20_CARD_usa.pdf24_CARD_great_britain.pdf29_THE_UNITED_STATES_OF_AMERICA.pptmy email address: katarina.privoznikova@gmail.com

in case you are intrested in your final exam topics, find enclosed copy of YES B1 book for further reference yes-b1.pdf.

SLOVNÍK K UČEBNICI - DICTIONARY Please, feel free to use it, if you don't know what a word in your book means, please, consult your dictionary. There comes the link: EF_3e_Pre-int_Slovak_WL(2).pdf

SKVELÝ SLOVNÍK S BRITSKOU AJ AMERICKOU VÝSLOVNOSŤOU http://oxforddictionaries.com/

UČEBNICA https://elt.oup.com/student/englishfile/preint3/grammar/?cc=sk&selLanguage=sk

návod na opis obrázka: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihIQ8_-49Fo

ďalší opis obrázka https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOMomz9gQxE

ukážka maturity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mVAXola_Sk

ukážka maturita: Education http://www.ematurity.cz/?id=73-realie-education-system-in-united-kingdom-usa-and-czech-republic

 

21. Clothing, Fashion

19_FASHION.ppt

topic: 21.fashion.docx

fashion worksheet shopping.fashion.vocab.pdf

21. Clothing, Fashion

1. The influence of weather and climate on what people wear
2. Clothes and accessories for various occasions
3. How people decide what to wear (fashion, age, mood/atmosphere, possibilities) care of clothes
4. Fashion trends – clothes, designers, fashion shows
5. Fine feathers make fine birds/clothes make the man, mate-to-measure/tailor-made clothing/tailored clothing or mass-producing clothing (in the clothes shop, at the tailor’s/dressmaker’s)

FASHION – is the style of dress or behaviour (správanie) that is common (spoločné, bežné) or popular at a certain time.

Many people, mostly women, are interested in fashion. New styles, materials, shapes (tvary) and patterns (vzory) appear (sa objavujú), last (trvajú) for a certain time, disappear (miznú) and later (neskôr) come back a little bit changed. Many young people are fashion-conscious (uvedomujúci si) and try to follow the latest trends in fashion, watching fashion shows and reading fashion magazines.

                Fashion styles change quite (dosť) often. In 1960s women started to shorten their skirts and mini-skirts were popular for a long period. Narrow (úzke) trousers were replaced by wide trousers and flat (ploché, rovné) shoes by high-heeled shoes (platforms). But pumps (lodičky) and office shoes are still “in”. Nowadays girls like to wear balerinas shoes, pumps, in summer flip-flops and sandals. Later women realized (uvedomili si) that longer skirts are more practical and narrow trousers are sexier. But wide trousers have made a comeback and are fashionable (módne) again.

                The materials used are important and each fabric (každá látka) has its own special qualities. Almost everything our grandparents used to wear was made of canvas (plátno), then cotton, but later those textiles were replaced by synthetic fibres (vlákna). People return to cotton for its natural qualities, while silk (hodvábne) blouses and shirts are appropriate for special occasions (príležitosti). T-shirts used to all be 100% cotton, but today many include spandex.

                A person’s choice (voľba, výber) of suitable (vhodný) clothing is also influenced by climate and weather. In colder countries, people prefer to wear clothes which protect their body from the cold. They usually wear fur coats, boots and fur caps (anoraks, scarves, gloves, thick coats) in winter. In hot countries, people put on light (ľahké) clothes, use materials which allow sweat (pot) to evaporate (vyparovať sa) and cool their bodies, straw hats (slamené klobúky) protect their heads against the sun’s rays (lúče).

                Casual clothes (bežné oblečenie) are worn for everyday purposes (účely). People working in banks and offices are usually more dressed up (viac vyfintení): men in suits, shirts in different colours, ties and suitable shoes, mostly black or brown leather. Women wear suits too, fashionable tops or blouses, various accessories (doplnky – necklace, earrings, bracelet) and leather shoes. For special occasions (balls, special dinners, theatre performance), we usually put on something more formal: long dresses or gowns (róba) for the ladies and tuxedos (Am; smoking), dinner jackets (Br), bow-ties (motýliky) and patent leather shoes for the men. Official ceremonies require that people wear gowns or robes, long loose (voľné) usually black outer garments (odev) worn by judges, lawyers and members of universities.

                Most people prefer buying clothes in shops because if they suit them and fit, they just pay and leave. Some women like clothes made by dressmakers or they make them themselves. If men need suits or coats, they ask tailors to make these outer garments for them.

                Coats and other clothing made of fur (vyrobené z kožušiny) are very expensive, and in the past people wore furs to show that they were rich. In many countries today, however, many people think that it is cruel to kill animals for their fur and choose to wear fake fur (imitáciu kožužiny) instead.

                Colours play an important role in fashion. White is a typical colour for babies to wear when they are christened (krstené) and brides dress in white for church weddings because white represents purity (čistotu) and virginity (panenskosť). In some old stories and films, especially westerns, the good guy always wears white and the bad guy wears black. A baby’s sex is sometimes distinguished (odlíšený) by colours: little girls are dressed in pink and red, while little boys are in blue or light-green. Today, people like to have a free choice. Some colours suit some people more than others so people can be classified by the colours they wear “cold” and “warm” while cold types prefer darker colours (grey, navy blue, grey-blue, black, etc.) brighter colours are suitable for warm types (spring and autumn types: beige, cream white, light-blue, brown, etc.) some people choose colours according to their current mood. When they are happy, the colours are bright (jasné) and light (svetlé), but when they are sad or bad-tempered (v zlej nálade), the colours are dark.

How does weather and climate influence fashion? How would you dress for a theatre performance/school/wedding?

How do you care of your clothes? (dry cleaner, label, ironing, washing at cold temperature, not bleaching..)

What fashion designers/fashion shows do you know? Do you think they influence the way people dress?

Give pros and cons of machine-made and tailor/dressmaker-made clothes, compare them.

What do you know about history of jeans? What do people communicate by the clothes they wear? How has fashion changed in the last few years? What kind of clothing is always appropriate and stylish?

Homework Monday 30th March

4. GMA ANJ 30.4

Answer the questions

1. What media do mass media include?
2. What are the main roles of massmedia?
3. Why are mass media so importan for us?
4. What does press include? (N..., M..., J...)
5. What is the difference between daily and weekly newspapers?
6. What is the difference between life style magazines and journals?
7. What is the difference between public/state TV stations/channels and commercial/private ones in terms of funding?
8. What time does The News usually start and what topics it covers?
9. What TV channels/stations in Slovakia, UK and worldwide broadcast news all they long?
10. Name at least 10 kinds of TV programmes.

All the answers can be found on your tab

https://polygraficka.edupage.org/text/?eqa=dGV4dD10ZWFjaGVycy8xNTYzOTI5JnN1YnBhZ2U9MTU%3D

Homework Monday 23rd March

4.GMA – Homework 23.3.2020 – deadline – Wednesday 12.00 am (poludnie)

Massmedia – topic

Dear students,

Look at the statements and decide whether you agree or disagree. Give your reasons

1. I often watch TV
2. My parents often watch TV
3. My grandparents often watch TV
4. I often listen to the radio.
5. Radio and TV are the best sources of information.
6. News on the Internet will replace print media in their paper form in the future.
7. Since the coronavirus pandemic started I have been checking the information about it on a daily basis.

Questions:

8.  What programmes can people watch on TV?
9. How does the Internet make our lives easier?
10. Is there anything one should be careful about when on the Internet?
11. The main roles of mass media is to inform, educate and entertain. Give at least 2 TV programmes as an example of each.  Pozor, televízna stanica/kanál je napr, STV1, televízny program je napríklad telenovela – soap opera, už som videla aj TV novel, neskúšajte to na mňa. 
12. Mass media are called mass media because they reach a very large audience and are easily available. Explain and give examples.
13. What is the difference if you watch a movie on a state TV channel, e.g. STV1 and a commercial TV channel, e.g. Markíza or JOJ?

Watch these videos in the following order

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YwtfVLkmso
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IzUzmyoSNw

based on the videos answer the questions:

14. How do we divide newspapers?

How do they differ? Be specific, think about their size, style, headlines, language, topics, sections, colour, etc. – give 10 differences, urobte si dva stĺpce, jeden

MASS MEDIA

15. MASS MEDIA

a) kinds of mass media (their use, advantages, disadvantages)

b) the press (newspapers, magazines, articles), how to choose them, where to buy them – favourite columns

c) radio, TV (favourite kinds of programmes, ratings)

d) the influence of mass media on life of an individual, family and society

e) the Internet and its influence on a person and society

 

Mass media (masovokomunikačné prostriedky) – are means (prostriedky) of communication which reach a very large number of people. They include TV (television), radio, press (tlač) (press includes newspapers, magazines and journals) and the Internet.

In modern society we are in a daily contact with different types of mass media. We watch television, read newspapers or magazines, listen to the radio or surf the Internet. These are the media that reach a large number of people and that is why they are called mass media.

Why are mass media so important?

The mass media serve, first of all, as a source (zdroj) of information. Apart from that, the role of mass media is to educate (they are source of knowledge – vedomostí, znalostí) and entertain (they are source of entertainment - zábavy). Watching TV is the most favourite way of relaxation and spending free time for a lot of people. They watch football or hockey matches, films, sitcoms, soap operas or series; some prefer discussions, documentaries, or reality and quiz shows.

Television and radio

Television is the most popular source of information. People of all ages spend their free time watching TV programmes. Children are often obsessed with watching TV but it is not healthy for their mental and physical development (watching TV for a long time causes poor eyesight, children are getting fatter and fatter, they do not play with their friends outdoors, they often spend hours in front of the television and do not talk to anybody, there is too much violence (priveľa násila) on TV, children are becoming more violent and treat their friends and classmates according to what they have seen on TV. Some are not able to see the difference between fact and fiction. People who are TV stars are often idols for a lot of young people. All radio and television stations, public (verejné) or private (súkromné), educational (vzdelávacie) or commercial (komerčné), big or small have to have a licence to broadcast (musia mať licenciu na vysielanie).

Public TV stations – are owned by a state, they are non-commercial, and they are financed from the state budget (sú financované zo štátneho rozpočtu). In Slovakia we have 3 public television stations: STV1, STV2 and STV3. The first channel STV1 is more and more like other commercial TV stations, the second channel specialises in documentaries, quiz shows, educational programmes, music and sports and the third channel specialises in sports and mainly broadcasts live football or hockey matches. Some cities and areas also have local TV stations presenting mostly local news. There are not too many commercials and for example when you watch a film on STV, it is not interrupted (nie je prerušený) by commercial breaks. They broadcast a lot of films of Slovak and Czech productions and a lot of documentaries and programmes targeted on nationalities and ethnic minorities living in Slovakia, people who have special hobbies (there are programmes for hunters, farmers, fishermen, mothers, etc.)

Commercial breaks (reklamné prestávky) – five to fifteen-minute breaks broadcasted on TV. Companies pay a lot of money to TV stations to advertise their products or services. These commercials often influence people who watch TV. The aim of the commercial is to persuade the potential customer to buy a product or a service that is advertised. Commercials influence viewers very much. Some people like them and some phrases such as “Díky Broňa” have become widely used and popular among people. Others hate them and they switch to a different station or they have a cigarette or go to loo when there is commercial break on.

 

Private TV stations – commercial stations, they get money from companies that advertise their products or services on the station. They broadcast programmes that enjoy wide popularity, such as soap operas (telenovely), series (seriály) or mini-series and a lot of American movies. Commercial stations, such as TV Markíza and TV Joj enjoy wide popularity. They don’t often specialise in anything in particular but try to satisfy (uspokojiť) viewers (divákov) with different tastes and preferences. There are several music channels such as MTV, VH1, Music box, hobby and lifestyle channels, sports channels, history channels, cartoon channels, wildlife (Spektrum, Discovery channel) and cookery channels. HBO is a cable TV station which broadcasts a lot of movies/films before they are broadcasted on other channels.

TA3, the first Slovak news channel started broadcasting in 2001. Thanks to this channel, Slovaks can watch current international and home/domestic news throughout the whole day. Its programmes cover a wide range of topics, mostly from economy, politics, technology and sport. There are several news channels e.g. BBC news in Britain, CNN in the USA and Euro news which broadcast news. In Britain there are several TV stations but BBC1, 2, 3 and Channel 4 are the most popular ones.

Programmes which are broadcasted on TV:

1. Entertainment programmes (movies, talk shows, quiz shows, comedies, cartoons, sitcoms, series, mini-series, soap operas, phone-ins, reality shows and talent shows).
2. Educational (vzdelávacie) and news programmes: the news, sports news, weather forecast, documentaries, wildlife programmes, political discussions etc.

The news usually starts at 7 o’clock or 7.30 every evening, it covers topics such as politics, world affairs/events (svetové dianie), home affairs/events, crime, catastrophes (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, droughts, terrorist attacks), current events (najnovšie udalosti) – they are usually live broadcasted.

RADIO programmes: weather, news, chat shows (famous people talk about themselves, answer listeners’ questions), phone-ins (people phone in and ask questions), educational programmes, radio plays, morning shows, music programmes, etc. Some radio stations have their specializations: some present pop music or sport, education and children’s programmes, some light entertainment or the main news. In Slovakia, probably the most popular radio stations are FUN rádio, Jemné Melódie, Rock FM and Rádio Express.

 

Newspapers

Most newspapers are daily newspapers. It means that they are published every day except weekends. But there are also some newspapers that are published once a week and they are called weeklies, for example Slovak Spectator – a newspaper about politics and cultural life in Slovakia published in English. There are two kinds (druhy) of newspapers: serious newspapers, also called “broadsheets” (they have large sheets) and “tabloids” (small sheets). The broadsheets are known as “quality” newspapers and the tabloids are called “popular” papers. Broadsheets publish serious articles about politics, world and domestic events, religion, economy, social life, etc. Broadsheets are quality papers and you can find serious news and articles written in a serious manner in them. SME is a daily paper that is widely read and influential. Pravda is another widely read paper in our country. They both, as well as the other quality papers, contain a great variety of national and international news, reports from parliamentary debates, reviews of the arts, features about fashion and sport and business news. The best selling daily paper, however, is the tabloid Nový Čas, which doesn’t really publish any serious material. In this type of a paper you mostly read about sex scandals and money, idols and celebrities. There are advertisements, various competitions and some home news. Popular papers contain a high number of features (interesting reports about subject, place, or a person) about stars, sports and celebrities. The information they publish is not often based on true facts and they publish a lot of made-up stories and gossip (klebety). They contain a lot of pictures and the headline (titulok) sometimes takes more space than the article itself. Both types of the papers, quality ones and tabloids, pay special attention to the reporting of sports.

Typical sections in newspapers are editorials (úvodníky), news reports, international/domestic news, political commentaries, business news, cartoons, crosswords, sports reports, reviews (recenzie). Newspapers contain articles on politics, sports, economy, social life, editorials (person’s opinion), features etc. People who write articles for newspapers are journalists.

Slovakia: Broadsheets: SME, Pravda, Hospodárske noviny, Národná obroda, The Slovak Spektator; tabloids: Nový čas, Nový čas víkend, Nový čas pre ženy. Most of our newspapers have their on-line editions so you don’t have to buy them at the newsagent’s. The newsagent is not the only place where you can buy newspapers; nowadays they are sold in supermarkets, groceries and at kiosks.

Britain: broadsheets: The Times, The Guardian, The Financial Times; tabloids: The Sun, The Daily Mirror.

The USA: broadsheets: The New York Times, The Washington Post, tabloids: the Star, the Globe.

 

Magazines are published weekly (once a week) or monthly (once a month) and they contain different kinds of articles, news, stories, agony aunt pages, fashion sections, lifestyle sections, cookery sections and many others. Some magazines such as Plus 7 dní, Televízia, Trend, Profit, Týždeň are popular among all the people and some magazines target special groups - it means that there are magazines for women (Život, Slovenka, Eva), men (Playboy, Esquire) or teenagers, for people interested in various kinds of sports and hobbies (Muscle and Fitness, Záhradkár), such as gardening, cars, tennis, knitting (štrikovanie) and many more.

Journals – are serious magazines written by experts (economic journals, medicine journals).

The Internet

Although the definition of the mass media does not cover it, it is important to mention the Internet. Nowadays many people do not hear the latest news from the TV or read about it in the papers but on the Internet. You can find there even older articles of your interest and many people would say that it is even easier than reading the papers.

However, the Internet is not only access to any type of information from the latest news to opening hours or details about products or services. These days, more and more people use e-mail to communicate and send information or documents. Many Slovaks use the Internet as a form of entertainment (zábava). Chatting, joining different discussion groups and reading blogs is becoming very popular, especially among the young. The internet has changed our lifestyles, and it has simplified (zjednodušil) communication between people. Google is a web search engine (prehliadač) that is able to find the information we are looking for in a couple of seconds (departures/arrivals, opening hours, addresses of institutions, essays, articles). People use internet to pay their bills, they listen to the on-line editions of music albums, they play on-line games, they watch films, read books on the internet and young people chat on social networks such as Facebook and ICQ. People write their blogs and others read them. You can buy things, food, holidays via (prostredníctvom) the Internet. Nowadays, people do not write letters any more, they write e-mails instead.

But you have to be very careful and do not enter your personal data because there is a danger that someone (hackers) might misuse them.

The negative impact of television and the Internet

For many people the TV or the Internet are the only ways of entertaining themselves. The sick, the unemployed, the disabled or lonely people normally watch it much more than people who have families or who are busy.

However, there are people, especially children and the youth, who are obsessed with watching the TV or surfing the Internet several hours a day. It damages their eyesight and keeps them from doing sports or being outside. People do not spend their time outdoors nowadays and they do not meet their friends so often. It is also one of the reasons why people do not read as many books as they did before and why the relationships are so bad.  

 

 

Otázky:

1. What are mass media? Why do we call them mass media?
2. What are their main functions?
3. What types of mass media do you know? Which of them do you use most often?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of reading a newspaper/reading on-line edition of a newspaper?
5. What is the difference between daily and weekly newspapers?
6. What is a broadsheet?
7. What sorts of news can you find in quality papers?
8. Which Slovak, British, American broadsheets do you know?
9. What is the tabloid? What sorts of articles can you find in it?
10. Do you know any magazines for teenagers/men/women/sportsmen/photographers…?
11. What do you like reading about? What do you read more often: newspapers or magazines?
12. What are the typical sections in newspapers?
13. Which is the best-selling Slovak tabloid?
14. Do you know any journalist who writes for newspapers?
15. Where do public TV stations get their money from?
16. Where do commercial TV stations get their money from?
17. Why do companies pay a lot of money to commercial TV stations?
18. Which educational programmes do TV stations broadcast?
19. Which entertainment programmes do TV stations broadcast?
20. What is a commercial break?
21. Is there any commercial you like?
22. What do you do during commercials?
23. Which British TV stations do you know?
24. Which public TV stations are there in Slovakia?
25. What sorts of programmes does STV2 broadcast?
26. What does the News report on?
27. Which news channels do you know?
28. What radio programmes do you listen to? Which is your favourite radio station?
29. What are the disadvantages of spending too much time in front of the TV?
30. What do you use the Internet for?
31. What can you do via the Internet?
32. Why is it not healthy to spend too much time on the Internet?
33. What is Google?

Coronavirus e-learning

Homework for your spring holidays

learn two topics Role Models and Idols (Vzory a idoly

Man and Society (Človek a spoločnosť)
 

Role Models and Idols 

• Role models and Idols (Idols and celebrities 23.Role_models_and_idols.docx
• 27_IDOLS__CELEBRITIES_AND_FAMOUS_PERSONALITIES.ppt

23. Role models and idols

• Positive and negative human qualities, an ideal human, moral standards (morálne zásady) and values (hodnoty)
• Human being I have a great admiration for (človek, ktorého obdivujem)
• Real and literature heroes

A hero or heroine is an extraordinary character (osobnosť, osoba) that represents the most important qualities valued (oceňované, vysoko hodnotené) by a certain culture. The hero is usually idealised and often possesses (má) superhuman characteristics (nadľudské črty, vlastnosti). These enable (umožňujú mu) him or her to perform extraordinary acts (vykonať mimoriadne skutky) for which he or she is famous. On the other hand, we can say that an ideal person does not exist because every individual has both positive and negative traits (črty, vlastnosti).

Every country has important personalities in their history who become idols (heroes) for many generations. They often become one of the symbols of the country (e.g. Jánošík in Slovakia – legendary folk hero who robbed the rich (okrádal bohatých) and gave the loot (/lút/ korisť) - money and things to the poor (chudobným).

Every society believes in a certain hierarchy of values. Love, health, faith, family and friendship are usually the top values but some people consider money and career as the most important. A similar hierarchy of values is also important for a good relationship.

ROLE-MODEL: model example, person according to whom somebody else tries to live, look like, dress... because of his character or skills. Importance of role-models: some people need no role-models, they want to go their own way, but many people are influenced by role-models (good look, intelligence, humour, talent, skills, success, lifestyle, character…) who inspire people, are their ideals (vzor).
 
