “in”. Nowadays girls like to wear balerinas shoes, pumps, in summer flip-flops and sandals. Later women realized (uvedomili si) that longer skirts are more practical and narrow trousers are sexier. But wide trousers have made a comeback and are fashionable (módne) again.

        The materials used are important and each fabric (každá látka) has its own special qualities. Almost everything our grandparents used to wear was made of canvas (plátno), then cotton, linen, wool, but later those textiles were replaced by synthetic fibres (vlákna). People return to cotton for its natural qualities, while silk (hodvábne) blouses and shirts are appropriate for special occasions (príležitosti). T-shirts used to all be 100% cotton, but today many include spandex. Everybody looks for first class, washable, non-iron, crease- and shrink-resistant fabric (nekrčivý a nezrážanlivý materiál).

        A person’s choice (voľba, výber) of suitable (vhodný) clothing is also influenced by climate and weather. In colder countries, people prefer to wear clothes which protect their body from the cold. They usually wear fur coats, boots and fur caps (anoraks, scarves, gloves, thick coats) in winter. In hot countries, people put on light and airy(ľahké) clothes, use materials which allow sweat (pot) to evaporate (vyparovať sa) and cool their bodies, straw hats (slamené klobúky) protect their heads against the sun’s rays (lúče).

        Casual clothes (bežné oblečenie) are worn for everyday purposes (účely). People working in banks and offices are usually more dressed up (viac vyfintení): men in suits, shirts in different colours, ties and suitable shoes, mostly black or brown leather. Women wear suits too, fashionable tops or blouses, various accessories (doplnky – necklace, earrings, bracelet) and leather shoes. For special occasions (balls, special dinners, theatre performance), we usually put on something more formal: long dresses or gowns (róba) for the ladies and tuxedos (Am; smoking), dinner jackets (Br), bow-ties (motýliky) and patent leather shoes for the men. Official ceremonies require that people wear gowns or robes, long loose (voľné) usually black outer garments (odev) worn by judges, lawyers and members of universities.

        Most people prefer buying clothes in shops because if they suit them and fit, they just pay and leave. Some women like clothes made by dressmakers or they make them themselves. If men need suits or coats, they ask tailors to make these outer garments for them.

        Coats and other clothing made of fur (vyrobené z kožušiny) are very expensive, and in the past people wore furs to show that they were rich. In many countries today, however, many people think that it is cruel to kill animals for their fur and choose to wear fake fur (imitáciu kožužiny) instead.

        Colours play an important role in fashion. White is a typical colour for babies to wear when they are christened (krstené) and brides dress in white for church weddings because white represents purity (čistotu) and virginity (panenskosť). In some old stories and films, especially westerns, the good guy always wears white and the bad guy wears black. A baby’s sex is sometimes distinguished (odlíšený) by colours: little girls are dressed in pink and red, while little boys are in blue or light-green. Today, people like to have a free choice. Some colours suit some people more than others so people can be classified by the colours they wear “cold” and “warm” while cold types prefer darker colours (grey, navy blue, grey-blue, black, etc.) brighter colours are suitable for warm types (spring and autumn types: beige, cream white, light-blue, brown, etc.) some people choose colours according to their current mood. When they are happy, the colours are bright (jasné) and light (svetlé), but when they are sad or bad-tempered (v zlej nálade), the colours are dark.

         Special kinds of clothes are uniforms and costumes. Uniforms are worn particularlyby professionalssuch as the police, the armed forces, health workers, sometimes workers in a certain firm. It is still a tradition in some schools in Britain (also in Slovakia in some private schools) to wear a school uniform ( a white shirt, grey or dark trousers and dark sweater or blazer with a school badge on the breast pocket and perhaps a cap for younger boys. A girl´s uniform consists of a plain coat, a blouse and a skirt in some dark colour, such as navy blue or brown. The argument for uniforms is that they prevent competition among teenager and hide differences in family income.