PARENTS, FAMILY: our first role models, they brought us up, taught us to be polite, friendly, to greet and respect people, to help others…, family is important for shaping/forming our personal qualities (if a child is loved, he/ she will love, if he/ she is criticized, he/ she will criticize others…)
 
SCHOOL: nearly as important as family, as we start going to school we become a part of society; here we learn how to cooperate with other people, to be tolerant, patient (trpezlivý), self-disciplined, hard-working (these qualities are necessary if we want to be successful), for some of us our teachers became our role models
 
CELEBRITIES: role models mostly among teenagers, they love music, movies, sport – they choose people they read about in newspapers and magazines – pop singers, movie stars, famous sportsmen. Young people idolize them; try to imitate them in clothing, make-up, hairstyle, and lifestyle. Famous personalities influence young generation a lot, negatively  (drugs, alcohol addiction, eccentric/wild behaviour, no respect – we become selfish, unhelpful, rude, mean, drug addict or alcohol addict)  and positively (hard-working to achieve success, give performances and concerts to raise money for charities, help starving people, people suffering from various diseases such as AIDS people natural disasters or famine (hlad, hladomor)…)
 
LITERALY HEROES: found in literary works (stories, novels), most literary heroes are people with high moral standards with whom readers can identify and whose example they may follow. Apart from real, existing heroes there are also fictional heroes –heroes from books, films, plays. Book characters often become idols admired by generations of readers. Every national literature has such idols. When a book is filmed, they can become film heroes. In modern movies, many heroes are charismatic and are adored by viewers. Eomen like handsome, brave male heroes; men like attractive female heroes. In some films, heroes are ordinary people who try to overcome obstacles (prekonať prekážky) in their lives and often change during the story. People can identify with them because they are realistic and they remind them (pripomínajú im) of their own lives. Through these characters they can understand life better. Some heroes, mostly in science fiction or action films, possess superhuman characteristics. This is very attractive for children and the young. There are heroes who are very violent (násilnícky) and consider (považujú) violence (násilie) a way to solve (za spôsob riešenia) all problems. Adults criticise violent heroes from the movies and computer games and say that violence has a very negative impact on their children. They can easily identify themselves with these heroes and start to behave (začať sa správať) in a similar way (podobným spôsobomň. Many crimes have been commited on the basis of such films. EXAMPLE: Božena Nemcová – Babička – Grandmamma, about simply Czech woman, she comes to help her daughter with growing up of 4 grandchildren and with household works. She is intelligent, clever, has experience, every time good mood, helps with a will, she loves nature, work, habits and traditions…
 
EVERYDAY HEROES: we can find in our daily life – lifeguards (plavčíci), fire-fighters (požiarnici), doctors, soldiers (vojaci)… - brave, do not hesitate do risk life and help victims (obetiam) of natural and man-made disasters (earthquake (zemetrasenie), floods (povodne), drought (sucho), war), they have courage and high moral standards(morálne normy). It can be absolutely simple person, real heroine was also mother Teresa (she helped poor and ill people in India for most of her life). People who have difficult jobs such as lifeguards, soldiers, fire-fighters, are heroes for many people because they are brave and do not hesitate to risk their live. Their courage and high moral standards make them excellent role models and therefore no one should be afraid to follow them. Every year, we hear about people who have saved somebody’s life or did some other brave act that needed a lot of courage /karidž/ (odvahy). They saved people who nearly drowned (utopili sa) or were injured (boli zranení) in a car accident (dopravnej /eksident/ nehode, they gave blood or performed a very difficult surgery (vykonali veľmi zložitú operáciu). In our country, every year, one of these heroes is awarded for „the bravest (najstatočnejší) act of the year“.
 
MY ROLE-MODEL: who, why, some info about him/her, his/her positive and negative character features
Positive features - virtues: sincere (úprimný), kind (milý), tactful (ohľaduplný), grateful (vďačný), optimistic, sociable (spoločenský), helpful (ochotný), honest (čestný), brave (odvážny), responsible (zodpovendný), reliable (spoľahlivý), hard-working, generous (štedrý), hospitable (pohostinný), attentive (pozorný, všímavý), faithful (verný), dutiful (svedomitý), honest (čestný), polite (zdvorilý)...
Negative features – vices: deceitful (klamársky), mean (lakomý), cheeky (drzý), stubborn (tvrdohlavý), envious (závistlivý), jealous (žiarlivý), treacherous (nespoľahlivý, klamný, zradný, zákerný), rude (hrubý), dishonest (nečestný), impolite (nezdvorilý)...

MAN AND SOCIETY

 

topic13.MAN_AND_SOCIETY.docx

powerpoint presentation 16_PEOPLE_AND_SOCIETY.ppt

MAN AND SOCIETY

a) ethics/morality (behaviour of the younger, middle and older generations, ethics in family and at school)

b) social etiquette – get-togethers/gatherings, greetings and congratulations, etiquette of visits, reasons and time, subject of conversation, hospitality

c) norms and how they are broken (morality and law, misunderstandings and conflicts)

d) expression of concern and help to people in need, sponsorship and sponsors (reasons and forms)

e) the influence of society on family

Ethics (etika) – is a study of morals (vedná disciplína zaoberajúca sa morálkou), rules of behaviour, standards and manners. It analyses what is wrong and what is right.

Etiquette (etiketa) – or Protocol; describes (opisuje) formal rules or tradition of polite or correct behaviour in a certain society or among members of particular profession. Etiquette prescribes the ways in which people should communicate with each other and show respect for other people. It says what is polite or impolite, what we should do and should not, for example when we meet someone we know it is polite to greet him/her in a polite way and in a clear, loud voice.

c) norms and how they are broken (morality and law, misunderstandings and conflicts

Law (právo, zákon) – a set of written rules we have to follow (súbor kodifikovaných pravidiel, ktoré musíme dodržiavať). If there were no law, there would be chaos and anarchy. If we break the law, we are punished (sme potrestaní). You can be put to prison/jail or be fined (byť pokutovaní). There are many kinds of thieves: a pickpocket (vreckár)/mugger (pouličný zlodej) is someone who steals things from pockets and handbags in the street, a shoplifter is someone who steals things from shops, a burglar (vlamač) is someone who breaks into someone else’s houses and steal things, an arsonist (podpaľač) is someone who sets houses and buildings on fire. There are many crimes (zločinov) and a criminal can get different kinds of punishment: from community service (verejnoprospešné práce) to death penalty (trest smrti). In many countries you are fined (ste pokutovaní za) for drink-driving, speeding, smoking in public places, dropping litter in public places.

Children learn how to behave at home and also at school. At home children copy behaviour of their parents and that way they learn manners and moral rules. If parents treat (správajú sa ľuďom) people badly, kids will treat others in the same way when they grow up. Therefore, one of the most important tasks of parent is to raise their children in accordance (podľa) with social models and patterns of behaviour. It means that children observe (pozorujú) how their parents talk, behave and treat others – their relatives, friends, colleagues and strangers. Children copy their behaviour and behave in the same way when they are adult. Parents teach children basic polite manners: say Thank you; Please, Here you are; Be kind to others, Keep personal space (dodržiavať osobný priestor), Do not throw things at people – Be concerned about safety, Do not use foul language – Do not swear, Do not gossip.

They have to follow certain set of rules. At school, these rules are called school rules (školský poriadok): They greet teacher when he/she enters the room – they stand up. When students meet teacher for a first time that day, they should say “good morning” or “good afternoon”. They must not use mobiles in lessons. They must not throw rubbish on the floor. They must not run along the corridors or slide on the handrail. They have to switch mobiles and MP3s off. They have to wear slippers. They are not allowed to eat nor drink in lessons. They must not cheat in exams. It is forbidden to use cheat sheets or to copy answers from your classmate’s test. They are allowed to leave the classroom just with the permission from a teacher. They cannot leave school until their lessons are over. They cannot smoke at toilet. They cannot swear (nadávať) or use vulgar language. They have to answer teacher’s questions, do what they are told, keep quiet and not disturb the others, pay attention to what the teacher is saying, if they want to ask something, they have to put their hand up, etc.

Sometimes, there are conflicts between certain groups of people. For example skinheads in Slovakia often beat and hit people of non-white skin. They beat gypsies, students from Africa and from Middle East (stredný východ) because they think that only people of white skin are the privileged. There are conflicts and rows also between friends or relatives. Parents often argue (hádajú sa) with their children about money, clothes, friends, smoking, drinking, staying up late, going to pubs, night-clubs, discos, taking drugs etc.

Some rows (hádky) are just results (sú len výsledkom) of misunderstandings (nedorozumení). It is possible to make up (napraviť, dať dokopy) a broken relationship (pokazený vzťah), but it is often difficult to do that for both sides, because we usually think we are the ones that are right and not the other side.

Behaviour of the younger, middle and older generations, ethics in family and at school

Young people are friendly and open-minded, they often kiss and hug when they meet, older people often say that they are too noisy and sometimes cheeky (bezočiví) and rude (drzí), listen to loud music, laugh and talk too loudly. They have different interests and hobbies compared to older people. They love their hi-tech toys, American movies and fast food, dancing at discos, having parties, chatting with friends on the internet. Words they use and language they speak is often hard to understand. They use special phrases and words. They love hanging around with their peers (vrstovníkmi), they often start having sexual relationships earlier than their parents did. They are sometimes arrogant, use vulgar words, and swear in public, at school and also at home. They do not care about their future too much, but want to have a lot of money, because they love designer clothes and accessories. Nowadays, young people do not help their parents with the housework as much. Families do not spend too much time together.

Older people – wear conservative clothes, are not interested in fashion and music, are often too busy to pay attention to new trends. They go to work because they have to pay bills and so when they come back home they want to have a rest and watch TV. They love peace and quiet (ticho a pokoj). They love gardening, hiking, walks in nature, reading books and magazines, going to the theatre and concerts. They follow the moral rules and try to be a good example to the young. When they get older and retire, they usually take up some hobby such as knitting (štrikovanie), embroidery (vyšívanie), playing chess, solving crosswords, painting.

 

Generation gap – is a lack (nedostatok) of comprehension (porozumenia) and understanding (pochopenia) between older and young people, usually between parents and their kids. It can be frustrating for both sides. Kids often quarrel (hádajú sa) about money, behaviour, fashion, knowledge, experience, future. The older ones always think they know everything best, because they have more experience (skúseností). They want their kids to respect them (aby si ich deti vážili) and accept and follow their rules (a aby prijali a riadili sa ich pravidlami).

Children think about their parents that

• They are too conservative, they stick to (pridŕžajú sa) traditions, don’t understand problems of young people,
• They don´t give kids enough freedom, want to know everything, interfere (miešajú sa, zasahujú) too much,
• They are always criticising young people, don’t like their clothes, hairstyles, music, hobbies and friends
• They often say kids are lazy, easygoing, not willing to work hard
• They underestimate (podceňujú) kids, do not respect their personality and individuality
• They would be satisfied if their kids spent more time on studying and helping them with housework
• They do not give them enough pocket money

Parents think about their children that they

• Do not respect (nevážia si) older generations,
• Think they do not need any advice,
• Are only interested in music, fashion, friends, mates and love,
• Do not study enough, do not think about their future
• Spend too much time with friends, on the Internet, chatting on social networks,
• Text too much, make too many phone calls, are lazy and don’t want to help at home,
• Listen to horrible music, wear awful clothes and have dreadful hairstyles
• Disturb (vyrušovať) others with their music

                Modern etiquette tells us how to greet people, offer hospitality to guests, wear clothes appropriate for certain occasions, how to contribute to conversation without dominating it, how to listen to speakers, offer a chair, help people who need our assistance, how to eat neatly (slušne) and quietly, tells that we should always arrive on time and respond to invitations promptly (rýchlo odpovedať na pozvanie)

Greetings: In Europe younger people greet older ones, a man greets a woman, children greet adults. Children greet older people in a clear, loud voice. They say “Good morning, good afternoon or good evening.” Relatives often kiss. Young people greet their mates with kisses and hugs, they usually say “Hello or Hi”. Men often shake hands. In England it is different. They just say “good morning etc.” People do not kiss when they meet, they seldom shake hands. They only shake hands when they introduce themselves (keď sa predstavujú) 

Table Manners: Polite manners: we hold fork in our left hand and knife in our right hand. When we have finished eating, we put fork and knife side by side on the plate. You tear piece of a bread roll and butter it, don’t take a whole bread roll, don’t be too noisy, don’t use vulgar words, don’t swear, don’t sip your soup, don’t make unpleasant noises (do not belch (negrgaj) or fart (neprď), cover your mouth while yawning or coughing. Impolite manners: It is impolite to put your elbows on the table, to chew with open mouth, to put big portion of food into your mouth, to make a phone call while eating, to talk with your mouth full of food, you should not eat with your fingers (just poultry – hydinu), you should not put a knife into your mouth.

Congratulations – when it is someone’s birthday we usually send him/her a card. We also send cards when a baby is born, someone has passed his/her exams, and on other occasions, for example wedding, Easter, Christmas, funerals – to show sympathy (vyjadriť sústrasť). We do not have to send “paper” greeting cards, we can also send electronic cards via e-mail or some social network or text our friends and congratulate them. We usually write: “Congratulations on your birthday” or “many happy returns” or stuff like that.

Visits/get togethers/gatherings – there are different reasons for visiting other people and relatives. Usually it is a birthday, anniversary (výročie), some religious or public holiday or name day when families get together. People in Slovakia love to celebrate their birthdays with their friends and family. They prepare little refreshment (malé občerstvenie), make sandwiches, and buy some lemonades, mineral water, coke and alcohol. It is polite to arrive on time (načas) and not earlier. The host might not be ready. We often bring some bunch of flowers for a woman (always an odd (nepárny) number of flowers because an even (nepárny) number of flowers we take to funerals) and a bottle of wine or whisky to a man. Topics we talk about depend on where we are and who we are talking to and on our relationship with these people (family, friends, colleagues, boss). We should not talk too much, we should not interrupt (prerušovať) other people’s conversation, be noisy and concentrate just on ourselves.

OTHER: women should cover their shoulders when entering a church, men take their hats off, women who works in offices should wear knee-long skirts for business meeting. For theatre performance women wear an evening dress, costumes, silk blouses, suits, high-heel shoes (pumps) and accessories such as handbags, bracelets, earrings, necklaces; men wear dinner jackets (smoking), suits, white shirt with tie (kravata) or bow-tie (motýlik) and cufflinks (manžetové gombíky), dark socks and leather shoes. You should always say “please” and “thank you”. You should always ask for things in a polite way: “Will you pass me the salt, please” or “May I have a piece of chocolate, please”.

Give up your seat and offer it to an older person.

 

d) expression of concern (vyjadrenie účasti) and help to people in need, sponsorship and sponsors (reasons and forms)

it is important to show understanding (prejaviť pochopenie) and help people who need it, for example the retired (dôchodci) (help them with shopping, to cross the street), the sick (chorí – help them with housework, shopping), the disabled (zdravotne postihnutí – help them with education, shopping, crossing the street), unemployed (help them to get a job), homeless (they usually sell Nota Bene magazine so you can buy one copy to help them), widows/widowers (vdovy/vdovci) people on a very low income (ľudia s veľmi nízkym príjmom) (they usually get some special state benefits).

How to help: financial help from people or different funds, toys, books and clothes for children in foster homes/orphanages (v detských domovoch/sirotincoch), clothes and food for homeless. These people get some kind of benefits (finančné dávky) from state, for example retirement benefits (dôchodok), maternity pay (materský príspevok), widow’s pension (vdovský dôchodok), sickness benefit (nemocenská), child benefit (prídavky na dieťa), unemployment benefit (podpora), housing benefits (príspevok na bývanie).

There are lots of charities, organizations and funds worldwide which raise money (ktoré zbierajú peniaze) and then buy food, clothes and medicines for people who need it. People can donate (venovať darom) things and clothes they do not need anymore and these are sold in charity shops. We do not have charity shops in Slovakia, but in England there are many. But we have charities such as “An hour to children” or “Red nose” which help children who suffer from incurable diseases (nevyliečiteľných) such as cancer (rakovina).

There are also funds which support children from poor regions who are gifted or talented and these children can study thanks to money raised by these organizations. It is a sort of sponsorship. There are many kinds of sponsorship also in Slovakia. Excellent students can get money for their marks, it is called scholarship (štipendium) or you can get grant to work on a certain project.

e) the influence of society on family

We learn moral rules and principles all life long. Our parents teach us moral principles; they teach us what is polite and what is impolite, what we should do and what we must not do. At first, they have to show us how to do it, because if they expect (očakávajú) us to take good manners seriously, they have to show the same manners to us. They tell children that they should greet older people, say “please”, “thank you”, always have an eye contact when talking to somebody, etc. Parents give children the basics of morals, and it is one of the most important tasks of parenthood. Because when we are polite and well-behaved, we can have good relations with other people.

In Britain, society is divided into three groups: upper class (aristocracy), middle class and working class. In Slovakia, society is divided into three groups: upper class, middle class and working class

Position of a man in society depends of many things. The 1st one is a family where the man was born. In society there are classes, into which people are divided according to their origin, job position, education or lifestyle. For example in GB there are 3 classes - upper, middle and lower class. We could say that something similar we have also in Slovakia. But in our upper class there are no people with noble origin and we include here people according to their property, like politicians, sportsmen, actors and other people with a big estate.

British society is considered to be divided into three main groups: the upper class, the middle class, and the lower working class. This is known as the class system. Many people don’t like this class system. Most people know which class they belong to and are able to recognize others by the way they speak, their clothes, their interests and even the type of food they eat.

Upper class people own several homes. These people studied at Eton or other public schools. They work as judges, stockbrokers or company directors. They eat caviar, smoked salmon and drink champagne. They spend their free time going to opera or ballet. They like playing polo and sports involving horses. They support the Conservative Party and they spend their holidays in Orient countries, the Caribbean islands or go cruising.

Middle class people live in semi-detached or detached houses. They studied at grammar-school and at universities (Oxford, Cambridge). They work as teachers, bank managers or doctors. They eat healthy food like wholegrain/wholemeal bread or foreign food like avocado, pasta. They like skiing, sailing, playing tennis, cricket and golf. They spend their holidays in France or Tuscany.

Working class people live in council houses. They finish comprehensive schools and technical colleges. They work as shop assistants, miners or factory workers. They eat fish and chips, sausages and mash (zemiaková kaša), Chinese and Indian food. They like playing football, darts, or bingo and snooker. They spend their free time watching soap operas or drinking in pubs and usually vote for Labour party or Conservative party. They go on package holidays (zájazd s cestovnou kanceláriou s kompletne zabezpečenými službami).

In our society here are many problems like abortion, euthanasia, death penalty, alcohol, drugs, vandalism, prostitution, poverty, illiteracy, illnesses… We hear about them, talk about them and each of us has his own opinion how to prevent or to keep them down. It is difficult to say which one of these problems is the most serious /najzávažnejší/ one.

 

SMALL TALK
 

When you first meet someone it can be difficult to know how to start a conversation, especially if your first language is not English.
 

Which topics are safe for small talk?

- Introductions, eg "Hello. May I introduce myself? My name is Mark"
- Travel, eg "Did you manage to find here OK?" or "Did you have a good journey?"
- Family, eg "How is your family?" (but only if you already know about the person's family)
- Hospitality, eg "Can I get you something to eat or drink?"
- The weather, eg "It's a lovely day today, isn't it?"
- Holidays, eg "Are you going anywhere this weekend?" or "Are you going anywhere on holiday this year?"
- Nature, eg "The garden looks lovely, doesn't it?"
- Pets, eg "What a lovely dog. What is his name?" (British people love dogs or cats)
- General news, eg "What do you think about the recent floods?" (but safer to avoid gossip and politics)
- Films, eg "Have you seen the film Bridget Jones's Diary?"
- Television, eg "Did you see The X Factor last night?"
- Music, eg "What sort of music do you like?"
- Books, eg "Have you read any good books recently?" (but only if you know the person likes reading)
- Sport, eg "Have you been watching Wimbledon?" (note that many British people, especially men, enjoy talking about football)
- Hobbies, eg "What do you enjoy doing in your spare time?"
- Business, eg "How's your business going?" (but only ask if you know the person has a business)
- Studies, eg "What are you studying?" (but only ask if you know the person is a student)
- Work, eg "What sort of work do you do?"
- Food, eg "I had a lovely Chinese meal last night - do you like Chinese food?"
- General matters about the person you are talking to, eg "Have you lived in this area long?"
- General matters on subjects that you know that interests the person you are talking to, eg cars, film stars etc

 

Which topics are best avoided for small talk?

You may need to be careful when you talk about some topics, especially with people that you've only just met, people who are older than you, people who appear to have strong religious or political views, or people who may have some personal problems or sensitivities. For example, be cautious if you discuss these subjects:

- Age, eg "How old are you?"
- Appearance or weight, eg "You seem to have put on some weight"
- Personal gossip about somebody you know
- Jokes that might offend (especially sexist or racist jokes)
- Money, eg "How much do you earn?"
- Sex (some people have strong religious views about this, or are embarrassed by the subject)
- Previous or current relationships, eg "Do you have a girlfriend?"
- Politics, eg "Who did you vote for at the last election?"
- Religion, eg "Do you believe in God?"
- Criticisms or complaints, eg "Why is British food so bad?"

TIPPING

When should I leave a tip?

There are a number of situations in which it is common to leave a tip (sometimes called a gratuity), although you should not feel that you have to do this if you cannot afford to do so or if you were not happy with the service provided.
 

- Restaurant or café

Usually people only pay a tip in a restaurant or café when there is a waiter service (not for takeaway meals or self-service meals). Normally people add about 10% to the bill and make the amount a whole number of pounds. Check the menu and the bill to see if a service charge is already included in the price. For example, it may say: "A discretionary 10% service charge has been included" or "service is included", or you may just see that 10% has been added at the bottom of the bill (you can refuse to pay this part if you were unhappy with the service). If the service charge is not included the bill may say "Service charge not included" or "Gratuities are at the customer's discretion".

- Hairdresser's

It is common for people to leave a small tip (maybe one or two pounds) as a tip.

- Taxi

It is common to add 10% to the taxi fare. For more details about paying for taxis, see:

- Hotel

You may want to give a small tip (perhaps 1 or 2 pounds) when a member of hotel staff gives you a special service. For example, a tip may be appropriate if a porter carries your baggage to your room when you arrive, if the concierge helps you (for example by helping you to buy tickets, book a restaurant or plan your shopping or sightseeing, or by keeping your bags safe before check-in or after check-out) or if a doorman finds a taxi for you. It is more polite if you do not show the money when you are giving it - put it in your hand, say thank you, shake the person's hand and press the money into the person's hand.

 

FOOD ETIQUETTTE

Drinking tea

Do not pour the tea from a teapot as soon as it has been made; leave it for a minute or two.
If the teapot contains loose tea, place the tea strainer onto the cup before pourring.
Milk can be added to the cup either before or after pourring the tea.
Once the teapot is half-empty, or if the tea is too strong for you, pour the hot water into the teapot.

Eating scones (čajové pečivo, bisquit)

Use a knife to cut the scone into two halves. Put jam on each side (there is no need to add butter first), then spread clotted cream on top carefully. Eat the top and bottom halves separately (do not try to make them into a sandwich). Some people prefer to add the jam on top of the cream, although this can be more difficult

Understanding the menu

"Could you explain what ____ is please?"
"Could you tell me what the soup of the day is, please?"
"Could you tell me today's specials, please?"

Using cutlery and plates

In general, if there are several pieces of cutlery, use forks, knives or spoons on the outside first
If there is a side plate for eating bread rolls, use the plate on your left-hand side. Put some butter on the side of the plate. Tear bread from the roll, then add butter just before eating it.
Eat soup quietly, without lifting the bowl off the table.

Eating peas

To be very polite, you should eat peas by squashing them against the reverse side of your fork

Asking for more

If at someone's home, you shouldn't ask for more unless your host offers it by asking, "Would you like some more?" or, "Would you like seconds?"
Possible answers include "Yes please", "Just a little bit, please", or to say no, it is best to say something like "That was lovely, but I'm full, thank you"

Dinner parties

If you cannot eat a certain type of food or have some special needs, tell your host several days before the dinner party.
Arrive on time, but try to avoid being early in case your host is not ready.
Take a bottle of wine or some flowers or box of chocolates to give to the host as soon as you have arrived.

Going to the toilet

"Excuse me. Could you tell me where the toilet is, please?" (in someone's house)
"Excuse me. Could you tell me where the ladies / gents is, please?" (in a cafe or restaurant)

Asking for the bill

"May I have the bill, please?"
If the bill says "service not included", it is usual to add about 10% to the bill.
In some restaurants, a 10% service charge is automatically added to the bill

 

Homework, February 4th

Multicultural society - test tomorrow

Homework, January 27th

Multicultural society, learn and revise, test on Tuesday, February 4th 

Slovak public holidays

 

Date	English translation	Local name	Remarks
1 January (1993)	Day of the Establishment of the Slovak Republic	Deň vzniku Slovenskej republiky	Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia
6 January	Epiphany (The Three Magi and Christmas Day of Orthodox Christians)	Zjavenie Pána (Traja králi a vianočný sviatok pravoslávnych kresťanov)
March, April	Good Friday	Veľkonočný piatok
March, April	Easter Monday	Veľkonočný pondelok	See also Dyngus Day
1 May (1886)	International Workers' Day	Sviatok práce
8 May (1945)	Day of victory over fascism	Deň víťazstva nad fašizmom	The end of World War II in Europe; initially celebrated one day later
5 July (863)	St. Cyril and Methodius Day	Sviatok svätého Cyrila a Metoda	Slavic missionaries Cyril (Constantine) and Metod (Methodius) came to Great Moravia (see also Glagolitic alphabet)
29 August (1944)	Slovak National Uprising anniversary	Výročie Slovenského národného povstania	The Slovaks rose up against Nazi Germany
1 September (1992)	Day of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic	Deň Ústavy Slovenskej republiky	The constitution of (future) independent Slovakia was adopted in Bratislava
15 September	Day of Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows, patron saint of Slovakia	Sviatok Panny Márie Sedembolestnej, patrónky Slovenska	The Patron saint of Slovakia is Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows
30 October (1918) - Public holiday only in 2018	Anniversary of the Declaration of the Slovak Nation (Martin Declaration)	Výročie Deklarácie slovenského národa	Slovaks officially joined Czechoslovakia
1 November	All Saints’ Day	Sviatok všetkých svätých	Cemeteries are visited on or around this day
17 November (1989/1939)	Struggle for Freedom and Democracy Day	Deň boja za slobodu a demokraciu	Commemorating the student demonstration against Nazioccupation in 1939, and especially the demonstration in 1989 in Bratislava and Prague considered to mark the beginning of the Velvet Revolution.
24 December	Christmas Eve	Štedrý deň	In Slovakia, Christmas presents are opened in the evening on Christmas Eve
25 December	Christmas Day	Prvý sviatok vianočný	Literally, First Christmas Holiday
26 December	St. Stephen's Day	Druhý sviatok vianočný	Literally, Second Christmas Holiday

 

On Monday I am examining multicultural society, notes are a must!

 

video I played you in the class- Christmas in the UK https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7H2jCxox6o

Boxing Day - UK https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOOvzL3L8Rg

Guy Fawke's Day - GB https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soe8Z_Ej4Ck

Rememberance Day GB https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soe8Z_Ej4Ck

Valentine's Day UK and US https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRt04yjo-Hg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIL82j_A-bA

halloween US and UK https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrdVgEOdxkU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OunAm00bRBc

Thanksgiving https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uG4XyNqUQxg

Independence Day https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR3BbWsL-zI

Easter - Britain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iu3U5QCRH6s

US easter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5ZxGgDuEUI

St. Patrick's Day US https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysQm9PKf7Rw

 

 

Multicultural society - you were given a sheet of paper to prepare a two-minute talk about a holiday. Those, who were on a field trip or skipped the lesson for whatever reason or are in the first group, please, pick one of the following holidays to talk about:

The Independence Day - US

Rememberance Day - UK

St. Patrick's Day - Irelad

Guy Fawke's Day - UK

X-mas in UK and US

Thanksgiving Day

Velvet Revolution - SK

New Year's Eve - worldwide

St. Valentine's Day

St. Nicolaus Day

All Saint's Day vs Halloween

Easter in Slovakia and its meaning from the religious point of view

Easter in the UK and the US

 

Multicultural society presentation PPT:23_MULTICULTURAL_SOCIETY_AND_INTERNATIONAL_INSTITUTIONS.ppt

public holidays presentation:24_PUBLIC_HOLIDAYS.ppt

multicultural society topic:19._Multicultural_society.docx

19. Multicultural society

Holidays (sviatky), customs (zvyky) and traditions – religious (cirkevné) and public (štátne) holidays, folklore traditions and other events

Public holidays (štátne sviatky) in Great Britain are called “bank holidays”. All the banks, offices, schools, shops and factories are closed. Bank holidays include (zahŕňajú) Easter and Christmas. In Slovakia we celebrate both (aj) public and (aj) religious holidays. On public holidays students don’t go to school and adults don’t go to work. On the 1^st of January we celebrate the establishment (založenie) of the Slovak Republic. The Slovak Republic was established on the 1^st of January 1993. Before that, we were in one state with the Czech Republic. Another important public holiday is on 17^th of November when we celebrate the Velvet Revolution (zamatovú revolúciou) and May Day (the Labour Day – sviatok práce) on the 1^st of May. On the 8^th of May we celebrate the victory over Nazism.

In Slovakia we also celebrate religious holidays (cirkevné sviatky). Among the most famous belong Easter and Christmas. Easter is a typical spring holiday. In Britain it is celebrated over several days. At Easter we celebrate the Crucifixion (ukrižovanie) and Resurrection (zmŕtvychvstanie) of Jesus Christ. On Good Friday (na Veľký Piatok), people in Britain eat hot cross buns (buchtičky ktoré majú na vrchu zárez v tvare kríža) and on Sunday people give each other chocolate eggs. Parents usually hide chocolate eggs all over their house and garden and children go and look for them. There is nothing like Slovak tradition with water and willow whips (vŕbové prútiky). Boys go from house to house and they beat girls with willow whips and then they pour water over them. Girls give the boys painted eggs called kraslice (and sometimes money) and offer them some refreshment (občerstvenie). In the USA children like this holiday very much because the Easter Bunny (veľkonočný zajačik) comes with coloured chocolate eggs and candies. At Christmas houses, shops and streets are decorated with coloured lights (farebné svetielka), Christmas trees (artificial or real), holly (cezmína), ivy (brečtan) and mistletoe (imelo). Christmas carols (vianočné koledy) are sung in houses, cathedrals and churches. In Slovakia carol singers mostly sing in the villages. People buy presents and send Christmas cards to their relatives (príbuzní) and friends. In Slovakia people open their presents, which they find under the Christmas tree on December, 24th. In Britain children hang (vešajú) their stockings (pančuchy) at the foot of the bed (na konci postele) for Santa Claus (or Father Christmas) to fill them. In the morning on Christmas Day, December, 25th, children get up early to open their Christmas presents. Families have a traditional Christmas dinner: in Britain it is stuffed turkey (plnený moriak) with vegetables and Christmas pudding afterwards (neskôr, následne). The British eat their Christmas dinner on 25^th of December. The following day is the Boxing Day (December, 26) when many people visit other members of their families. It is called Boxing Day because in the past people gave their milkmen, dustmen and postmen money to little boxes. In Slovakia we have special traditions on Christmas Eve (Štedrý Večer). First we eat some fruit, followed by Christmas wafers (oblátky) with honey. Our Christmas dinner usually has two courses (chody). Some people eat lentil soup (šošovicovú polievku) and some eat cabbage soup (kapustnicu). Then we have fish (it is usually a fried carp) and potato salad). When we have finished our dinner we go and open our presents. A lot of people go to church to Midnight Mass service (na polnočnú omšu). On December, 26th, people in Slovakia visit their families. 

                In the USA the Independence Day (deň nezávislosti, July, 4) is one of the most important public holidays. It celebrates the independence of American colonies from Britain. The oldest American holiday is the Thanksgiving Day (Deň vďakyvzdania). It reminds us (pripomína nám) of the first successful harvest (úspešný zber úrody/žatvu) which helped the colony at Plymouth to survive (prekonať, prežiť) the winter. Halloween is a typical American holiday celebrated on October, 31. According to an old tradition, it is a witches’ holiday (sviatok čarodejníc). It is popular with both young and old people, who dress themselves in fancy costumes (karnevalové kostýmy) and go to parties to have fun. Children go from house to house, knock the door and say “trick or treat” and people give them candies and sweets.

                The most famous holiday of the Irish people is the St. Patrick’s Day, named after the patron saint (svätý patron, ochranca) of Ireland, who brought (priniesol) Christianity to Ireland. On this day, people dress in green, eat Irish food and drink Guinness. St. Patrick’s parades (sprievody) are seen in many towns and cities in Ireland and the USA.

                People all over the world celebrate the New Year’s Eve (Silvester). It is the last day of the year and people normally go to work. After work they visit their friends, have parties and stay up till midnight to see the fireworks (ohňostroje). On the first of January we celebrate the New Year’s Day. We wake up late and visit our families and wish them happy New Year. Among other holiday which people celebrate all over the world belong St. Valentine’s Day and Mother’s Day. We send cards and give presents to our lovers and mothers on these days.

 

Co-existence of various nationalities in one country

A multicultural society (multikultúrna spoločnosť) is a country where different cultural groups live together. They try to preserve (uchovať) their cultures, habits (zvyky) and traditions. Cultural differences (rozdiely) should be respected and tolerated. This is the official policy (politika) in Canada, Australia and the UK. Immigrants can have dual citizenship (dvojité občianstvo) they can use their minority language (jazyk menšiny) and they can keep (udržiavať, uchovávať) their culture and religion (náboženstvo. In some countries they are expected (sa od nich očakáva) to mix and integrate (spojiť sa, integrovať sa) into the national culture. A typical example is the USA where immigrants preserve their own culture but also become Americans. Cultural adaptation (prispôsobenie sa) is more difficult when immigrants have to adapt to different cultural values (hodnoty) or religion. Lack of (nedostatok) cultural integration can cause the isolation (izoláciu) of immigrant minorities. This can provoke (vyprovokovať) reactions of xenophobia (fear of foreigners and strangers and of everything what is foreign and strange) and racism which can lead to (viesť k) serious (závažný) incidents (incident).

                In 2004, Slovakia became part of a larger community – the European Community. Many Slovaks decided to leave the country for study and work; a lot of them got married abroad and created bicultural families. Living in a bicultural (or cross-cultural) family requires (vyžaduje) a lot of tolerance and understanding from both sides (z oboch strán). Practising the traditions and habits of two cultures can be a good compromise and benefit (osoh, prospech) for the couple (pár) and their children. Nowadays, there are many study programmes which make student exchange (výmenný pobyt študentov) possible. Students go to live and study in a culturally different country in a “host family”. Such exchanges are usually very beneficial (osožné). People learn about new cultures, make friends and become tolerant.

                Slovakia is also a multicultural country. The majority (väčšina) of Slovak population is Slovak. The country also has several (niekoľko) minorities, the biggest of which are Hungarian, Roma, Ruthenian (rusínska) and Ukrainian. The Roma population in Slovakia has problems to adapt (má problem prispôsobiť sa) and is often a victim (obeť) of racist attacks (útoky). They are often attacked by skinheads who think they are better because their skin is white.

There are also people from other countries: Vietnamese, Saudi Arabians, people from Albania and Africa. They came to our country to work (Vietnamese work at the market and sell clothes), study and some married Slovaks and decided to settle down in Slovakia.

Cultural contacts in the past and present – in the past (v minulosti) we could not travel to “west” countries, we couldn’t read foreign newspapers and magazines, we could watch only Russian films and read Russian books. Nowadays (v dnešnej dobe) we travel where we want, we go on holidays abroad, try national meals (národné jedlá), read books and watch films in English, German, French, we go to festivals, concerts, students have summer jobs in England and the USA…

Personal contact with other cultures – I have been to Italy, Croatia, Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic. In Italy I tried pasta and a saw Verdi’s opera. I went to Venice and visited a lot of museums. I made lots of friends there…..

Folklore traditions – Slovakia is rich in (je bohatá na) folklore traditions. We keep our customs and traditions, for example on Easter Monday boys whip girls with willow whips and pour water over them. There are many folklore groups in Slovakia who sing folk songs and dance folk dances. They are dressed in folk costumes (krojoch). The most famous folklore festivals are held (sa konajú) in Východná and Detva.

• What nationalities are people who live in Russia, Hungary, on the North Pole, Bolivia, Australia, England, Scotland, Germany, India, China and Japan? (Russians, Hungarians, Eskimos, Bolivians, Australians, English, Scots, Germans, Indians, Chinese, Japanese) What is their national costume like? (Russians wear fur coats (kožuchy) and fur hats, the English wear checked coats and jackets, Scots wear checked skirts and play bagpipes (gajdy), Indian women wear sari and men wear turban, Japanese wear kimono and Chinese too. What makes it easy to identify them?
• It is believed that national stereotypes reflect the true nature of people. Do you agree? If yes or no, explain. I think it is true because for example Americans eat a lot and lots of them are fat (tuční), they love fun, they are friendly and open. British people are conservative and they love talking about weather.
• What do you think of your nationality? Slovaks are friendly, open, but they are lazy and do not work hard. They often complain about everything (sťažujú san a všetko) but don’t do anything to improve/change the situation. On the other hand, we are very hospitable (pohostinní) and helpful (nápomocní). We are patriots and we support our football and hockey teams.
• Make a list of things you would miss most about your own culture if you lived in a country very different from Slovakia. (food – potato dumplings with sheep cheese called bryndza, potato salad and carp we usually have for X-mas dinner, cabbage soup; customs – X-mas, Easter, All Saints Day; our mountains – the High Tatras with Gerlach peak, Slovak folk songs and dances)
• Do you agree with the proverb “when in Rome, do as the Romans do”? Yes, I do, if you live in a different country, you should accept their behaviour and do as they do.
• How important is to keep/preserve (udržiavať) our customs and traditions when we settle down (usadíme) in a new country? It is very important, because some of our traditions are different from the traditions of other countries and for example whipping girls at Easter is a great fun.

 

Human Relationships

 10._Human_relationships.docx

presentation 11_HUMAN_RELATIONSHIPS.ppt

 

10. Human relationships

 

a) Interpersonal relationships (family, school, neighbours, generations)

b) Friendship and love (value systems (hodnotový system), attitudes (postoje), gatherings (stretnutia), celebrations (oslavy))

c) Social issues (spoločenské problémy) (how communities and individuals relate to the disabled, the addicted and homeless)

d) Negative phenomena (aggression, vandalism, egoism, indifference (ľahostajnosť, nevšímavosť))

e) Methods of solving conflicts

Relationship [rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp] (vzťah) describes the way (spôsob) people get on with each other, talk and behave [bɪˈheɪv] (správajú sa) towards each other, feel about each other. We can have a good, close (blízky) relationship with some people, with the others we can have a polite [pəˈlaɪt] (zdvorilý) and friendly relationship and sometimes there are people we just can’t stand (ktorých nemôžeme vystáť) and we avoid (vyhýbame sa) their company (spoločnosti). It depends on whether [ˈweðə] (či) we like them or not, on how long we have known them, on how old they are, how well we get on with them etc. Today, human relationships are very complicated. Many people are stressed, busy (zaneprázdnení) and tired, spend too much time at work and do not have time for their friends, families and children. So their relationships with other people weaken (slabnú) and often break up (rozpadávajú sa). But there are things you cannot buy for money and one of them is a genuine [ˈdženjuɪn] (ozajstný, pravý) friendship or love.

When two people or groups are friendly towards each other and work well together we say that they have a good relationship. Personal relationships are like sunshine, the weather or temperature – being friendly is like warmth, and being unfriendly is like cold. Relationships are also like physical connections. A good relationship is like being joined to the other person or group, ending a relationship can be like losing a part of yourself. A lot of people believe that a broken friendship can be repaired, but only like a torn thread (roztrhnutá niť) in which a knot (uzol) will remain (zostane) forever. Or maybe like when a broken vase is glued (zalepená) back together but the crack never go away.

Relationships are created between parents, children, married couples (manželskými pármi), friends, men and women, employees (zamestnancami) and employers (zamestnávateľmi) etc. The quality of relationships with others reflects (odráža) our own personality [ˌpɜːsəˈnælɪtɪ] (osobnosť). It is our choice who we talk to, how we treat [triːt] (správať sa k niekomu) other people, how much time and energy we are willing (sme ochotní) to spend with them.

 

Family: Family is a basic social unit (rodina je základnou jednotnotkou spoločnosti) in which informal relationships (neformálne vzťahy) are formed (sú formované). Perhaps the closest relationship is between parents and their children, or between two people who are in love. One of the most important roles of parents is to raise (vychovávať) their children in accordance with (v súlade s) social models and patterns (vzormi) of behaviour. Parents teach their children what is good and what is wrong, they teach them to differentiate [ˌdɪfəˈrenʃɪˌeɪt] (rozlišovať) between good (dobrom) and evil [ˈiːv^əl] (zlom), how to solve problems in life, how to become (stať sa) an independent person and take care of others, how to help others and how to help at home.

Parents should talk to their children and respect (rešpektovať) their opinions (ich názory). On the other hand, there are parents who set (stanovia) strict [strɪkt] (prísne) rules and do not look for (nehľadajú) compromises [ˈkɒmprəˌmaɪz] (kompromisy). Some give their children too much freedom without limits (bez obmedzení). But there are also parents who are over-caring (príliš starostliví) and overprotective (príliš ochraňujúci), they give too much love to their children and their children are usually spoilt (rozmaznané) and dependent (nesamostatné, závislé) and have problems to set up (založiť si) their own families. Children observe how their parents talk, behave to their relatives, friends, colleagues and strangers (cudzí ľudia). Children copy behaviour [bɪˈheɪvjə] (správanie) of their parents and then, they behave in the same way in their adulthood [ˈædʌlthʊd] (v dospelosti). Parents teach their children basic social rules (spoločenské pravidlá) and behaviour, they teach them to be polite, always ask for things, greet older people in a polite manner saying “Good morning/afternoon/Good bye” and not “Hi/Hello/See you”, always say “thank you”, “please”, “here you are”, “you are welcome”, to offer a seat to an older person on a bus/tram, to cover their mouth when coughing [kɒfɪŋ] (pri kašľaní), yawning [jɔːnɪŋ] (zívaní) or sneezing (pri kýchaní), not to use vulgar words, not to chew with open mouth, not to make unpleasant noises (nevydávať neslušné zvuky) such as belching (grganie) or farting (prdenie), not to sip (nesŕkať) when eating a soup, to show respect (prejavovať) respect (úctu) to older people, etc. If parents shout at (kričia na) each other, if they quarrel a lot, if their rows are too noisy, if children see their parents to fight (they see violence at home) they are likely to treat their partner and their children in the same way when they get married and have children. It is important to show and tell children that it is wrong to tell lies (klamať), that it is better always tell the truth (vravieť pravdu), that it is wrong to steal (kradnúť) and that they always have to ask (vypýtať si) for things they want, that they must not swear (nesmú nadávať), that it is wrong to fight (biť sa) with other children, bully [bʊli] (šikanovať) classmates at school, play truant (blicovať), argue with adults, drink alcohol, take drugs, cheat (podvádzať) in exams, use cheat sheets (používať ťaháky) in tests. Parents should show their children how to cope with (zvládať, poradiť si) difficulties (ťažkosti) and problems, how to solve their problems in a correct way (ako riešiť problem správnym spôsobom).

School: children at school learn more social rules (spoločenské pravidlá), they have to follow school rules, they make new friends and meet new people and they have to show respect to their teachers. At the beginnings of each lesson students stand up to greet their teacher. When they see their teacher for the first time that day they greet him/her in a polite way saying “good morning” or “good afternoon”. In Slovakia students deal with (sa zaoberajú) social issues in special lessons - in a subject called civics [ˈsɪvɪks] (občianska náuka) or ethics [ˈeθɪks] (etika). At school children learn to cooperate with other children, express their opinions, they learn to accept others’ views (názory), and majority of them like being with their classmates and their classmates often become their friends. On the other hand, there are some negative phenomena [fɪˈnɒmɪnə] (javy) at school such as bullying (stronger pupils/students frighten, hurt, fight, threaten (vyhrážajú sa) weaker pupils/students, so these weaker ones often play truant (chodia poza školu, blicujú) or steal things and money at home because they are afraid of being hurt in case they do not bring to school things the bad guys want them to bring.

Neighbours: nearly all of us live in a house or a flat in towns, cities or villages. People who live next to us are our neighbours. As children we were told to greet them and not to make too much noise and always be polite and reply to their questions. It is not always easy to get on with our neighbours, because they might be noisy, or have a dog that is barking (šteká) all night long or a canary that is singing when you want to sleep or they are messy (sú bordelári) and throw litter (smetie) on the stairs (na schodisko), smoke in the lift or have noisy parties when you want to sleep. Sometimes it is difficult to tell them to stop doing things that annoy (ktoré vám vadia, otravujú vás) you.