        Costumes on the other hand reflect the style of a past time. Scotsmen are well-known for their national costumes which consists of a kilt (a short skirt with many pressed pleats, knee-lenght woolen socks, a cap and a sporran (a fur-covered bag worn as a purse).

        What to do with worn-out clothes (nosené)? It is easy to discard then (vyhodiť) or store them up in a wardrobe. Some people pass them down to someone younger or give them to a charity organization. Women who can do needlework (sew, knit, crochet, embroider) often remake them into a new stylish model.

        Some people do not wear the latest fashion. They apply a wait-and-see attitude and wear what suit them, what is healthy and what they can afford. The most omportant thing is that clothes are neat and clean, they look smart and elegant and they feel comfortable.

        Questions:

        • performance/school/wedding?How does weather and climate influence fashion? How would you dress for a theatre 
        • How do you care of your clothes? (dry cleaner, label, ironing, washing at cold temperature, not bleaching..)
        • What fashion designers/fashion shows do you know? Do you think they influence the way people dress?
        • Give pros and cons of machine-made and tailor/dressmaker-made clothes, compare them.
        • What do you know about history of jeans?
        • What do people communicate by the clothes they wear?
        • How has fashion changed in the last few years? What kind of clothing is always appropriate and stylish?

        HOMEWORK - WRITING

        Úloha bola pridelená aj cez e-learning pod hlavičkou Mne pridelené materiály. Po otvorení môžte vašu esej priložiť ako súbor vo formáte pdf, docx alebo doc. Ak vám viac vyhovuje fyzické odovzdanie vašej práce, posledný termín je piatok 20. 10. 

        A Book I have recently read or A book I was deeply impressed by.

        Level B1 Use 180 - 200, B2 220 - 250 words.

        Please, submit by Friday, October 20th 

        Please, divide your essays/descriptions into paragraphs - introduction, body, conclusion, 1 paragraph - 1 point (bullet)
        Write a description of a book by an English speaking author you like very much (Level B1 180 - 200, Level B2 220–250 words).
        Include:

        • the title and the writer; when the book was published for the first time
        • some basic facts about the writer - life, family background,genre he/she writes, books published etc
        • the reasons for your choice;
        • a short description of the plot;
        • the characters you admire in the book and why;
        • why you would recommend it to your best friend.

         

        HOMEWORK - SPEAKING

        Pls learn a new topic The book - the friend of people (No. 24 in YES books).

        Please, use the notes from our lesson as well. 

        The Book a Person´s Friend

        26_READING_BOOKS.ppt

        topic: 22.the_book_-_a_person_s_friend.docx

        22. The Book – a Person’s friend

        a) books – variety/ how people choose where and when they read

        b) favourite author, genres

        c) a book I have read by an author from an English-speaking country

        d) Nobel prize winners for literature and their work

        e) crisis in reading fiction (reasons, do people buy books?, services of libraries and institutes)

         

        Reading books is a favourite free time activity for lots of people. Books accompany (sprevádzať) people everywhere: we read them while we travel to school/work, wait in the waiting room at the doctor’s surgery, during breaks at school, on holiday. We can‘t imagine our lives without books. People usually read for pleasure (pre potešenie). There are books that give a chance to learn about the world around you. Other books give you a lot of information and advice (rada). And there are books about other people’s experiences (zážitky).

        Literature can be divided (môže byť rozdelená) into 2 categories: non-fiction books and fiction books. Non-fiction books (náučné knihy) usually serve as a source of information (slúžia ako zdroj informácií). There are textbooks (educational books containing information and ideas about some subject), dictionaries (books that tell us the meanings of words), encyclopaedias (large books or a set of books containing facts about different subjects in alphabetical order), biographies, autobiographies, and memoirs, DIY (do it yourself) books, travel/history/art books and cookery books.