Generations: The relationships between the old and the young generation are often talked about. Puberty, the age of revolt, often leads to conflicts between the generations, called a generation gap [gæp]. It is natural (je prirodzené) that each generation of young people differs from the one before it. Our grandparents lived in totally different conditions (podmienkach) which influenced (ovplyvnili) their behaviour, attitude [ˈætɪˌtjuːd] (postoj) towards society [səˈsaɪətɪ] (voči spoločnosti) and values. Nowadays we are still talking about generation gap (generačná priepasť, generačný rozdiel) between young people and their parents and grandparents. Generation gap – is a lack (nedostatok) of comprehension [ˌkomprɪˈhenšən] (porozumenia) and understanding (pochopenia) between older and young people, usually between parents and their kids. It can be frustrating for both sides. Kids often quarrel (hádajú sa) about money, behaviour, fashion, knowledge, experience, future. The older ones always think they know everything best, because they have more experience (skúseností). They want their kids to respect them (aby si ich deti vážili) and accept and follow their rules (a aby prijali a riadili sa ich pravidlami).

Children think about their parents that

-          They are too conservative, they stick to (pridŕžajú sa) traditions, don’t understand problems of young people,

-          They don´t give kids enough freedom, want to know everything, interfere (miešajú sa, zasahujú) too much,

-          They are always criticising young people, don’t like their clothes, hairstyles, music, hobbies and friends

-          They often say kids are lazy, easy-going, not willing to work hard

-          They underestimate (podceňujú) kids, do not respect their personality and individuality

-          They would be satisfied if their kids spent more time on studying and helping them with housework

-          They do not give them enough pocket money (vreckové)

Parents think about their children that they

-          Do not respect (nevážia si) older generations,

-          Think they do not need any advice,

-          Are only interested in music, fashion, friends, mates and love,

-          Do not study enough, do not think about their future

-          Spend too much time with friends, on the Internet, chatting on social networks,

-          Text too much, make too many phone calls, are lazy and don’t want to help at home,

-          Listen to horrible music, wear awful clothes and have dreadful hairstyles

-          Disturb (vyrušovať) others with their music

 

Friendship and love: Two people who have a romantic relationship normally get married when they want to spend their whole life together. A happy marriage represents (predstavuje) the ideal human relationship in which both partners are able to discuss their problems openly, do not hide (neskrývajú) any secrets from each other, are able to solve their problems without quarrelling (bez hádania sa). If they have a problem, they discuss it and each partner explains why he or she is mad while the other one listens with respect. Long-term (dlhodobé) happy couples also tend to argue calmly (majú tendenciu hádať sa pokojne). Loss of control, yelling (revanie, kričanie) or sobbing (vzlykanie) seldom helps to solve problems. They often share similar values, ethnic backgrounds (etnické pozadie), interests, religion and lifestyle and have similar IQs. Couples who can discuss honestly [ˈɒnɪstlɪ] (úprimne, otvorene) things that are important to them – including their relationship – are happier and their love lasts for a long time. On the other hand, some couples might break up (rozísť) because there are no more reasons why they should be and live together – because their love has disappeared [ˌdɪsəˈpɪə] (zmizla), there is a lack [læk] (nedostatok) of faith [feɪθ] (viery) and trust [trʌst] (dôvery) between them, they might have financial problems and one of the most common (najbežnejších) reasons (dôvodov) is a dependence (závislosť) on alcohol, drugs or gambling (hranie hazardných hier).

When people who have a romantic relationship like in a marriage or dating situation (keď spolu randia) break up we can also say they “split up”. If a married couple is separated (žije oddelene), it means they’ve stopped living together. If they decide to officially end the marriage they get a divorce.

Friendship (priateľstvo) is a relationship between people who have something in common (niečo spoločné), they have similar values (hodnoty) and attitudes (postoje) towards life, think and solve problems in a similar way, spend a lot of time together, support and help each other when necessary. Friends usually laugh together, speak about everything and share secrets (majú spoločné tajomstvá). True friends are people who are always there for you. The saying “A friend in need is a friend indeed” shows the full value of friendship. A friend is someone who always gives you advice (radu) when you need it, someone you can tell everything, someone who brings you homework when you are ill at home, someone whose company you really enjoy, someone who gives you support when you need it, someone who wipes your tears when something goes wrong or when you break up/split up with your boy/girlfriend. A friend is someone you can spend hours with without talking, and you are happy just because you are with him/her.

For young people, friendship is very important. They spend a lot of time with their friends and they often argue with their parents because of it. It’s understandable (pochopiteľné). Parents know that friends can often have a bad influence (vplyv) on their children and that is what worries (znepokojuje) them a lot.

We make friends during all life stages. Some friendships last a short time, others for our whole life. If we want to keep our friends, we must work hard on the relationships. We should keep in touch (byť v kontakte), send e‑mails, call them, send occasional cards, and find time to go out for lunch with them when possible. Friendship can be easily lost when friends stop contacting each other or because of unresolved (nevyrešené) arguments (spory). When there is a conflict, it should be resolved (vyriešený) by confrontation (konfrontáciu) or talking it out (prediskutovaním).

Friendship can change into love if people fall in love with each other. Some people don’t believe that a man and a woman can be true friends and that if they say they are “just” friends, one of them must be suffering by (trpieť čím) suppressing (potláčaním) his/her real feelings.

 

The relationship between men and women in society was not always like what we see in today’s modern society. The women’s movements of the past hundred years have tried to change the way women are treated by men and by society in general. Compared with the past, women today have better jobs and educational opportunities, and are paid and treated more equally (rovnako). They have become equal in chore distribution at home and in the raising of children. Women still do not have equal political power, but they are becoming more influential and also have responsible jobs in business. There is still an invisible “glass ceiling” (sklenený strop), however, which prevents successful women from getting the most powerful jobs in an organization.

 

Visits/get togethers/gatherings – there are various [ˈveərɪəs] (rôzne) reasons for visiting other people and relatives. Usually it is a birthday, anniversary (výročie), some religious or public holidays (cirkevné alebo štátne sviatky), weddings, funerals, graduation ceremonies or name days when families get together. People in Slovakia love to celebrate their birthdays with their friends and family. Young people often do not have to have a reason to come round, they love spending time with their friends and they often make parties just because they want to spend some time with their friends. Young people often pop in (zastavia sa) for coffee just because they want to see their friends and talk to them. When you visit somebody it is polite to bring a present – usually a bottle of wine, bunch of flowers (always an odd number), box of chocolates or bonbons. When somebody visits us, we usually offer coffee and a light snack (sandwiches, cookies, crisps, nuts).

                Besides (okrem) informal relationships such as friendship, marriage (manželstva) and parent-child relationship, there are other sorts of formal relationships formed among people at school, work and in the streets. Formal relationships are not very deep (hlboké) and open. They are formed among people of different social positions: teachers and students, employers and employees, doctors and patients, neighbours, etc. Such relationships require (si vyžadujú) respect (úctu) and a higher level of formality and politeness (zdvorilosti).

 

Social issues (spoločenské javy, problémy): Society often faces relationship problems between people of different races, religions and social classes. These negative ralationships are usually based on prejudice (predsudkoch), illiteracy (negramotnosť), intolerance and closed-mindedness (predpojatosť, zaujatosť). Sometimes people are just rude because they know nothing about the other person or group of people and are suspicious (podozrievaví). 

There are many problems our society has to face (ktorým musí naša spoločnosť čeliť) such as vandalism [ˈvændəˌlɪzəm] (vandals are people who destroy public or private property (majetok) or spray and paint graffiti on the walls of buildings and houses) and violence [ˈvaɪələns] (násilie) based on racism. Groups of young people with racial prejudices [reɪšəl predžudɪsiz] (s rasovými predsudkami) such as Skinheads regularly (pravidelne) provoke conflicts in many countries. They are aggressive (agresívni) and beat people of different colour of skin just because they think that people of white colour are better than the others. In Slovakia, members of skinhead movements often attack Romani people and people of different colour. Addiction [əˈdɪkšən] (závislosť), such as alcoholism, taking drugs and gambling, is another consequence [ˈkonsɪkwəns] (dôsledok) of frustration [fraˈstreɪšən], family conflicts or unhappy relationships. These people are sent to special hospitals where doctors try to help them to get rid of their addiction. There are also lots of homeless people especially in bigger towns and cities who gather (zhromažďujú sa) in public places. Some of them sell Nota Bene magazines and they earn some money by selling this magazine, others just drink alcohol and beg (žobrú) passers-by (okoloidúcich) for money. In Bratislava, there is a special place (homeless shelter [ˈšeltə] – útulok pre bezdomovcov) where they can have a shower and sleep but the problem is that they mustn’t be drunk and have to be sober [ˈsoubər] (triezvi).

Many societies have a certain prejudice (predsudok) against the disabled (zdravotne postihnutí ľudia). In recent years, however, there has been a great improvement (zlepšenie) in people’s attitudes: their ignorance has been replaced by information, their fear has disappeared and has given way to understanding and their pity (ľútosť, súcit) has been replaced by positive practical help. The most positive headway (pokrok) has been that most people today now see the person before the disability (postihnutie), while in the past they used to see the disability before the person. Some disabled people are brilliant thinkers, people like Dr. Stephen Hawkin, the scientist, researcher and author who lectures at Oxford University. He is physically helpless (bezmocný), totally dependent on his mother for all his daily needs and on his computerized chair for all communication and movement. Some are great craftsmen (remeselníci) and artists, actors and performers, and even sportsmen, as can be seen every four years at the Paralympics Games. The disabled people are people with some form of physical handicap. These people are often integrated within normal society and live at home, if possible or live in special medical institution. They attend special schools and there are community centres where they meet and spend their time. There are special parking places reserved for them, special toilets and each public institution should have a wheelchair access (bezbariérový prístup).

Egoism: – There are more and more people who think and care just of themselves. They pay attention only to their own interests and needs, are selfish, not willing to help others. If they do something good, they usually expect something in return. They do not want to see problems around them and do not want to deal with them. 

Vypracovať otázky:

1.       What is your relationship with your parents like? Do you get on with your parents?

2.       Name the qualities of real friends.

3.       What are pros (klady) and cons (zápory) of living with grandparents?

4.       How would you characterize behaviour of young people?

5.       How would you characterize behaviour of older/elderly (over 65) people?

6.       What was the relationship between children and adults like in the past?

7.       What is the relationship between young and older generation like in the present?

8.       How would you characterize friendship?

9.       How would you characterize love?

10.   Describe the qualities of your best friend.

11.   Describe the quotation “Truly great friends are hard to find, difficult to leave and impossible to forget”.

12.   What social issues are often discussed nowadays?

13.    How can society help homeless, disabled/handicapped, drug addicts?

14.   What qualities do you value most?

15.   How do you greet your friends/older people/relatives?

16.   What do you bring to your host when you are invited for a dinner?

17.   What would you like to get for your birthday?

18.   What does a typical birthday party look like?

19.   When do families in Slovakia get together? For what reasons?

 

20.   When do we send cards? 

 

 

 

 

Homework, January 13th

please, get ready for next Monday  and learn about Young people and society. Please, find the texts in your YES books and below

Tuesday - test on one of the chosen topic you have not talked about

Wednesday - third conditional test

young people and society - topic: 16.The_young_and_their_world.docx

16. Young people and society

1. Characteristics of young people (appearance, fashion, character traits (črty), interests
2. The position of young people in society (rights and duties, possibilities of study, work, young families)
3. Relationships among peers and generational relationships (conflicts – reasons, their expression, consequences)
4. Unhealthy lifestyles of young people (aggression, gambling, substance abuse)
5. Young people’s vision of the future (expectations, dreams, fears)

Adolescence ([ˌædəˈlesəns] from Latin „to grow up“) is stage of development (štádium vývoja) between childhood and adulthood ([ædəlthud] dospelosť) when a person is biologically adult (dospelý). His/her physical [ˈfɪzɪkəl] (fyzický, telesný) and psychological [ˌsaɪkəˈlodžɪkəl] development (vývoj) is almost complete [kəmˈpliːt] (dokončený) but emotionally he/she is not fully mature [məˈtjʊə] (úplne zrelý). A child becomes an adolescent usually after he/she completes secondary school. People from the age of thirteen to the age of nineteen are called “teenagers” because their age ends in „teen” in English. The age of majority [məˈdžorɪtɪ] (vek právnej dospelosti), the age at which a person has full legal [ˈliːgəl] rights (zákonné práva), differs from culture to culture. In Slovakia it is 18 years. In each country, there are different age limits for driving a car (18), getting married (18, 16) or buying cigarettes (16). During puberty /ˈpjuːbəti - puberta/, most children go through (prechádzajú, prežívajú) dramatic physical (telesné) changes. Boys grow more facial [ˈfeɪšəl] hair (ochlpenie na tvári), greater muscle mass [masl ma:s] (svalová hmota) and a deeper (hlbší) voice, girl’s breast [brest] (prsia) enlarges [inlaːdžis] (zväčšiť) their hips widen [waidn] (boky sa rozširujú), their sex organs change and they are able to reproduce (rozmnožovať sa). Teenagers also undergo mental development. Their emotional [ɪˈməušənl] life is more intensive than before and some begin to develop sexual relationships. Love and friendship become the most important values (hodnoty). Teenagers prefer relationships with their peers (vrstovníci) to their parents.

 

APPEARANCE (výzor)/CLOTHES/HAIRSTYLES- It‘s natural that each generation of young people differs from the one before. Our grandparents lived in totally different conditions which influenced their behaviour, values and attitude [ˈætɪˌtjuːd] towards society. Nowadays, young people use many means (prostriedkov) to look (aby vyzerali) different than older generations; they care a lot about what they look like. Some of them follow the fashion trends closely (dôsledne) and always want to be “in”, the others often wear strange clothes, for example old, dirty and torn (roztrhané) trousers, cheap shoes, old T-shirts. Some like wearing second-hand clothes, some make/sew their clothes themselves, some paint their clothes or dye (farbia) them and, on the other hand, some wear brand (značkové) clothes or designer clothes. Usually, young people wear comfortable (pohodlné) clothes such as T- shirts, tops, jumpers, sweatshirts (mikiny), hoodies (mikiny s kapucňou), jeans and trainers. Girls often wear miniskirts, leggings, tops, jackets, ballerinas and lots of fashion accessories (módnych doplnkov) – bracelets, earrings, necklaces, sunglasses, watches, headbands (čelenky), hair clips (sponky), hats, caps and piercings. Teenagers also have strange hairstyles. Some prefer simple hairstyles (účesy), but some prefer “extreme” hairstyles – their hair is often colourful, they dye it pink, purple, red and highlight (melír) is also fashionable. Nowadays it is normal even for boys to dye [dai] (farbiť) their hair. Tattoos and piercing are very popular among young people. It is very modern. They can have several parts of their body pierced, for example tongue, eyebrow, ear, nose and mouth. Teenagers live in their own world and their lifestyle depends on their parents, background, but mostly on their friends.

 

 INTERESTS (záujmy) -It is widely known that teenagers spend a lot of their free time with their peers with whom they have similar interests, such as music, dance, sport, film or fashion. They like going to pubs, cafés, and discos. They love dancing and often spend their Friday night at some night club or a disco. They love talking and chatting and meeting new people. And of course, they love parties. Sometimes they simply hang around (tráviť čas, potĺkať sa) together. They love going to the cinema and after the film has finished often talk about the cast (herecké obsadenie), actors, actresses and the plot (dej) in a café or a pub. Young people do not go to the theatre very often. Sometimes, they just download (stiahnu) the film from the internet and they watch it at home. They spend a lot of time in front of their computers and on the Internet, they chat with their friends via (prostredníctvom) social networks (facebook, ICQ, skype, pokec), they make phone calls via SKYPE, watch movies and video clips on “you tube” or just search for information via Google. They love their hi-tech toys and cannot imagine their life without them. Their rooms are full of up-to-date (moderný, najaktuálnejší) gadgets (zariadení) such as camcorders (kamery), cameras (foťáky), PCs, laptops, Hi-fi systems, MP3 players, mobiles, headphones (sluchátka), stereo systems, DVD players, I-pods and many others. They often get some pocket money (vreckové) from their parents but many of them work part-time (pracujú na polovičný úväzok) of have temporary jobs (brigády). Some work in bars, clubs, pubs or supermarkets, some babysit (strážia deti), some help younger ones with subjects (predmetmi) such as English, German, Maths, Physics and tutor [ˈtjuːtə] (doučovať) younger children at primary/secondary schools. In summer they often have a summer job and work in fast food restaurants or go abroad and work at farms, in hotels, on ships. Young people spend (míňajú) a lot of money on CDs, DVDs, clothes and tickets to the cinema, concerts, music festivals and on going out with friends.

VALUES (hodnoty) - Love and friendship are the most important values (hodnoty) for teenagers. Teenagers prefer relationships with their peers (vrstovníci) to their parents. A lot of young people work hard on their relationships because they value friendship so highly. During adolescence young people often search for (hľadajú) a unique [juni:k] identity [aɪˈdentɪtɪ] (jedinečná identita). At this age, sports players, rock stars and film and television performers [pəˈfɔːməz] (e.g. reality shows stars) become role models (vzory) for them. Teenagers often wish to be like their chosen role models (vzory). They identify themselves with others (wear the same clothes, have the same hairstyle, do the same things), but at the same time they want to be different and develop their own individuality. Young people, in general, do not trust the authorities and tend to risk more.

                In the developed world (vo vyspelom svete), young people are usually well-educated, experienced and self-confident (sebaistý). They have access (prístup) to all the modern inventions (vynálezom) that make our lives easier, such as computer, internet or mobile phone. They have a lot of opportunities (príležitosti, možnosti) to study or work abroad [əˈbrɔːd] (v zahraničí) and often see those opportunities as chances to earn money and gain experience (získať skúsenosť). A lot of Slovak students study abroad (v zahraničí) – in Czech Republic (Prague, Brno, Zlín), Austria (Vienna), the USA, or Great Britain (Veľká Británia – Oxford, Cambridge, London). Those who do not live in the town of their studies, often live in the dormitory [ˈdɔːmɪtərɪ]/campus [ˈkæmpəs] (na internáte). In Britain and America some students attend (chodiť do školy) boarding schools (internátne školy) where they live and study.

Many young people today start their own families later in life than their parents did. Many work on their career first and get married in their thirties. However, there are still many teenage pregnancies (tehotenstvá mladistvých) that often end girls’ education (vzdelanie). These marriages do not last (netrvajú) for a long time and the divorce rate (miera rozvodovosti) is quite high among young married couples (páry).

                Young people often face many problems. They are in the age when they need someone who will listen to them talking about their problems, who will give them advice. It is good if this person is one of their parents but this doesn’t happen often. Parents want their children to be the best and the smartest (šikovný, inteligentný), to have good marks (známky), appropriate (vhodný) friends and interests/hobbies, help them with the house chores, spend more time learning and preparing for school and less time on the Internet and friends and of course, spend less money on fashion, music and hi-tech toys. Parents often don’t understand their children, criticise their hairstyle, clothes and friends, they think that their children don’t help enough at home, that they don’t study enough, are cheeky (bezočivý) and impolite (nezdvorilý) and that the music they listen to is terrible, noisy and too loud. On the other hand, young people think that their parents care too much and are overprotective (príliš ochraňujúci). Children often have different ideas about their future, different life expectations (očakávania) and opinions (názory) than their parents do. All this creates tension [tenšn] (vytvára napätie) between parents and children which leads to generation gap (generačná priepasť) and conflicts. Children often quarrel (hádajú sa) with their parents about money, friends, interests. Today, more and more parents are friends with their children. Good parents try to show sympathy [simpəθɪ] (prejaviť súcit) and understanding towards their children if they are in trouble. Parents share interests (delia sa o záujmy, majú rovnaké záujmy) and have begun to be more open. Discussions on subjects, such as sex and drugs are becoming normal. However, many parents have less and less time for their children. There are families in which children and parents do not talk about problems. Such children often feel lonely (osamelý, opustený). In extreme cases, they run away from home (utekajú z domova) because they think they can solve the problem that way. They also run away because they are neglected [nɪˈglektid] (zanedbávaný), frustrated [fraˈstreɪtɪd] (frustrovaný), stressed out (vystresovaný), verbally or physically abused [əˈbjuːzt] (zneužívaný) or sometimes misunderstood [ˌmɪsandəˈstud] (nepochopený). A lot of them become drug addicts [drag əˈdɪkts] (drogovo závislý), drink too much alcohol and smoke, develop (rozvinú sa u nich) mental health disorders [mentl hɛlθ dɪsˈoːdəz] (poruchy duševného zdravia), such as depression and schizophrenia [ˌskɪtsəʊˈfriːnɪə], girls sometimes develop eating disorders (poruchy jedenia) including anorexia [ˌænɒˈreksɪə] and bulimia [bjuːˈlɪmɪə]. They vomit [vomit] (vyvrátia) everything they have eaten, are obsessed [əb’sest] with their weight, eat very little. Sometimes the young are not able to handle (zvládať) their problems and they commit suicide. Many of them become gamblers [ˈgæmbləz] (hazardný hráči). Young people spend too much time in front of their TV and computers; they don’t go out with their friends very often. They do not read books and they watch movies instead. They chat (čaet-kecajú) with their friends on the Internet through social networks (sociálne siete), develop fictional relationships, and they do not socialize and therefore feel lonely and isolated.

At this age young people are under pressure (sú pod tlakom) because they usually start and complete (končia) their secondary education (stredoškolské vzdelanie) and have to decide (rozhodnúť sa) about their future career. They need a good education to be qualified (mať kvalifikáciu na) for the work they choose (vybrať si) to do. Most teenagers would like to start their own independent (nezávislé) lives but are still financially dependent on (závislý na) their parents. Unemployment [ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt] is one of the biggest problems that young people have to face, because many of them have problems to get a job.

Problems they have to face (ktorým musia čeliť), ustable (nestabilné) emotions and family conflicts may also lead to youth crime (zložinu mladistvých). Vandalism [ˈvændəˌlɪzəm] and violence [ˈvaɪələns] (násilie) based on racism are very frequent (častý) in this age group. Groups of young people with racial prejudices [reɪšəl predžudɪsiz] (s rasovými predsudkami) regularly (pravidelne) provoke conflicts in many countries In Slovakia, members of skin head movements often attack Romani people and people of different colour. Addiction [əˈdɪkʃən] (závislosť), such as alcoholism, drug use and gambling, is another consequence [ˈkonsɪkwəns] (dôsledok) of frustration [fraˈstreɪšən], family conflicts or other teenage problems (problémy mladistvých). In this age, young people are under a lot of pressure (V tomto veku sú mladí ľudia pod veľkým tlakom).

The relationships between the old and the young generation are often talked about. Puberty, the age of revolt (vzbura), often leads (viesť) to conflicts between the generations, called a generation gap [ˌdženəˈreɪšən gæp] (generačný rozdiel, priepasť). Young people are eager [ɪ:gər] (sú dychtiví) to become adults, but at the same time have doubts (pochybnosti) and fears about taking on adult responsibilities [rɪˌsponsəˈbɪlɪtɪ] (prevziať zodpovednosť) and freedom. It is natural (je prirodzené) that each generation of young people differs from the one before it. Our grandparents lived in totally different conditions which influenced their behaviour, attitude towards society and values.

The older people say that youngsters are irresponsible (nezodpovedný), impolite, and cheeky today. They often criticize the way the young people dress and behave. On the other hand many young people think that the older can’t understand them and they want to be absolutely different from their parents. Both groups should learn how to be more tolerant. The older should remember what they were like when they were young. The young should remember that the older have more experience and that one day they will be in the same situation.

 

Vypracovať otázky!!!!!!! Pozor, na niektoré nie sú odpovede v texte. Vypracovať na papier, ukázať na hodine!!!

1. What is adolescence?
2. What is puberty?
3. What physical changes do teenagers normally go through?
4. Name some psychological changes that they go through?
5. What kinds of clothes do young people like wearing?
6. Name 10 things that are typical for young people?
7. How do young people spend their free time? What do you usually do in the evening/at weekends?
8. Do Slovak children get on with their parents?
9. What is a unique identity?
10. Why is puberty an age of revolt?
11. Do you talk to your parents about personal matters? Do you have a good relationship with your parents?
12. What do you think of teenage pregnancy?
13. Describe what the ideal childhood for you would be like?
14. How would you characterize friendship? How could you characterize your best friend? Why is he/she your best friend?
15. What do you know about your parents’ or grandparents’ childhood? How was it different from yours?
16. What problems do young people have to face nowadays? (akým problémom musia čeliť mladí v dnešnej dobe)
17. What is a generation gap?
18. Give pros and cons of being young today.
19. How would you characterise a typical teenager?
20. Why do young people tend to risk more and do not trust authorities?
21. What is your vision of the future? What are your expectations (očakávania), dreams, and fears?

 

the countries whose language I am learning

THE UNITED KINGDOM/THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

24.English_speaking_countries1.docx

UK card 24_CARD_great_britain.pdf

US card 24_USA.pdf

 

24. The countries whose language I am learning

English speaking countries – language, inhabitants (obvyvatelia), stereotypes, conventions, customs (obyčaje)

English is one of the most widespread (rozšírený) languages in the world. It is the first language (mother tongue – materinský jazyk) for most inhabitants of the United States of America, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. There are a great number of countries where English is spoken as a second language, for example by immigrants. For tourists, who come to an English-speaking country, English is a foreign (cudzí) language. The English language has become a language of international communication in business, science and politics. English is used in many different countries in the world. These countries share the same language (or its variations), but every one of them has its own traditions and habits. English is also used within many international organizations, although (hoci) it is only one of the many official languages of the European Union.

Great Britain consists of England, Wales, and Scotland. Together with Northern Ireland it forms the United Kingdom. It includes (zahŕňa) four nations: the English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish people. They all differ (odlišujú sa) in their way of life, customs, values (hodnoty) and traditions.

The British people are said to be reserved (zdržanlivý, odmeraný, rezervovaný) in their manners (spôsoby, správanie), dress and speech (reč). Other nations (národy) often say that they are conservative and stick to traditions (držia sa tradícií). They are famous (sú známi) for their politeness (zdvorilosť), self-discipline (sebadisciplína, sebaovládanie), reliability (spoľahlivosť) and for their specific sense of humor. They never seem to be in a hurry (sa neponáhľajú). These features (črty) of British manners are often seen as typical, but it does not mean that all the British people are actually like that. Many British people are not conservative at all. There are big differences in manners between individuals (jednotlivcami) within (v rámci) one nation.

On the other hand, there are habits (zvyky) and customs (obyčaje) which characterise many Brittish people. It is true that the British people rarely (zriedkakedy) shake hands (potriasť rukou) when they meet, except (okrem) when being introduced (sú predstavovaní) to someone for the first time. It is also true that British people are very fond of animals and sports. Football is the national sport and it is on TV almost (takmer) every day. They are also fond of (zaujímajú sa) cricket, rugby, golf, tennis and horse racing. Most of the British people like to spend their summer holidays at the seaside (pri mori), often in Spain or France.

Many British women work now, rather than (než by) stay at home and do the housework (robiť domáce práce). The role of women has changed and many British women have their own careers (kariéry). The husband and the wife share the housework (sa delia o domáce práce) and also the responsibility (zodpovednosť) for the education of their children. Young people in Britain have their own interests (záujmy), lifestyle and special youth culture (kultúru mladých). Those who leave school at 16 and get their first jobs are already independent (nezávislí). They have their own money to spend on CDs, DVDs, clothes or entertainment (zábavu). Teenagers, who stay at school until the age (do veku) of 18, preparing to go to college or university, often take job in a shop or babysit to have some more pocket money (vreckové). Saturday night is the most popular night of the week and people go out to parties or to a disco with friends. Going to the cinema is very popular among young people. They do not go to the theatre very often.

Scotland is a country where special traditions are kept (kde sa dodržiavajú zvláštne tradície), such as playing bagpipes (hra na gajdy) and wearing kilts (typical knee-length skirts for both men and women) There are special meals which are prepared only in Scotland. Scotland is known for its Scotch whisky, there are many whisky distilleries (liehovarov) with a long tradition. The Scottish people speak various dialects of English or Gaelic – their original ancient (staroveký) language.

Wales is rich in culture and history. The Welsh people are known (sú známi) for their love of music and poetry. Welsh people speak English and Welsh, which is a Celtic language and very different from English.

Northern Ireland (also known as Ulster) occupies (zaberá) the northern fifth (severnú pätinu) of the island of Ireland and is a part of the United Kingdom. Most of the country is rural (vidiecka) and over half of the population (viac ako polovica obyvateľstva) is Protestant. The Republic of Ireland (also known as Eire) is an independent state and is mostly Catholic. The life of the people and the politics of Northern Ireland has been dominated (sú ovládané) by religious (náboženskými) and economic problems. The Catholics want Northern Ireland to join (pridať sa) the Republic of Ireland but the Protestants want to remain (zostať) part of the UK. There are still conflicts between Protestants and Catholics accompanied by (sprevádzané) by civil unrests (občianskymi nepokojmi) and terrorist attacks (teroristickými útokmi).

The Irish people are said to be very similar to the Slovaks. They are hospitable (pohostinní), friendly, they like music and dancing. Music is their national passion. Drinking plays an important part in their culture. Social life (spoločenský život) concentrates in pubs where live musis is very common (bežná).

The USA: Besides English, which is the official language, the people of the USA speak their minority (menšina, menšinový) and immigrant languages e. g. Spanish is an important language, especially (obzvlášť) in the southern states. The image (obraz) of an American is often based on what people see most often – American tourists. They think Americans are loud (hluční), extremely self-confident (sebaistí), fat and dressed in tasteless (nevkusný) clothes. These stereotypes are usually changed when the people get to know (spoznajú) Americans better. They are open, friendly, hard-working, independent and self-reliant (sebestačný). Another image of Americans is the result (je výsledkom) of movies (filmov) and advertising (reklamy). They show Americans as rich people, who live in luxurious houses, spend most of their time at parties and drive expensive cars. America is a wealthy (bohatá) country and Americans enjoy one of the highest standards of living (sa tešia z jednej z najvyšších životných úrovní) in the world, but there is a high level (ale je tam vysoká úroveň) of poverty (biedy) in many cities. Parents teach their children the independence (učia deti nezávislosti) from an early childhood (od skorého detstva). From the age of 16 they can drive a car and many teenagers have their own car. Each member of a typical American family has his/her own car. Students drive to school and colleges, adults to work. They like travelling and they often drive long distances (často cestujú na veľké vzdialenosti) across the country, especially during the holidays to visit their friends and relatives (príbuzných). Americans do not usually live in the same town all their lives. They like to move. It is not unusual (nie je nezvyčajné) for families to move house or to go to live in another town or state more than once every ten years. Nowadays, Americans have started to take care of their health. They do some sport, eat healthier food, smoke less and drink less alcohol. Smoking is banned (zakázané) in public places in several (niekoľkých) big cities.

 

United Kingdom (Spojené kráľovstvo)

Its official name is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is situated on the British Isles (ostrovoch) and separated from the Europe by the North Sea and English Channel. It is an island country. Its area is about 245000 square kilometres (štvorcových kilometrov). CLIMATE: It has got mild and rainy climate and is influenced by the Gulf Stream (je ovplyvnené golfským prúdom), so it is quite warm, but it rains very often. It has 4 parts: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. There are 2 large islands (ostrovy): Great Britain and Ireland and some smaller ones e.g. Isle of Wight, Isle of Man. The longest rivers are the THAMES (Temža) which runs through London and the SEVERN, which is the longest one and rises (pramení) in Wales. The best known lakes are in the Lake District and Loch Lomond and Loch Ness in Scotland. SURFACE: Great Britain is a flat country. It has not got high mountains – the highest peak (štít) is Ben Nevis in the Scottish Highlands (v Škótskej Vysočine). Other mountains are Cornish Heights in the south west of England, the Cambrians in Wales, The Cumbrian Mountains in the Lake District, the Pennines… GB has about 57 million inhabitants (obyvateľov); there are 4 ethnic groups: English, Irish, Welsh and Scottish. Majority of people speak English. GB is a constitutional monarchy (konštitučná monarchia) with the Queen Elizabeth II as the head of the state (na čele štátu). The UK is governed by the Cabinet with 20 ministers and the Prime minister. The official residence of Prime Minister is DOWNING STREET 10. The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords (snemovňa lordov) and the House of Commons (dolná snemovňa) and is one of the oldest in the world. Main political parties in Britain are the Conservative Party, the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats. UK is an industrial country. Major industries include iron (železiarstvo), steel engineering (oceliarstvo), textiles, plastics, cotton (bavlnársky priemysel), chemicals, wool, shipbuilding (stavba lodí) and food processing (potravinárstvo). Wheat (pšenica), barley (jačmeň), oats (ovos), potatoes, sugar beet (cukrová repa), milk and meat are the chief agricultural products (hlavné poľnohospodárske výrobky). Territorially (územne), Britain is divided into counties ([ˈkaʊntɪ] grófstva). The capital of the whole Britain is London. The capital of Wales is Cardiff; Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland and Belfast of the Northern Ireland. Other big cities are Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool and Manchester, etc. Oxford and Cambridge are the old university towns. Stratford-upon-Avon is the birthplace of Shakespeare. The English countryside (vidiek) is full of peaceful (pokojné) harbour towns (prístavné mestá) with fishing boats (rybárskymi člnkami), yachts, cottages (chalupami) and the English like to spend their holiday there. The flag is called Union Jack and consists of 3 red and white crosses on the blue background.

             London:  (parts: the City, Westminster, the West End, Kensington, Chelsea, Soho…) It is a city full of traditions, historical buildings, monuments, theatres, parks and museums. It is the biggest city in Europe. The City is the oldest part of London. It is the biggest financial and commercial centre of Europe. London lies on the banks of the River Thames.

Sights/historical buildings/monuments/places of interest: On the River Thames, there is the Tower Bridge which rises in the middle to let ships to pass up the river. The Tower of London – It was a fortress, a royal palace and a prison in the past. Nowadays it is a museum of weapons and arms (zbraní) and the place where the crown jewels are kept. It is London’s top tourist attraction. There are many beautiful churches in London and St. Paul’s Cathedral is the greatest of English churches. It is known for its whispering gallery. It was built by Sir Christopher Wren. Palace of Westminster (know as Houses of Parliament) is the seat of the British Parliament. There is also a famous clock tower – Big Ben that is famous for its accuracy and for its 13 ton bell. Buckingham palace is the London residence of the British royal family. Outside the Buckingham Palace the changing of Guard takes place. The most famous shopping street in London is Oxford Street. Other streets known for their shops and entertainment are Piccadilly (the busiest and noisiest place in London, it is regarded as the centre of entertainment with its theatres, cinemas, night clubs and restaurants), Bond Street, and Regent Street. Trafalgar Square (Trafalgarské námestie) with the statue of Admiral Nelson is one of the largest London squares. There are many galleries (National gallery and National Portrait gallery – house paintings by famous painters, Tate gallery – modern paintings), museums - the British Museum, London Dungeon (hladomorňa) – horror museum, etc. Madam Tussaud’s is famous for its waxwork of famous people. London has a large number of parks and gardens e.g. St. James’s Park, Hyde Park known for its speaker’s corner and Kensington gardens.

 

 

Homework, November 26th

WRITE a presentation about Slovakia, your homeland based on the template you have in your YES books, page 127, task D. Please, enlarge it to range btw 300-350 words so you can use it as a sample worksheet to learn about your country. Tomorrow I am going to check your presentations, you can have them on your computer, I do not mind. It is even better if you do so.

Homework, November 25th

Slovakia, my homeland

topic: 25.Slovakia-my_homeland.docx

ppt presentation 30_SLOVAKIA_-_MY_HOMELAND.ppt

25. SLOVAKIA – MY HOMELAND

 

You are studying at Cambridge University. Every month you and your co-students organize a party where one country is being introduced. Today it is your turn. Your task is to introduce your country and people, tell something about Slovak stereotypes, customs and traditions. Explain why Slovakia deserves (zasluhuje si) an important place in the European Union. Your speech should take 5 minutes.

 

1. The country and its inhabitants
2. The place I would like to visit
3. Uniqueness, customs, traditions and conventions
4. Stereotypes and prejudices
5. The place of Slovakia in united Europe

Slovakia - the official name of which is the Slovak Republic – has an area of about 50 000 km2. The Slovak Republic is an independent state situated in Central Europe. It is bordered (je ohraničená/( It borders on Hungary in the south)) in the west by the Czech Republic, in the north by Poland, in the south by Hungary and Austria. The borders (hranice) are mostly natural (prirodzené), made by rivers (the Moravia, the Danube) and mountains (the Carpathians, the High Tatras). Slovakia has a population (obyvateľstvo) of 5,5 (five and a half) million inhabitants (obyvateľov). The most of inhabitants is of Slovak nationality but there are also ethnic minorities (etnické menšiny), from which the most numerous is the Hungarian nationality living mostly in the southern part of Slovakia. There live people of Ruthenian, Ukrainian, German and Polish nationalities, and 1.7 % of inhabitants are of Romany nationality. An official language is the Slovak language, but also languages of minorities: Hungarian, Polish, Ruthenian languages, and for a part of German nationality also German language are spoken in Slovakia.

 Climate in Slovakia is continental (vnútrozemské) and mild (mierne) with mild summer and winter temperatures, snow and rain, sun and wind. Spring, summer, autumn and winter are four seasons of the year typical for Slovakia climate, each lasting for three months.

Slovakia is often called “country in the heart of Europe”. Tourists who visit our country can admire (obdivovať) one of the most spectacular scenery (veľkolepú scenériu) in Europe, old towns and cities, fairytale castles, caves and spa resorts (kúpele). Remarkable historical development (pozoruhodný historický vývoj), beautiful scenery and hospitable (pohostinní) people make Slovakia an attractive tourist destination.

                Slovakia is attractive for foreign visitors (zahraničných návštevníkov) also because of its history. The visitors like to learn about the history of the Great Moravian Empire or the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy. They also like to learn about its recent history (súčasné dejiny), especially (obzvlášť) about the Slovak National Uprising or the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. They are also interested in the events such as Velvet Revolution of November 1989.

                There are many interesting places to visit in Slovakia. There are several national parks and protected regions (chránené oblasti), such as the High Tatras – the highest mountains of the country; the Low Tatras, the Little Fatras, the Great Fatras, Slovak Paradise and others. The High Tatras are situated in the north of Slovakia and create the natural border (hranica) between Slovakia and Poland. The highest peak (štít), Gerlach peak, is situated in the middle of the mountain range (pohorie) and is visible from far and wide. The eastern part of the High Tatras is dominated by the peak Lomnický štít and the western part by the peak Kriváň. The High Tatras are famous for their numerous (početný) valleys (údolia) and mountain lakes (plesá). The most frequently visited lake is Štrbské pleso. It owes (vďačí) its popularity not only to the wonderful views of the surrounding (okolitých) mountain peaks but also to an excellent climate (vynikajúce podnebie). Tourists who are interested in older architecture can visit Starý Smokovec, one of the oldest settlements (osídlenie) of the High Tatras. Together with the neighbouring (susediaci) Nový Smokovec and Horný Smokovec, they are parts of the town Vysoké Tatry. The High Tatras area (oblasť) attracts many tourists throughout the year (po celý rok). The High Tatras National Park is the largest national park in Slovakia.

                Slovak Paradise is a romantic and picturesque (malebný) region located in the northeast. There are numerous rock windows, caves (jaskyne), roaring (hučiace) waterfalls (vodopády) but also vast plains (rozľahlé planiny) with fascinating views of the area. Dobšinská ľadová jaskyňa, located in the western part of this valley, is the oldest ice cave in Europe. It is one of the most attractive places in Slovak Paradise.

                Other places attractive for tourists include the Spiš Castle, the largest medieval (stredoveský) castle in Central Europe and Vlkolínec, a mountain village known for its typical architecture. Both of them have been included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List (svetový zoznam kultúrneho dedičstva). The most visited towns are Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, Banská Bystrica, Banská Štiavnica, both in the central Slovakia and Košice in the east. Many domestic and foreign tourists say that the infrastructure and the services in Slovakia are still not very developed (stale nie sú veľmi rozvinuté).

                Slovaks are proud of their folklore tradition which is well-developed. In every region, there exist many folklore groups. Various traditions connected to Easter (boys whip girls with willow whips and pour water over them) or Christmas (kids go from house to house and sing Christmas carols) are still kept, especially in the villages. There are many typical Slovak restaurants serving traditional Slovak cuisine (slovenská kuchyňa – jedlá). The most typical food is bryndzové halušky (potato dumplings with sheep cheese), lokše (potato pancakes) and cabbage soup (kapustnica).

                Since the 1st May 2004 the Slovak Republic is a member of the European Union, and since the 21st December 2007 is a member of Schengen area, and since the 1st January 2009 is a part of the European Monetary Union and its currency is euro (€).The Slovak language became one of the official languages of the European Union. This membership (členstvo) has influenced the political and economical life of the country. Many Slovak companies and institutions participate in various EU funded projects (projekty dotované EU) concerning (týkajúce sa) environment (životného prostredia), regional development, education, trade and other areas. Many Slovak students get involved (sa zapájajú) in exchange (výmenných) programmes and study abroad (v zahraničí). In spite of the fact (napriek faktu) that several EU countries have imposed (uvalilo) job entry restrictions (obmedzenia na vstrup na trh práce) on Slovaks, a lot of doctors, programmers, engineers, researchers and others have decided to work abroad.

                Slovak are said to be (o Slovakoch sa hovorí, že sú) hospitable, hard-working and willing to help others. However, other nations often say that Slovaks underestimate (podceňujú) themselves. Foreigners (cudzinci), on the other hand (na druhej strane), appreciate (oceňujú) the close relationships Slovaks have within (v rámci) their families. Slovak parents help their children a lot even when (i keď) they grow up. In the past (v minulosti) it was common (bolo bežné) that the children lived together with their parents even (dokonca) after they grew up (vyrástli, dospeli) and had their own jobs. This often had a financial reason. These days, more and more young couples prefer living  alone rather than (než by) remaining (zostať) in the home of their parents. A lot of them decide (rozhodnúť sa) to take a mortgage (vziať si hypotéku) from a bank to buy a flat or a house. They pay it back in monthly payments (v mesačných splátkach). Slovaks are also known (sú známi) for being patriots (tým, že sú vlastenci), which means they have a positive attitude (kladný postoj) to their country. In spite of that there have been several waves of emigration (niekoľko emigračných vĺn) throughout the history of Slovakia and many Slovaks live and work abroad (v zahraničí).

 

Homework, November 4th

LONDON

London lifestyle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EeUiZSj5aM

London sightseeing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFRR0zC70-0

visiting London - video for English classhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWJiuV5T5VQ

London tour (this is London) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2WQBD6nNY4

find some more info in MY_CAPITAL_CITY.docx

NEW YORK

basic info and landmarks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJbyBMHjIi8t

tourist guide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtfZPgWxlMI

top 10 tourist attractions https://www.esolcourses.com/content/topics/the-usa/new-york/new-york-tourist-

attractions-video-listening.html

 

Bratislava

tourist guide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BtFG8D8aos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Rix_J-6__o

sightseeing in Bratislava https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcHCthHzwTM

find some more info in 20.Towns_and_places.docx

Homework, October 1st

 in today's class we talked about COMMUNICATION AND ITS FORMS, please learn the topic

Homework, September 18th

please, study anatomy of the book and parts of the book

Homework, September 16th

 

please, scroll down the site and revise the facts and figures about Johannes Gutenberg, test on Wednesday

2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQyntYcGwik

for more info click on the following linkhttps://www.slideshare.net/emaness4/parts-of-a-book?next_slideshow=1

 

The old version of ISBN

 

The new version of ISBN

ISBN – International Standard Book Number  precisely identifies a book, there should be no two books with the same number. The following publishing of the same book has a new number ISBN.