        Fiction (beletria) is about imaginary people or events. There two types of fiction books: poetry and prose. People who are keen on poetry can read poems by famous poets in books of poetry. Those who prefer prose can choose to read tales, short stories, novellas, romances, crime/spy novels, mystery novels, science fiction, westerns, thrillers or historical novels.

        A story (príbeh) in a book can be set (môže byť umiestnený) in a real or imaginary place/time in which the characters (postavy) live. The plot (dej, zápletka) – the series of events (sled udalostí) which form the story of a novel can be narrated (rozprávať) by the author or by one of the characters (Narrator is the one who is telling the story). Talented writers are excellent storytellers (rozprávači), able to attract (schopní pritiahnuť) readers and keep their attention (udržať ich pozornosť) from the very first page until the plot culminates (vrcholiť) at the end of the book.

        Every year, the Nobel Prize for Literature is awarded to the writer whose work of fiction is considered (je považovaná) to be a unique literary achievement (za jedinečný literárny výkon). There are many writers who are Nobel Prize winners: William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, and Ernest Hemingway from the U.S.A - G. B. Shaw, Harold Pinter and Rudyard Kipling from Great Britain.

         

        William Faulkner for his contribution (prispenie) to modern American novel – the theme (téma) of his novels is the decay (úpadok) of the old South, as represented by Sartoris and Compson families and the emergence of cruel and arrogant newcomers, the Snopeses. He invented lots of characters typical of the historical growth (historický rast) and subsequent (následný) decadence of the South. The human drama in Faulkner's novels is built on the model of the actual (skutočný) historical drama extending (tiahnucej sa ) over almost a century and a half. Each story and each novel contributes to the construction of a whole, which is the imaginary Yoknapatawpha County and its inhabitants. Their theme is the decay of the old South, as represented by the Sartoris and Compson families, and the emergence of ruthless and brash newcomers, the Snopeses. novels: The Sound and the Fury ( Bľabot a bes) where he depicted the downfall of the Compson family seen through the minds of several characters; Other novels: Absolom, Absolom; Intruder in the Dust (Neodpočívaj v pokoji),

        John Steinbeck who wrote social novels dealing with the economic problems of rural labour e.g. Of Mice and Man – the story of an imbecile giant Lennie, East of Eden and his masterpiece (majstrovské dielo) The Grapes of Wrath (Ovocie hnevu), the story of Oklahoma tenant farmers (námezdní farmári) who, unable to earn a living from the land, moved to California where they became migratory workers,

        Ernest Hemingway for his anti-war novels The Sun also Rises and A Farewell to Arms (Zbohom zbraniam), the study of an American ambulance officer's disappointment in the war and his role as a deserter. Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel For whom the bells toll (komu zvonia do hrobu), the short story An Old Man and the Sea, the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat (porážka).

        British writers awarded by a Nobel Prize: John Galsworthy (1867-1933). Received the 1932 Nobel Prize for Literature "for his distinguished art of narration (vynikajúce rozprávačské umenie) which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga,.

        Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling wrote novels, poems and short stories--mostly set in India and Burma ", B.B. Shaw Pygmalion (1912), a witty study of phonetics as well as a clever treatment of middle-class morality and class distinction, proved some of Shaw's greatest successes on the stage. It is a combination of the dramatic, the comic, and the social corrective that gives Shaw's comedies their special flavour.

        G. B Shaw the first writer awarded by the Nobel Prize - a great playwright, novelist and critical essayist wrote more than 60 plays which deal mainly with social problems – Widower’s Houses, The Devil’s Disciple, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, You Never Can Tell, Caesar and Cleopatra, Man and Superman, Major Barbara, and finally Pygmalion – on which the famous musical My Fair Lady is based. . As well as Oscar Wilde, the author of The Picture of Dorian Gray, he is known for his comedy. They were full of wit and humour.

        Harold Pinter 2005, he wrote 29 plays including The Birthday Party, The Caretaker, 21 screenplays (filmový scenár), and directed 27 theatre productions.  

        Additional material: B1Books_and_Literature_w.pdf