 

The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique numeric commercial  book identifier  based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers.

The ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 by DAVID WHITAKER (named as the “Father of the ISBN) and EMERY KOLTAY (who later became director of the U.S.ISBN agency, Bowker).

The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 210.

Since 1st January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with "Bookland" European Article Number EAN-13s.

An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if assigned before 2007.

An International Standard Book Number consists of 4 parts (if it is a 10 digit ISBN) or 5 parts (for a 13 digit ISBN):

The parts of a 10-digit ISBN and the corresponding EAN‑13 and barcode. Note the different check digits in each. The part of the EAN‑13 labeled "EAN" is the Bookland country code.

1. for a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element - a GS1 prefix: so far 978 or 979 have been made available by GS1,
2. the registration group element, (language-sharing country group, individual country or territory)
3. the registrant element,
4. the publication element,[and
5. a checksum character or check digit.

The 13-digit ISBN separates its parts (prefix element, registration group, registrant, publication and check digit) with either a hyphen or a space. Other than the prefix and the check digit, no part of the ISBN has a fixed number of digits.

The 10-digit ISBN also separated its parts (registration group, registrant, publication and check digit) with either a hyphen or a space.

 ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency. 
What is a book's FRONT MATTER? 
Front matter is the information that appears up front and first in a book. The front matter contains the nuts and bolts of the book’s publication—information like title, author, publisher, ISBN and Library of Congress data. The front matter pages generally aren’t visibly numbered; when they are, the numbers appear as Roman numerals.

Here are the typical parts of a book's front matter: 
Half title, sometimes called bastard title — is just the title of the book (you can think of it as kind of half the title page) 
Frontispice — is the piece of artwork on the left (“verso”) side of the page opposite the title page on the right (“recto”) side. 
Title page – this is a page which contains the title of the book, the author (or authors) and the publisher. 
Copyright page — includes: 

• the declaration of copyright (that is, who owns the copyright, generally the authors)

• other types of credits, such as illustrators, editorial staff, indexer, etc., and sometimes notes from the publishers

• copyright acknowledgments — for books that contain reprinted material that requires permissions, such as excerpts, song lyrics, etc.

• edition number — this number represents the number of the edition and of the printing. Some books will specifically note “First Edition”; others don’t declare that they are first editions, and instead is represent their printings with a number. In those cases, a first edition would look like:

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 

• A second edition would be noted as: 
  10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

• Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data – which includes information such as title, authors, ISBN, Library of Congress number, subject matter, year of publication.

Dedication — where the author honors an individual or individuals by declaring that the labor of the book is “To” [name or names] 
Acknowledgements — the author’s thanks to those who contributed time and resources towards the effort of writing the book. 
Table of Contents — outlines the what is in each chapter of the book. 
Foreword — is a “set up” for the book, typically written by someone other than the author. 
Preface or Introduction — is a “set up” for the book’s contents, generally by the author. 
What is a book's BODY MATTER? 
Body matter is the core contents of the book— often divided into  segments:

• Parts

• Sections

• Chapters

The body matter is numbered with Arabic numerals beginning with the number “1” on the first page of the first chapter.

• Art program — anything that isn’t text (photographs, illustrations, tables, graphs, etc.) is considered to be part of the book’s art program. The art program might be integrated into each page or appear all together within a separate “signature” somewhere in the book.

What is a book's END MATTER? 
End matter is the materials at the back of the book, generally optional. 
Glossary — this is a listing and definitions of terms that might be unfamiliar to the reader. 
Bibliography – most often seen in non-fiction like biography or in academic books, a bibliography lists the reference sources used in researching the book. 
Index – The index is placed at the end of the book, and lists all the major references in the book (such as major topics, mentions of key people in the book, etc.) and their specific, corresponding page numbers. 
Tiráž = vydavateľské a tlačiarenské údaje na konci knihy.

Marginalie – marginalia

Poznamky pod ciarou – footnotes

Zahlavie- header, heading

 

 

Homework, June 3rd

learn and take notes, topic Jobs and Employment, YES book p. 60, answer the questions after the main text, p. 61

topic: 9.Jobs_and_employement.docx

PPT presentation: 10_JOBS.ppt

9. JOBS AND EMPLOYEMENT B2

Work (or our occupation – zamestnanie) plays an important role in our lives. This way we do not only earn (zarábame) money but also find our place in society, spend time with other people and feel useful. Choosing one’s job can be difficult and it can take time to make a final decision (konečné rozhodnutie) and choose the job we would like to do.

                The economically active population (obyvateľstvo) includes people who are willing and able to work and people who search for work (ktorí si hľadajú prácu) – the unemployed (nezamestnaní). The first group includes self-employed people (živnostníkov) and employees (zamestnancov). The economically inactive people are those under 18, students, the retired (dôchodcovia), the disabled (zdravotne postihnutí), the sick (chorí) or those who do not wish or are unable to work.

                Employement (zamestnanie) is a contract (zmluvný vzťah) between an employer and an employee. The employer (zamestnávateľ) is a person who hires (si najíma) employees. It can also be an institution. The employee receives wage (mzdu) or salary (plat) for his/her work.

                In large organizations the personnel selection (výber personálu) is organized by the Human Resources Department (oddelením ľudských zdrojov). The available positions are usually published in the newspapers or on the internet. The candidates send the job application (žiadosť o zamestnanie) and their CV (životopis), together with a motivation letter (motivačný list). Their CV should include personal data and details (podrobnosti) about their education, skills and work experience (pracovné skúsenosti). The ones who are chosen are invited to an interview (pohovor). At an interview they usually answer questions, describe (opíšu) their motivation and expectations (očakávania). It is important to prepare for the interview, find information about the company, answer clearly (zrozumiteľne) and stay calm (zostať pokojný). If a candidate succeeds [səksíds](uspeje, he or she is given an official offer of employement (oficiálnu ponuku na prácu) with a defined starting salary (so stanoveným nástupným platom), position, medical benefits (nemocenskými dávkami) and vacation days (voľnými dňami, dovolenkou). Employees can be hired to work full-time (na plný úväzok) or part-time (na polovičný úväzok) and have a permanent contract (zmluvu na dobu neurčitú) or part-time contract (zmluvu na dobu určitú). They are organized into trade unions (odborov) which protest in case the employees are unhappy with low wages or few benefits.

                The working time (pracovný čas) in Europe varies between 33 and 41 hours a week. In Slovakia, the working time is 40 hours a week (8 hours a day). However, there are jobs where people work long hours (dlho). Majority of people work regular hours, it means from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Shift work (práca na smeny) describes regular employment outside the normal daytime hours and is typical for healthcare services (zdravotníctvo) (doctors, nurses, ambulance drivers,), firefighters, policemen and production (workers in car companies) and transport (dopravu) (truck drivers). In Slovakia, people in general start to work at 8.00 and finish at 4-5 p.m. They normally have a lunch break at lunch time. Some people have flexible working time, which means they can work at different times or work from home. New technologies, especially the Internet have enabled people to work from home. In Britain people start work at 9 o’clock and finish at 5.30 (half past five).

                When a child is born to a couple (páru), it is usually the mother who takes maternity leave (kto ide na materskú dovolenku). In Slovakia it takes three years. The maternity pay is very low. When the child grows a little and is able to attend a nursery school (jasle), the mother often goes back to work. She has responsibility for childcare (starostlivosť o deti) and the household (domácnosť), so flexible working time is very convenient for her (je pre ňu veľmi vhodný). Many families cannot afford this (si to nemôžu dovoliť), so women often continue working full time and take care of the child and the household too. It is difficult for every woman to have both a good family life and a successful (úspešnú) career.

                Many people are self-employed and run their own business. They can but do not have to employ other people. People who are not paid wages and work are called volunteers (dobrovoľníci) – they usually work for free in regions in war or regions hit by natural catastrophes.

Choosing a career

When we are young, we don’t think hard about our future job. Most of us want to be rich and famous. As we grow up (ako dospievame), we become wiser (múdrejšími) and realise the importance (umedomujeme si dôležitosť) of choosing our job. We start thinking about what we would like to do and what job would be appropriate (vhodný) for us. It is not easy to choose the right profession, especially at a young age. We need a job that fulfils us (potrebujeme zamestnanie, ktoré nás napĺňa), as well as a job in which we can make enough (dosť) money to cover our living costs (na pokrytie našich nákladov na živobytie). We also have to consider (zvážiť) several factors, such as the type of work, possible promotion (možné povýšenie) and career development (kariérny rast), salary (plat), working hours, travel opportunities, place of work and others. The time to make this final decision is when we study at a secondary school. We decide whether (či) we want to do a manual/physical job, which requires (si vyžaduje) physical powers or a better-paid job that requires more qualifications. Professions like a lawyer, economist, manager, teacher and doctor require college or university education and it takes hard work to get the qualification.

 

Physical and intellectual work

We basically, differentiate (rozlišujeme) between physical and intellectual work. Physical work requires physical powers and manual skills (manuálne zručnosti). Most manual workers work in manufacturing (production) or construct buildings (stavajú budovy). There are many different types of intellectual work. Some professions require detailed knowledge (podrobné znalosti) – scientists, doctors, lawyers [lójrs], accountants (účtovníci), others talent and creativity (artists). There are more and more professions that require communication and organization skills (zručnosti, schopnosti), such as public relations (styk s verejnosťou) managers, interpreters (tlmočníci), teachers, psychoanalysts, sales representatives (obchodní zástupcovia) and others. Nowadays, in most professions it is important to improve (zlepšovať sa) one’s skills and abilities by attending seminars and trainings, reading books or news in their field on the Internet.

                In some occupations (v niektorých zamestnaniach), people have responsibility (zodpovednosť) for other people’s lives (doctors, pilots, drivers). Professions like a policeman, pilot, construction worker and truck driver belong to very dangerous professions because there is a high risk (vysoké riziko) of an injury (zranenia) or an accident (nehody).

               

The labour market (trh práce) in Slovakia has changed a lot in the past decades. More work opportunitites have been created thanks to foreign investors (vďaka zahraničným investorom) coming to the country to set up (založiť) their companies here. A lot of people had to retrain (preškoliť sa). The working conditions, especially the pay and benefits, are still insufficient. The salaries of Slovaks are much lower than the ones in Western Europe.

                In Slovakia it is becoming more and more difficult to get a job. The rate of unemployment (miera nezamestnanosti) varies according to the regions – the Bratislava region has the lowest, while the Eastern Slovak region the highest rate. The most concerned are the young graduates (absolventi) and the people over 50. Many people decide to leave Slovakia and work abroad. They get more money, have better benefits, learn foreign language and gain working experience. In many regions it is common that father works abroad, comes home two times a month and it is the mother who takes care of the household and children.

On the other hand there is a lack of qualified labour force (nedostatok kvalifikovanej pracovnej sily) in some fields, such as car industry, mechanical engineering or building industry. People who are not willing to work are on the dole (sú na podpore v nezamestnanosti).

Homework, May 2nd

learn the topic Healthcare - examination on MONDAY

focus on:

1. Parts of human body, inner organs, senses

2. healthy lifestyle, what should one do to keep fit and healthy, stress and fitness (handout)

3. conventional vs alternative medicine (main difference, homeopathy, osteopathy, acupuncture, massage, etc.)

4. common illnesses and civilizational diseases

5. curable and incurable diseases

6. seeing a doctor step by step (in SK and UK - handout)

 

School and study/Education

education opis obrázku: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8FI7pkEG_0

education vypracovaná téma: video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOQFPxpl2_I

 

education topic: 8.New.School_and_study.docx

education presentation:09_EDUCATION.ppt

watch the following videos concerning educational system

in Slovakia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdc7EJYmSJw

in The United Kingdom: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdc7EJYmSJw

in The United States of America: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ciiaPwhF0I

8. School and study

1. Educational systems (kinds of educational institutions, examinations, organization of the school year, marking/grading, holidays/days off)
2. Lessons (timetable/Schedule, subjects, recess, breaks, school food, what lessons look like)
3. Student life (free time, hobbies, after-school activities/extracurricular activities, part-time/seasonal jobs, friends, pocket money)
4. Learning a foreign language/Exchange stays abroad, educational stays, language courses, au-pair)
5. Student/teacher relationships

 

In Britain today, education [ˌedjʊˈkeɪšən - vzdelávanie] is compulsory ([kəmˈpʌlsərɪ] povinná) from the age of 5 to 16. School begins at 9 a.m. and ends at 4 p.m., there are five school days in a week, from Monday to Friday. School year (školský rok) begins after summer holidays and is divided into three “terms“ ([tɜːmz] trimestre). The intervals ([ˈɪntəvəl] medziobdobie) between terms are formed by Christmas and Easter holidays.

 In Britain there are state schools (they are free of charge) and public schools. Public schools are in fact (v skutočnosti) private boarding [ˈbɔːdɪŋ] schools (súkromné internátne školy) in which students both live and study. These are peculiar [pɪˈkjuːlɪə - typický, príznačný] to Britain. They are for children aged 13-18 accepted ([əkˈseptɪd] prijatých) on the basis of the entrance [inˈtraːns] exams (prijímacie skúšky). Only 5 per cent of all children attend (navštevuje) public schools. Their fees (poplatky) are very high. The most exclusive ones, with a long tradition, are Eton, Harrow and Winchester.

State education is divided into two main stages: Primary [ˈpraɪmərɪ] Education from the age of 5 to 11. Secondary Education from the age of 11 to 16/18.

 Secondary schools include: Grammar schools which prepare students for the studies at universities. Secondary Modern Schools which provide practical education in addition to general education in subjects like English, Maths, foreign languages. Technical schools prepare students mainly from technical subjects. Comprehensive schools ([ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv] stredné všeobecno-vzdelávacie školy) (11-16/18) and grammar schools are state schools, which offer general education. This ends at the age of 16, when most pupils take some form of public examination in about seven subjects. The most common subjects are English, history, geography, French, German, mathematics, chemistry, physics and biology. These General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams are national and give pupils a qualification that is accepted across the whole country. Most pupils continue (pokračovať) their education after sixteen, for another two years, in the sixth form (šiesty ročník) (two extra years at school) or at college ([ˈkolɪdž] vysoká škola). After two years of their studies students take “A” levels (GCSE at Advanced level”) in two to four subjects. These examinations are very important for those who want to continue their studies. The best ones continue to study at universities. The most famous are Oxford and Cambridge universities.

The educational system (vzdelávací system) in Slovakia has been reformed for several times. In Slovakia, school attendance (školská dochádzka) is compulsory from the age of 6 to 16. The school year begins on 2^nd of September and ends on 31^st of June. In July and August pupils have summer holidays. The school year is divided into 2 terms. The first ends on the 31^st of January. During the winter term pupils have several holidays such as autumn holiday at the end of October, Christmas holiday which usually lasts for 2 weeks. During the summer term pupils have spring holiday, usually at the end of February. In Slovakia, students do not go to school on religious (cirkevné) and national holidays (štátne sviatky). National and religious holidays are days off (dni pracovného pokoja, e.g. All Saints’ Day, May Day) in Slovakia. Students get school reports (vysvedčenia) at the end of January and June and are assessed (sú hodnotení) by marks from 1 to 5 (1 is the best, 5 is the worst). If a student gets a 5 in June from 1 or 2 subjects, he can take a make-up exam (reparát) to try once again to pass. At our school the lessons begin at 8:00 and last till 15.25. Each lesson lasts 45 minutes. There are five-minute breaks between the lessons and after the third lesson there is a 20-minute break and after the fifth lesson there is 35-minute break for lunch. Students either eat their packed lunch they have brought from home or bought at the school snack bar or have their lunch at school canteen which offers two different courses a day. Students can pick a sweet, vegetarian or traditional meal according to their choice. The school snack bar offers a great variety of morning snacks, for instance baguettes, sandwiches, buns, toasts, hot dogs, muffins, doughnuts, cakes, sweet pastry and drinks and candies. Moreover, it supplies students with basic toiletries such as tissues, toilet paper and hygienic pads.

Our school system comprises of (skladá sa z) 4 main grades (stupne), namely (menovite) the pre-school stage (stupeň), the elementary/primary (základný) grade, the secondary grade and higher education including the university. Pre-school stage includes nursery [ˈnɜːsrɪ] schools (jasle) for children from 3 months to 3 years and kindergartens (ˈkɪndəˌgɑːt^ən] škôlky) for children aged 3 to 6. At the age of 6 children begin to attend primary school. It takes 9 years and is divided into two stages, first and second. Basic education is compulsory for all children after the age of 6. At primary school they learn the three R’s (Reading, wRiting, and aRithmetic) with subjects such as Slovak language, foreign language usually English or German, history, geography, maths, chemistry, biology, physics, PE (physical education -TV), art, civics (občianska náuka), music. At the age of 15 they take Monitor test and pass entrance exams to continue their studies at secondary school. The best students apply to study at a grammar school (or high school) called gymnasium. It takes four to eight years. It is popular because it prepares for university study. It is highly selective (vysoko výberový) and only the best applicants can be taken. There are also other types of secondary schools, which usually take 4 years: secondary business schools (SEŠ), technical schools, and medical schools (SZŠ). Vocational [vəʊˈkeɪʃən^əl] schools (učňovky) prepare students for different kinds (druhy) of professions. The study usually lasts three years and at the end students get their skill certificate ([skil səˈtɪfɪkɪt] výučný list) or five years which ends with school-leaving exam called maturita. The School leaving exam from English consists of 4 parts: Reading, Writing, Listening, English in Use, and Speaking. This exam is very important because its results ([rɪˈzʌlts] výsledky) are taken into account (sa berú do úvahy) when students apply ([əˈplaɪ] hlásiť sa, žiadať o) for a university study. Most of the students, however, have to pass the entrance exams to be accepted to most universities. In Bratislava, there are lots of universities and colleges, some of them are private and some public. The most recognized (najuznávanejšia) is The Comenius University. At university you can study for 3 years and get a Bachelor’s degree ([ˈbæčələz digri:] BA) and after another 2 years you get a Master’s degree ([ˈma:stəz digri:] MA).

Some young Slovaks decide (rozhodnúť sa) to study at a foreign university in neighbouring ([ˈneɪbəriŋ] susedných) countries especially in Prague, Vienna or Brno. During their studies many students decide [dɪˈsaɪd – rozhodnúť sa] to spend a term (semester) or a year at a foreign university. Many Slovak students and graduates ([ˈgrædžʊəts] absolventi) work abroad ([əˈbrɔːd] v zahraničí) during the summer (as au-pairs, waiters or shop assistants) because it is an excellent opportunity ([ˌɒpəˈtjuːnɪtɪ] šanca, príležitosť) to earn some money, speak foreign language, get to know new cultures, make new friends and meet new people. They improve (zlepšia si) their foreign language skills, learn to live independently, which makes them more self-confident (sebavedomý, sebaistý).

After-school/Extra-curricular activities (mimoškolské activity) are very important. There are many different clubs and sport teams at schools which meet after lessons. Many schools publish their own student newspapers and some have their own radio station. In Slovakia many students attend language courses, evening courses or extra lessons to prepare themselves for the school-leaving exams. At our school students can also attend several courses, e.g. an English course, an Art course, etc. A lot of young Slovaks play a musical instrument in their free time and attend primary art schools; they are members of different dance clubs and folk groups, and sports teams.

The study at primary and secondary school is quite demanding (dosť náročné). The teachers and parents should therefore (preto) be supportive (byť nápomocný, podporujúci) and motivating. It is important to encourage (povzbudzovať) students, develop their creativity (rozvíjať ich kreativitu) and make them realise the importance of a good qualification to their future lives.

I am studying at Secondary School of Printing and Publishing. Now I am in the 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th class. This school prepares students for different professions in the fields of printing and publishing. A lot of its graduates start to work in publishing companies, printing houses, advertising agencies or graphic studious as web-designers (návrhári webových stránok), digital media designers (dizajnér digitálnych médií), pre-press technicians (technickí pracovníci zodpovední za prípravu tlače), printing machinery operators (operátori tlače),  digital printing operators (operátori digitálnej tlače), and bookbinders (kníhviazači). When I graduate I would like to work in___________ as ____________ .

 

1. How long does the compulsory education last in Britain? How long does it last in Slovakia?
2. What kind of education is offered by grammar schools in our country?
3. What are A-level exams in Britain?
4. Describe the difference between public and state schools in Britain.
5. Would you like to spend a semester at a foreign university? Why?
6. How can parents and teachers encourage children to study?
7. How do young people spend their free time? Are there any after-school activities at your school?
8. What do you do during school breaks?
9. Which subject do you like most? Why?
10. Which subject do you hate most? Why?
11. What are the four grades of educational system in Slovakia?
12. What kinds of secondary schools do you know?
13. What subjects are you studying this school year? What do you do in your practical classes?
14. Why do students at some schools wear a school uniform? Do you know anybody who has to wear it?
15. What should be a good teacher like? What qualities should he/she have?
16. What would you like to do in your English classes?
17. Who attends nursery schools and kindergartens?
18. What is a day off?
19. Have you ever experienced bullying (šikanovanie) at school? What is bullying? What should you do when you see someone bullying his/her classmates?

 

 

 

Homework, March 22nd, April 4th

Healthcare

watch and learn parts of human body https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc5Wq0offG0

watch and learn about bones and inner organs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXQV2JZbSaQ

five senses https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQNqXnjJxH4

healthcare_worksheet1.pdf

healthcare_worksheet_2.pdf

 

 

 

1. Describe your illness (or your friend's if you are healthy). 

2. Complete the dialogues with suitable responses (use different ones):

1st dialogue

Doctor:   Hello. What's the problem?                                   

You:       Well,...............................................................        

D:            Does it hurt badly?                                                                                                                                                             

You:         ......................................................................   

D:      How long have you had this?                                    

You:    ..............................................................................   

D:      I'd like to examine you. Take off your shirt, please                                        

You:    .............................................................................

D:      No, it doesn't look too bad. It's just normal tonsilitis. Here's a prescription for some medicine. Take it               

three times daily. Come to see me next Tuesday.

You:    .............................................................................     

2nd dialogue 

D:        Good.........................     What's............................    

You:   I'm running a fever, coughing badly, I sneeze, feel tired and sleepy.

D:      OK. Open..............................................................

You:  "Ah." It hurts me to swallow and I ache all over.

D:      Strip.............................; take............................and now stop.......................................................

You:   Is it very serious, doctor?

D:        No, ....................; it's just ......................: get this medicine from..................and..................a day.

You:   Am I allowed to go to school?

D:      No,........................ .................... warm and drink ............................ You'll ...........................soon. In

a week you............................................again.

 

conventional/classical vs. alternative healthcare

Encyclopaedias offer a definition of medicine as any science or practice concerned with sickness and health.There are several types of medicine which can help us to beat illness. Classical (western or conventional) medicine offers treatment with painkillers. It fights against illness and disease with drugs and surgery by which doctors can save millions of people. On the other hand, taking a lot of medicine can destroy other organs of your body, e.g. liver or kidneys. That is why many people prefer other kinds of treatment which are sometimes called traditional, complementary or alternative medicine. The term traditional fits ancient arts such as herbalism but hardly applies to acupuncture or shiatsu. Alternative medicine looks at the whole person, not just the illness. This includes your age, your family background, eating habits, sleeping habits, regular exercises, job conditions, bad habits like drinking or smoking and problems you have to face in your everyday life.

There are different types of alternative medicine like acupuncture, homeopathy and osteopathy. Acupuncturists use needles to make a person's energy to flow in a more balanced way. The needles are rotated clockwise or anticlockwise, according to whether energy is to be stimulated or lessened.

Everything we need exists in nature which is why homeopathy uses natural plants and flowers to beat illness. Homeopathy is not concerned with the processes or causes of disease, but with its symptoms. Doctors regard their patients as unique individuals.

Osteopathy is a system of movements which correct problems with the bones and muscles. Osteopaths push, pull and twist the body with their hands which puts all the bones or muscles in the right place.

One of the reasons for the popularity of alternative medicine is that most alternative therapists give a patient more time than conventional doctors. In most European countries doctors see a new patient every ten or twenty minutes. Many symptoms are due to overwork or stress and an important part of a treatment is for patients to talk about their problems. Doctors themselves are tired and have very high stress levels. Both doctors and patients would benefit from more time for having consultation.

While alternative medicine treats the body without using chemicals, western medicine is very important in accidents and emergencies. The best solution is when western and alternative medicine work hand in hand.

3. What children's diseases have you had and what diseases have you been vaccinated against?

What common ailments do children have?

mumps [mamps], measles [mi:zlz], rubeola [rubiola], chicken-pox [t/ikan poks], scarlet fever [skarlet firve], be a scarlet fever carrier, otitis [au'taitis] (zapal ucha), vaccination certificat('veksi'neisnt sa:tifikit], tuberculosis [tju:,be:kju'lausis], tetanus [tetanas], polio [paulisu], smallpox [smo:lpoks], diphtheria [diftieria], whooping cough [hu:pii\ kofj, rabies [reibi:z]

have a cold, (the) flu, cough, a sore throat, to cough, bronchitis [bron'kaitis], tonsilitis [tonsi'Iaitis], pneumonia[nju:'mäuniä], be hoarse [ho:s], lack of appetite, vomit, have stomachache, heartburn, nausea [no:sjä], indigestion[indi'dzestfän], constipation [konsti´peifän], diarrhoea [daiä:riä], ulcer [alsa], bilious attack [biljäs ätäk], appendicitis[äpendi'saitis], jaundice [dzo:ndis], backache, slipped disc, rheumatism [ru:mätizm], earache, encephalitis [ensäfä'laitis], be dizzy [dizi], veneral disease [vi'niäriäl], typhoid fever [taifoid], plague [pleig], cholera [kolärä]

4.   What diseases are considered to be "civilization al diseases"? What causes them? How can they be avoided?

mental disorders:                                               -

nervous breakdown, stress, depression, a headache, insomnia [in'somnie], suffer from nerves

diseases of the blood system:            .

high blood pressure, a heart attack, anaemia [ä'ni;mjä], leukaemia [lju:'ki:miä], varicose veins [värrikäus veinz]

skin diseases:                                                          .

rash [räs], acne [äkni], eczema [eksimä], itch, scratch, pimple [pimpl], scurvy [skä:vi]

eating disorders:

anorexia, bulimia

others:

backache, defective hearing (poskodeny sluch), allergy, overweight, asthma [äsmä], diabetes [daiä'bi:tiz], malignant tumours [mä'lignänt tju:mäz], cancer [känsä], drug addiction [drag ä'dikfän], drug addict [ä'dikt] (narkoman) , be addicted to alcohol, die of an overdose (zomriet na predavkovanie), break the habit, veneral diseases (pohlavne choroby) , AIDS, hectic life style, lack of vitamins (nedostatok vitaminov), polluted environment, unhealthy daily routine, insufficient sleep (nedostatocny spanok)

6._healthcare.docx

healthcare PPT presentation 08_HEALTH_CARE.ppt

6. HEALTH CARE

a) human body

b) common diseases and diseases caused by current lifestyles, injuries, mental and physical conditions, seeing a doctor, at the chemist’s/pharmacy

c) healthy lifestyles, physical and mental hygiene

d) health care (prevention, vaccination)

e) national/public and private health care, health insurance, specialists

More and more people today start to realise that good health means a longer and happier life. That is why they take better care of their health than before.

Most kinds of medicine begin when you’re ill. Preventive medicine begins when you’re well. The idea is very simple. If you make your body strong and healthy, then you won’t become ill. There are three ways to do this. They are: diet, relaxation, exercise. In general, a healthy person does not smoke, is at a healthy weight, eats healthy and exercises. The trick to healthy living is making small changes – taking more exercise, adding fruit and vegetables to your diet (strava), adding fruit to your cereal, having an extra glass of water, having enough sleep, avoid stress – these are just a few ways you can start living healthy without drastic changes.

For many people, bad health begins with a bad diet. Some eat the wrong kind of food. Others eat too much or too little. It’s not surprising that people like this often become ill. On the other hand, people concerned about their health eat healthier food. They try to eat regularly, avoid eating chips, hamburgers, food in tins and packets. Instead, they try to eat fresh fruit and vegetables, brown bread, fish and white meat and reduce the amount of salt, fat, and sugar.

Modern life is full of pressure and problems. Some people can control these. They sleep well, enjoy life, don’t worry very much and try to avoid stressful situations as much as possible. They know how to relax and that relaxation helps the body to rest and repair itself. Others are the opposite. They sleep badly, don’t enjoy life and worry all the time. People like this are suffering from stress. Stress is a kind of illness itself and it can lead to many others.

Exercise is very important for good health. Without it the body becomes slow and fat. It also becomes weak and less able to fight illness. Unfortunately, modern life makes it very easy to be lazy.

When we are ill, we usually see a doctor (GP – general practitioner). The doctor examines our body, asks about the symptoms and usually prescribes some medication, which is usually available on prescription in a pharmacy. In some cases we need to make an appointment with a specialist. When the illness is too serious to be treated at home, we are taken to hospital and sometimes even undergo surgery.

People who are employed pay their health insurance monthly. They do not need to pay for basic health care and basic medication. When they want extra care or special treatment, they have to pay the extra costs. Some people decide to go to a private health care establishment (zariadenie), usually for surgical interventions, delivery or dental care.

Everybody goes through various diseases during their childhood and adult life. Most of the diseases are not serious and do not take a long time to cure because we have efficient medication against them. Such diseases are flu, tuberculosis, or scarlet fever. However, there are diseases which we have problems to cure or cannot cure at all yet, such as cancer, AIDSor heart attacks (infarkt, srdcový záchvat).

A healthy lifestyle, prevention and personal responsibility for our health can help us avoid possible dangers. Many people care about their health, go to the doctor for check-ups (kontroly), get eye exams done, weigh themselves regularly, get vaccinated and see the dentist twice a year. Others still need to learn that good health means a longer and happier life and that they need to care about themselves.

                Human body consists of a head, neck, trunk, upper and lower limbs. It consists of blood, bones, muscles, skin and inner organs. The most important organs include a heart, lungs, stomach, liver (pečeň) and kidneys (obličky). A head consists of  hair and a face with eyes, ears, nose, mouth, lips, teeth, tongue, cheeks, chin, eyebrows, eyelashes, forehead and moustache or beard in men. An upper limb consists of a shoulder, an arm, an elbow, a wrist, a hand with fingers (index finger, middle finger, ring finger, little finger and a thumb). Trunk consists or chest in men and breasts in women (u žien), back, waist, sex organs and hips (boky). A lower limb consists of a thigh, a knee, a calf (lýtko), a shin (píšťala), an ankle, a foot with toes and a heel.

                When you get ill, for example when you get food poisoning, flu, twisted ankle or cold you should see a doctor. If you want to see GP (general practitioner) you don’t have to make an appointment. If you need to see a specialist (an eye doctor) you have to make an appointment. You wait in the waiting room until the nurse calls your name. At the doctor’s surgery he usually asks about your symptoms. You tell him your symptoms. Then he takes your temperature and he examines your body. He tells you your diagnosis and prescribes you some pills, tablets, painkillers or drops. You go to the pharmacy/chemist’s and you show your prescription. They give you your medicine, you pay for the prescription and you go home. When you have got flu, you have to stay in bed, take your medicines, drink plenty of herbal tea with lemon and honey.

Homework, March 7th

 

Dear students, next KAJ lesson you will be orally examined from two final exam topics:Shopping and services and Travelling

povinne si pozrieť aspoň 3x!!!! návod na opis obrázka: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihIQ8_-49Fo

essay writing - hand in by Wednesday, March 20th, 250 words at least

title Should Shops be Closed or Open on Sundays?

the essay should include 4 paragraphs:

1st paragraph - introduction - opening hours of shops in Slovakia, its neighbouring countries and worldwide. Shopping as a must vs shopping as a popular free-time activity

2nd paragraph - body - advantages of shops being open on Sundays from the point of view of a customer and an owner of a shop

3rd paragraph - body - disadvantages of shops being open on Sundays from the point of view of a shop assistant and general public

4th paragraph - summary - summary and your own opinion plus reasons. (what shops should/should not be open on Sundays and why

typy obchodov - pozrieť! 

 

please, watch the following videos and learn the kinds of shops https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVDomocdGak

shopping for clothes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAoBfn71aDc

 

maturitná téma shopping and services: spoznámkovať!!!!!!!!! - zo stránky, YES len prečítať!!!!

téma: 5._shopping_and_services.docx

PPT prezentácia: 06_SHOPPING.ppt

 

5. Shopping and services

 

a) shopping facilities (shops, hypermarkets, markets)

b) services (post office, bank, police station, petrol station)

c) sales promotion and its influence on customers

d) ways of shopping and payment (catalogue selling, to buy something on an instalment plan, weekly shopping, e-commerce

e) imported products, export of Slovak goods

 

A lot of people love shopping. There are also people who hate shopping and say that it is a waste of time (strata času). But whether (či už) the people like shopping or not they have to go to a shop, more or less frequently, to buy what they need because shopping is a necessity (nevyhnutnosť).

                There are many kinds of shops ranging from (v rozmedzí od) large department stores (obchodné domy), self-service shops (samoobsluhy) and supermarkets to (do) small specialized shops such as the grocer’s/grocery (potraviny, zmiešaný tovar), baker’s (pekár)/bakery (pekáreň), butcher’s/butcher (mäsiarstvo), greengrocer’s (obchodník s ovocím a zeleninou)/greengrocery (zelovoc), stationer’s (papiernictvo), chemist’s (lekáreň s drogériou), ironmonger’s (hardware shop – železiarstvo), haberdasher’s (textilná galantéria), bookshop, footware shop (shoe shop) and boutique (butik – obchod s módnym oblečením). Local shops that sell food, alcohol and magazines are called corner shops in Britain andconvenience stores (zmiešaný tovar, večierka) in the USA, where they are often open 24 hours a day. Wherever the customers enter they are attended by shop assistants who are ready to help them: What can I do for you? Can I help you? What will you have? Is anyone serving you? What can I show you? These are the most frequent questions heard in shops since morning till late evening. Nowadays more and more customers prefer shopping in large department stores with self service, where everything can be found under one roof, to shopping in small specialized shops.

                At the grocer’s people can buy foodstuff (potraviny) including flour, sugar, salt, eggs, vegetable oil, stewed fruit (kompót), various kinds of tea and coffee, bottled beer and juice, sweets, chocolate, frozen (mrazené) and tinned (konzervovaný) vegetables and fruit. There are also dairy products (mliečne výrobky) such as milk, butter, cream (smotana), cheese and yoghurt. A grocery store, more often called a corner shop, can be found locally in most town and cities.

                A SUPERMARKET is a large self-service (samoobslužný) grocery shop. It also sells some other products, such as clothes or household appliances (domáce spotrebiče). In Slovakia we have several chains of supermarkets, e.g. BILLA, LIDL, JEDNOTA, TERNO, etc.

                At the baker’s various kinds of fresh bread, rolls, buns (brioška, koláčik), doughnuts and cakes can be bought.

                The butcher sells meat including pork (bravčové), beef (hovädzie), lamb (jahňacina) and poultry (hydina – chicken, duck, turkey, goose). Here we can buy smoked (údené) meat products such as ham, bacon (slanina), sausages (klobásy, párky). At the butcher’s people can also buy tinned (konzervované) and frozen (mrazené) meat and fish.

                The people, who like gardening and some do-it-yourself (DIY) work around the house, frequently need somehardware (železiarsky tovar) and tools (náradie). They can go to an ironmonger’s in Britain or a hardware store in the US to buy hammers (kladivo, pliers (kliešte), nails (klince), and other tools and materials.

                At the stationer’s writing paper, wrapping paper (baliaci papier), envelopes (obálky), notebooks, pens, pencils, crayons (pastelky), sharpeners (strúhatká), glue, rubber, rulers, and compasses (kružidlo) are kept. All the things needed by school children can be bought here.

                The haberdasher’s (textilná galantéria) is the place where the housewives go when they need buttons (gombíky), threads (nite), needles (ihly) and pins (špendlíky).

                Fresh vegetables and all kinds of fruit can be bought at the greengrocer’s. Many people prefer shopping at the market where there is a wider choice (širší výber) of potatoes, cabbages (kapúst), beans (fazúľ), carrots, tomatoes, apples, pears, oranges and bananas.

                The chemist’s is a specialized shop where people can buy medicines. In the USA they sell medicines at thepharmacy. In Britain the chemist also keeps cosmetics and toilet supplies (toiletry) (toaletné potreby) such as make-up, shaving-cream, body lotion, razor blades, shampoo, soap and tooth-brushes, tooth paste, toilet paper and sanitary pads/towels (hygienické vložky).

                Boutiques sell the latest fashion. Here especially the young people have a wide choice of dresses, shirts, skirts – plain (rovné) and pleated (skladané), blouses – made of cotton or silk, pullovers including the fashionable polo-neck pullovers, blue jeans, but also stockings (pančuchy), tights (pančuchové nohavice), socks and scarves (šatky, šály). They also sell fashion jewellery (bižutéria) such as bracelets, rings, earrings, necklaces and other accessories – for example purses (peňaženky), belts (opasky), handbags (kabelky), gloves (rukavice) hats and caps.

Some of the boutiques also offer leather goods such as leather jackets, shoes, bags and leather belts.

                We buy flowers at the florist’s, jewellery at the jeweller’s and high quality food (like cheeses and cold meats from different countries) at a delicatessen.

                There are lots of people who can’t imagine their day without reading the newspaper, so they go to a newsagent’s, a newsstand (a small movable structure on the street) or a kiosk (a small shop which has an open window) to pick up their morning paper, weekly magazine or just chewing gum. They also sell cigarettes and public transport tickets (lístky na MHD).

                Many people like to go shopping to DEPARTMENT STORES OR SHOPPING CENTRES. THE DEPARTMENT STORES are large buildings usually several storeys high (niekoľko poschodí vysoké). They have many departments which offer their customers all kinds of foodstuff, clothes, shoes, toys, sports equipment, leather goods, cleaning supplies and cosmetics, china (porcelain) and glass, hardware goods, household appliances (domáce spotrebiče), books, stationary (papiernicky tovar) and furniture (nábytok), all under one roof.

Nearly all the big department stores have cafés, snack bars or restaurants where the people can relax when they are tired of shopping. Department stores are found both in city centres and the suburbs (okrajových štvrtiach) of towns, usually with a large car park (parkovisko) next to them or under them.

Shopping in these places has a lot of advantages (výhod): customers (zákazníci) can get almost everything under one roof and save time not having to run from one small shop to another. It is more convenient (pohodlné) since they can buy large amounts (množstvá) of goods (tovaru), using a shopping trolley (nákupný košík), and then easily get everything they bought back to their car to put into the boot (kufor auta). Prices are usually lower in department stores, too, and there are also special sales (špeciálne výpredaje), discounts (zľavy) and bargains (výhodné nákupy, zľavnené) at different times of the year. The big department stores started in America. One of the biggest department stores in Britain is Selfridge’s in London. It is situated in the Oxford Street in the centre of the West End. Other world-famous stores include Harrods in London and Macy’s in New York.

                A HYPERMARKET is a big store which combines a supermarket and a department store. A wide variety of products are sold under one roof, such as clothes, household appliances and furniture. These days, a lot of Slovaks do their weekly shopping in a hypermarket, such as Carrefour or Tesco. An example of an American hypermarket is Wal-Mart, in Britain they have SAFEWAY and TESCO. Hypermarkets are usually situated outside cities and are surrounded (sú obklopené) by large car parks. Some are even (dokonca) open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

                In Slovakia more and more SHOPPING MALLS/SHOPPING CENTRES are built every year. A shopping mall is a largeindoor shopping centre that contains (obsahuje) many different types of stores. These shops are often open for much longer hours, including evenings and Sundays. The shopping malls have cafés, snack bars or restaurants where people can relax when they are tired of shopping. They also have cinemas, wellness centres and bowling centres.

Nowadays more and more customers prefer shopping in hypermarkets, department stores or shopping malls, where everything can be found under one roof, to shopping in small specialised shops. It is very difficult for small specialised stores to compete (konkurovať) with them and that is why a lot of the small shops close down (sa zatvára). People who prefer small shops say that the goods are fresher and the contact with the shop assistants is much more personal in small shops. They also do not spend too much time shopping. On the other hand, big stores have a wider choice of goods (širší výber tovaru), usually at cheaper prices and everything can be bought in one place. Big shopping centres are often criticised because they encourage (povzbudzujú, podporujú) the consumer society (konzumnú spoločnosť) – extensive advertising (rozsiahlu reklamu) and media influence (mediálny vplyv). They produce so called shopaholics who cannot resist (nemôžu odolať) spending money on things that they do not really need.

                Apart from direct sale (priamy predaj), it is becoming more and more popular to buy goods through mail order. Many people buy things from catalogues (z katalógov) and Internet shops. Slovaks mostly use the Internet to buy books, electronics, clothes and also things they cannot find in shops. Door-to-door selling (podomový predaj) is becoming less and less popular in our country. More and more Slovaks get things on hire purchase (na pôžičku) which means that they only pay a part (časť) of the required (požadovanej) amount (množstva/sumy) of money for the goods they want and then they pay the rest of sum by regular instalments (pravidelné splátky).

                Slovakia imports a lot of products from different countries all over the world and exports mainly vehicles (motorové vozidlá - cars), machinery, electric equipment (elektrické zariadenia), metals, chemicals and plastics.

 

SERVICES. There are many companies which do not offer any goods for sale, but they provide (poskytujú) services for people. In everyday life, people need different kinds of services. Women have their hair cut by hairdressers, men have their beard shaved by barbers. If your car has broken down you go to the garage to have it serviced where it is repaired by car-mechanics. If you need some fuel for your car, you go to the petrol station where you can fill up (natankovať) your car with petrol or diesel. At some petrol station there is also a car wash, where they wash your car. Garden designers design gardens, plumbers (údržbári) repair gas pipes and central heating. If people want to sell or buy a new house or flat, they go to a real estate agent. When people are ill, they go to the hospital where doctors and nurses look after them.

                In a town there are a lot of different kinds of services. Almost everybody uses the services of a POST OFFICE. You go to a post office when you want to post a letter, parcel, postcard or to pay bills. You can also buy stamps, envelopes and lottery tickets there. Slovak companies also use UPS or DHL to deliver (na doručenie) their documents, because they guarantee express delivery worldwide. Nowadays, people do not send letters very often. They send e‑mails and text messages instead (namiesto toho).

                BANKS provide (poskytujú, zabezpečujú) financial services for people. We can pay for goods and services IN CASH(v hotovosti) or BY CREDIT CARD/VISA. In Slovakia it is not common to pay by cheque (platiť šekom). Most people have acurrent account (bežný účet) in a bank. If they need some money, they go to the bank or they can get it from a bank machine (bankomat).

                POLICE protect our lives and property (majetok). In Slovakia there are two groups of policemen: the city and the state police. City policemen check our documents and behaviour in the street. If someone behaves badly, for example he is drunk or drug addict (drogovo závislý), they take them to the police station. They also fine (pokutujú) drivers for bad parking. If citizens (občania are victims of crime (obeťmi zločinu) or involved in (to be involved in – byť zúčastnený na/ byť účastníkom čoho) a car accident (dopravnej nehody), people call the state police. State policemen fine drivers for speeding, too. At the police station people can also get new identity cards (občianske preukazy) and passports.

 

SALES PROMOTION (reklama - PODPORA PREDAJA)

 

In the past, during the communist period, shops and services were owned by (boli vlastnené) by the state. There were no private petrol stations, shops or banks. Nowadays, all shops and services try to stay competitive (konkurencieschopný) on the market and they invest into advertising (reklamy). Advertising in the media has an enormous impact (dopad, vplyv) on people. When a company introduces a new product or service, they usually do a promotion (podporná kampaň predaja). This can be done through various channels (kanály), such as TV, radio, press, billboards or the Internet, which are often combined to achieve (aby sa dosiahol) a bigger effect (účinok). When you watch TV, there are severalcommercial breaks (reklamné prestávky) that interrupt (prerušujú) a programme you are watching. We usually go to the toilet or have some snack during these breaks. Most people hate those breaks and think they are annoying (otravujúce). But there are people who can easily get influenced by such advertising and they buy products because they believe they are as good as showed on TV. Sometimes we do not even realize that a product or a company is advertised, for example in a film.

(competition – konkurencia, competitive – konkurencie schopný, advertising – reklama, advertisement (reklamný inzerát), commercial break – reklamná prestávka.

 

additional text

 

Shopping and services

Services:

What services can people use?

• In Britain, lots of people take the washing to the laundry. In Slovakia people do it at home because everybody has a washing machine, but people use dry-cleaner´s.
• When we want to have our hair cut, we go to the hairdresser´s. She can wash our hair, cut it, dye and dry it or do a special styling. We can either visit her in her salon or we can find a hairdresser who comes to our home. Men go to the barber´s where they can have their face shaved and hair cut.
• Women like going to beauty salons and nail studios for manicure and pedicure.
• When you need glasses or have your eyes checked, you can go to the optician´s. There is a variety of glasses of different shapes and colours, contact lenses or sunglasses, or goggles for cycling and skiing.
• If you need a professional photo, you may go to the photographer´s. If you have your own digital photo, you can bring it on a CD to the shop or you can send it to the shop on the internet. Then you get your photos by post.
• If your car is broken, it can be repaired in a car repair shop.
• When clocks or watches are broke down they can be repaired at the watchmaker´s.
• Estate agent´s offer houses, flats to people who want to lease or buy them.
• When we want to go on holiday we can buy one at the travel agent´s.
• Post service delivers us letters, packages or money. Nowadays, the post service is not as important as it used to be because people use email.
• If we don´t like cleaning we can pay an agency for cleaning our flat (they vacuum our carpets, dust our furniture, clean the windows or do the laundry and do the ironing). This is not very usual in our country.

Shopping:

1.       What kind of shops do you know and what can you buy there?

Butcher´s – meat (pork, beef, chicken), ham, salami, cheese, minced meet etc.

Baker´s – bread, rolls, buns, doughnuts, cakes, cookies

Grocer´s – all kinds of food (milk, yoghurt, butter, cheese, soups, sugar, oil, drinks)

Shoe shop – shoes, boots, sandals, slippers, trainers, socks, stockings

Clothes shop – sweaters, T-shirts, shirts, jeans, tops, underwear, gloves, caps

Off licence – liquors

Bookshop – books, textbooks, dictionaries, calendars

Florist´s – flowers, flower pots

Greengrocer´s - fruit and vegetables

Chemist´s – shampoo, cosmetics, detergents, washing powder, handkerchiefs etc.

Stationer´s – notebooks, pencils, pens, birthday cards

Newsagent´s – newspapers, magazines

Pharmacy (Chemist´s) – medicines, remedies, herbal tea

Goldsmith´s – rings, bracelets, chains, watches

2.       Describe a typical shopping:

We take a shopping basket or a trolley and go into the shop. There are lots of shelves with products so that we can choose what we want. In some shops (goldsmith´s or butcher´s) there are counters and the shop assistants show us and hand us the goods. In clothes shops there are changing rooms (fitting rooms) where we can try the clothes on. Then we go to the cash register. We can pay in cash or by card. After having paid we get a receipt that gives us a guarantee. If there is something wrong with the goods, we can take the goods back and get a refund.

3.        Shopping malls

For many people shopping malls are a place where they spend their free time. They have long opening hours and they are open at weekends. There are lots of shops concentrated in a big hall. Most of them are clothes shops and boutiques, some shops with jewellery, accessories and cosmetics. In most shopping malls you can find fast food stalls and cafés, children´s court and sometimes also a cinema. People often go window shopping there. (Window shopping is browsing shops when you do not want to buy anything. You are only watching.)

 

4.       Advertising

Advertisements are a part of our lives today. We can see them on TV, on billboards, in magazines, on the internet. Ads want to persuade us to buy something. They mostly cost a lot of money – that is why advertised products are more expensive. Advertisements are successful because people mostly choose a trademark which they know (from TV, radio, billboards). Lots of things are advertised: bank products, all kinds of goods, food, fast food restaurants, cars etc.

 Some people think that billboards are dangerous because they attract attention of drivers  and then, drivers do not concentrate on driving.

 Advertisements on TV are called „commercials“. Most TV stations put commercials between films.

 

5.       Your task: Who does the shopping in your family? How often and where do you buy food?

What is your favourite shop? How much do you spend in shops per month? What do you spend most money on? Do you like advertisements and why /why not?

Are you satisfied with shopping facilities in your town?

 

Homework, February 7th

Learn the topic focusing on

- reasons why people travel

- arranging a holiday, travel agency, travel guide, favourite destinations, tours, how you spend your holiday in a seaside/ski resort and in a city (activities, places of interests)

- package holiday vs self-catering holiday

- travelling individually vs. in groups - advantages and disadvantages

- the best holiday I have ever been on/my dream holiday + places I would like to visit and why

- means of transport, advantages/disadvantages, compare and contrast different means of transport

- public transport in Bratislava, commuters, infrastructure, situation on the road during rush hours

please, take notes and learn the final topic TRAVELLING! You find the topic below and in your Yes books 47-53

Travelling topic 7.travelling.docx

travelling PP presentation 21_TRAVELLING.ppt

7. Travelling

Reasons (dôvody): People usually travel on business (pracovne) or for pleasure (pre radosť). They go on business trips (služobné cesty), they go on conferences, study stays, or they go on holidays. Students often take a year off (the school) to travel around the world, visit new cities and countries, see sights (pamätihodnosti) and monuments, meet new people, make new friends, and get to know (spoznať) new cultures and meals (jedlá). There are people who go abroad to learn a foreign language. Some people work abroad. In summer students travel to foreign countries to find some summer jobs (brigády). We also travel to visit our relatives (príbuzných) and family and to go to concerts or see some theatre performances, visit museums, exhibitions, and galleries. In Slovakia people usually go on holiday when their children have holidays at school, it means at Christmas, during (počas) the spring holidays and summer holidays.

In summer Slovak people go on holiday to seaside resorts (prímorské letoviská). Our favourite destinations (destinácie) are: Italy, Croatia, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Egypt, France and Spain. Those who have more money travel to Caribbean (Cuba, Jamaica), America, Australia, Canada, China, India, Bali or Seychelles. Young people go on tours (poznávacie zájazdy). (Activities on holiday - lie on the beach, sunbathe, swim in the sea, go shopping, go to bars and discos, go on sightseeing tour, visit historical monuments/buildings, sights, go to the theatre, go to the cinema, galleries, exhibitions, museums, go on a boat trip, ship cruise – výletná plavba). Some Slovaks spend their holidays in Slovakia, they go camping (chodia stanovať), or hiking/walking (na turistiku) to the mountains or to water parks, to spa resorts (Piešťany with bath mud procedures, Trenčianske Teplice, Smrdáky with healing springs (s liečivými prameňmi).

In winter we go to ski resorts (lyžiarske strediská). Slovaks go to The High Tatras, The Low Tatras, The Little and Great Fatras here in Slovakia or they go to the Czech Republic to Šumava, Jesenníky, Krkonoše, to the Alps in Austria and to France. (Activities - go skiing, snowboarding, cross-country skiing (bežkovať), sledging)

In the past (v minulosti) people had to go everywhere on foot (museli všade chodiť pešo), it took them too long to get from one place to another, the journey was tiring (cesta bola únavná), the roads were in bad condition, they did not have maps. Later, they travelled on horses and in carriages (v kočoch) and coaches (dostavníkoch) pulled by horses. They travelled by land and also on rivers, lakes, seas (by boats and ships).

Now: there are many possibilities. It often depends on money and the length (dĺžke) of journey. For short journeys we usually choose a car and a plane for longer journeys. Some people travel long distances by trains, coaches and buses because it is cheaper than to travel by plane. We can travel by car, train, bus, coach, tube (underground), plane, boat, ship.

In the future there will be more tunnels, more motorways/highways and better infrastructure. We might travel to space on a spaceship and spend our holiday on Mars. Agro tourism and eco tourism are getting more and more popular.

What should you do before you travel? First of all, it is important to decide where to go, find out some information about the resort and the country on the Internet or in a travel guide (cestopis), find out how to get there, what to do and see there. Then it is important to book (zarezervovať) flight/train/travel tickets, accommodation (ubytovanie), arrange holiday insurance (vybaviť poistenie), get vaccinated (dať sa zaočkovať) especially if you go to Africa, Asia or Middle East, ask for vacation at work, check (skontrolovať) whether (či) your passport is valid in case you travel outside European Union. If you travel to USA or some other countries, you need VISA, you get them at the Embassy. So, the last thing you should do is to pack (zblaliť si) your luggage (batožinu). It is important to remember five “Ps” (peniaze – money, pas – passport, pyžamo – a pair of pyjamas, poistenie – insurance, plavky – swimsuit/trunks).

Individual travelling – some people choose to travel alone, not to address travel agency (cestovku). They arrange their travel by themselves, buy their ticket, book their hotel and travel tickets. Sometimes it is cheaper to travel alone than to use a travel agent, especially if you want to visit different places in one country. These people take such travel as an adventure; they find it interesting to travel alone, they meet new people, make new friends, they can travel where they want and stay at one place as long as they want to, they do not have to visit places and sights they do not want to. On the other hand it is more dangerous than group travelling, because you have to take care of yourself, you can be robbed or you can get lost. Therefore it is important to speak at least one foreign language. If you can speak for example English language you can ask for information in most countries, you can ask how to get where you want to go.

Group travelling/Packed holiday (dovolenka, ktorú celú zariaďuje cestovka) – in Slovakia people usually ask travel agencies to arrange their holiday for them. They do not have to worry about anything; the only thing they have to do is to write an email and book a holiday and to pay for it.

Travel agent/agency – a company which arranges your holiday for you (accommodation (ubytovanie) – hotels, motels, hostels, apartments) (catering – bed and breakfast, half board (polopenzia), full board (plná penzia), all inclusive, self catering (bez jedla). In the resort there is usually a travel agency representative (sprievodca, zástupca CK) who works for that agency and he gives you all the information about your stay (o vašom pobyte): accommodation, catering possibilities, programme and trips, basic info about the country, seaside/ski resort, shops and services (bank, post office, phone box, doctors, hospital, emergency services, vet).

Means of transport: car – you need a driving licence, you can get it when you are 18, you need petrol/diesel to run a car, you buy petrol at petrol station, you have to follow certain rules – you cannot drink alcohol, drink-driving and speeding (prekročenie rýchlosti) is fined (pokutované), you cannot use your mobile while driving, you have to pay attention to traffic signs (dopravné značky) and traffic lights (semafory). In Slovakia we drive on the right side of the street, in England they drive on the left side. During the rush hour (počas dopravnej špičky) there are traffic jams (sú dopravné zápchy) and there are many car accidents (dopravné nehody). Sometimes it is difficult to find a free car park/parking place. Car can take you wherever you want. You can take as much luggage/baggage as you want. It is very comfortable, you can stop when you need, you can have a rest and you can sleep in it - caravan. Car fumes pollute the environment and the air (výfukové plyny znečisťujú životné prostredie a ovzdušie).

Bus, coach, train: you need tickets to travel by them (one-way/single ticket (jednosmerný), return ticket (spiatočný), it is cheaper to travel by bus/train than to travel by car. They are more environmentally-friendly than a car, if more people used them, the environment would be less polluted. They are comfortable, you don’t have to pay attention to traffic, on bus/train you can read, listen to music, have a snack (in a snack/bar/dining car – jedálenský vozeň), watch the world passing by, have a conversation, sleep (sleeping car – spací vozeň), but you cannot take too much luggage (batožina).

Tube/Underground (metro) – is only in big cities, takes you whenever you want in a couple of minutes, very fast, no traffic jams (žiadne zápchy), reliable (spoľahlivé)– arrives on time, you need tickets or tokens (žetóny). There is usually very bad air and it is hot in it, it is crowded especially during rush hour, relatively safe but sometimes it is dangerous because there are many thieves/pickpockets/robbers and there have been several terrorist attacks recently.

Plane: very comfortable, fast, suitable (vhodné) for long distances, flight attendants (letušky, steward and stewardess) serve you drinks and meals; you can watch films, read newspapers, sleep. Flight ticket are quite expensive (dosť drahé); you are not allowed to bring sharp things and tools (nástroje), knives, scissors on board (na palubu). When you arrive at the airport you have to go to a “check-in” desk, where they take/drop off your luggage, you show your passport and flight ticket and they give you a boarding card/pass with the number of your seat. Then you go through security check, customs and passport control and you enter a plane through a boarding gate. (take off/depart, landing/arrivals, terminal, non-smoking flights, on a board, shuttle bus, lounge, boarding pass/card, seat by the window/aisle)

Boats/ships/cruise ships – are used for holiday cruises (výletné plavby), you can sleep and eat there – some are like hotels, have shops, bars, restaurants, casinos, swimming pools. It is possible to travel by boats/ships only on sea/rivers/lakes.

Taxi/cab – are cars that take you everywhere you want, quite expensive, in UK – black cabs – the most expensive ones, NY – is known for its yellow taxis.

Bike –  is most environmentally-friendly, no fumes, uses human power, not suitable in bad weather, it does not cost you anything to run it, you do not need any fuel (palivo), suitable for short distances (vhodný na krátke vzdialenosti), as a hobby/sport/form of exercise, cycling tours.

Hitchhike – stopovať, hitchhiking – (stopovanie) – popular among young people and students, costs no money but it is very dangerous

Otázky: 1. You have just arrived to England. Go to the information centre and ask for English language courses and accommodation. Decide between boarding school (where you study and sleep) and home stay (where you stay but you have to go to school somewhere near). Give your reasons.

2. Why do people travel?

3. Where did you go on your last holiday? Are you going anywhere this summer?

4. Describe the best holiday you have ever been to.

5. What is your idea of a perfect holiday?

6. If you had the opportunity to travel around the world, what countries would you definitely want to visit and why?

7. How do you prepare before you go on holiday? What do you have to do?

8. What means of transport do you know?

9. Give advantages and disadvantages of travelling by train and bus.

10. What do you know about underground?

11. Have you ever flown by plane? Describe travelling by train. Give pros and cons.

12. What is the difference between individual and group travelling?

13. What is the travel agency?

14. What does a travel agency representative do?

15. In what sort of a book do you find all the important information about country you want to travel to?

16. Where can you stay when you are on holiday? What does “all-inclusive” service contain?

17. How do you travel to school?

18. What foreign countries have you visited? Compare them with Slovakia.

19. What interesting or famous places have you been to?

Homework, January 24th

Housing essay - hand in next KAJ lesson schedguled - i.e. Thursday FEBRUARY 7th

title: My home

Task 1 - draw an outline of your flat/house

divide your essays into at least three paraghraphs

1st paragraph: Where you live, what kind of flat/house it is, suburbs, downtown, village, floor, size, lift/no lift in a block of flats/housing estate name, facilities in the surroundings of your home, schooling, shopping, sports, healthcare facilities, etc.

2nd paragraph - detailed description of your home, imagine someone having a look around as if they were a real estate agent selling your flat. Start like this: When you enter the front door you appear to be in a hall. On the right/left side there is/are...; what rooms are there, furnishing of the rooms, view, detailed description of your favourite room and the reason why it is your favourite one

3rd paragraph - conclusion + are you satisfied with the flat/house/housing estate/place you live in, why/why not, would you like to move? wher? Why

Homework, December 17th

write a short essay of four paragraphs entitled Pros and cons of living in a countryside/in a village based on the one we did in the class today

1st paragraph - general info where most people live, why they move and the influence of the place where they live on their personality, why a lot of people move from big towns to small villages

2nd paragraph - advantages of living in a village/countryside

3rd paragraph - disadvantages of living in a village/countryside

4th paragraph - summary

do not forget to use linking phrases!

submit by January 10th either via e-mail or in person. Please, before you hand your essay in, pls, take a pic of it so you have the evidence you have given it to me.

 

Use the linking words:

Ist paragraph - Inroduction  - General (Start with - Nowadays, a lot of people have decided to move from a village/a city and settle down in a town/village/a city.....)

...have both advantages and disadvantages/pros and cons,

2nd paragraph (pluses, advantages, pros)

On the plus side,/One advantage is that/ Also, First of all/Fistly/Secondly/Thirdly

For example,/For instance,

What is more,/Moreover,

All in all,/To sum up

3rd paragraph (minuses, disadvantages, cons)

However, for every plus there is a minus. For one thing,/One disadvantage is that,

particularly/especially

Also, First of all/Fistly/Secondly/Thirdly

Last of all,/Finally,

Despite.../ Inspite of ...

4th paragraph - Conclusion plus your own opinion (sum it up, rephrasing the best and the worst about living there and say whether the advantages outnumber the disadvantages, say where you live and how you like it there and whether you would like to move, where and why)

In conclusion,/All things considered, To sum it up,

I think that.../ In my opinion,

HOUSING - learn the topic!

please find enclosed PPT presentation: 04_HOUSING.ppt

topic to download: 4.housing.docx

housing handout -  HOUSING_2.pdf

 types of dwellings, small objects around the house   HOUSING_1.pdf

4. Housing (bývanie)

Talking About Your Home - How to Describe Your Home in English - Spoken English Lesson - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzkEGEjkb30

housing in UK and US video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATjMxH3-e4Y

housing vocab https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Qzw7JIWPyg

housing vocab 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EuPiRRMKeqY

- my home (address, part of the town, description of your house/flat, domestic appliances – domáce spotrebiče, furniture - nábytok), neighbourhood (susedstvo, sídlisko, blízke okolie), facilities (zariadenia) in my neighbourhood

- housing in towns and villages – advantages and disadvantages (výhody a nevýhody)

- ideal housing (your ideas about your own house or flat)

- compare housing in Slovakia and Great Britain and the USA

We all are very much influenced by (ovplyvnení) the place where we grow up (vyrastať). Our whole life is marked by (poznačený) places where we live, stay or work. There comes a time when we want to settle down (usadiť sa) and create our own home. Every one of us has a dream home in a dream country which would correspond (zhodovať sa) to all our needs and desires (túžby). In real life we try to make the best possible compromise.

                Living in towns and cities has both advantages (výhody) and disadvantages (nevýhody). On the one hand (na jednej strane), there are many job opportunities (pracovné príležitosti), better schooling possibilities, a rich social life, and a lot of sports facilities(športové zariadenia). There are many cultural events held, such as concerts, art exhibitions, operas, theatre performances. People can go out to cafés, pubs, and night clubs. There are lots of shops, shopping malls or shopping centres where one can buy all sorts of goods(Tovar) under one roof (strecha). There are usually a few local hospitals which provide (poskytovať) a high standard of health care. On the other hand (na druhej strane), city inhabitants (-citizens, obyvatelia mesta) live in a polluted (znečistený), noisy, crowded (preplnený) and hectic place. The air in towns and cities is often polluted by fumes (dym) from factory chimneys (komín) and cars. There is often a lot of mess and dirt in the streets. A lot of city people live in housing estates (sídliská), which is not an ideal place to raise (vychovávať)children. The most serious problem of towns and cities is a high level of criminality caused by pickpockets (vreckári), shoplifters(vykrádači obchodov), burglars (lupiči), murderers (vrahovia) and drug dealers.

                In the past, there was a strong tendency to move to towns. Nowadays, more and more people move back to the country where they look for peace and a healthy way of living. The houses in village are cheaper than the ones in towns.

                Many Slovaks live in flats. A flat is situated in the same building as other flats, often forming part of a block of flats (panelák) or town house (bytovka). During the communist period a lot of huge (obrovský) housing estates (sídliská) were built in our country. These days, a lot of them are being reconstructed and new ones are being built but not as many as before. A flat may be very large with nearly as much space as a house or it may be just one room with a kitchen and a bathroom. Most of the flats in Slovakia are two-, three- or four-room flats.

                British people prefer to live in houses rather than flats. There are several types of houses in Britain: terraced houses (radové domy), back-to-back houses (domy, ktoré majú spoločnú zadnú stenu, houses which share their back wall), town houses, semi-detached houses (dvojdomy, houses which have one wall in common), detached (samostaný) houses and bungalows (single-storey detached house). Terraced houses are built in a row (rad), back-to-back houses share a back wall, and semi-detached houses arejoined (spojený) together by one common (spoločný) wall. A detached house stands by itself and a bungalow is built on one level. Slovak houses are usually quite big and the older ones are sometimes shared (deliť sa o niečo) by two families – grandparents, their children and grandchildren.

                Slovaks and British people love gardening. Slovaks tend to (inklininovať k niečomu) have bigger gardens behind (za) their houses and they spend quite a lot of time growing (pestovať) vegetables and fruit. There is a lot of work around the house throughout(počas celého roka) the whole year. Both Slovaks and British are very skillful (zručný) and do a lot of work themselves.

                A cottage/cabin (chalupa), a small traditional country house, is quite popular in our country. Some families have cottages nearwoods (lesy) or lakes (jazerá) and like to spend their weekends there. British people also like country houses. Some British families have them in France.

                A typical British house is set in/is situated in (je umiestnený v) a small garden and has two storeys (poschodia). It is usually designed for a family of four or five people. There is a hall, a front room, a back room, a dining room (jedáleň), an utility room (špajza), a kitchen and a storage space downstairs (dole, na prízemí). A garage is normally attached to the house. Upstairs (hore, na poschodí), there is one big bedroom and two smaller ones, a bathroom and a lavatory (- toilet, WC). Parents usually have bedroom with en-suite bathroom

                The furniture (nábytok) in British and Slovak rooms is not very different nowadays. The living room has a sofa (sedačka) and armchairs (kreslá), a wall unit (stenová zostava nábytku) with the hi-fi system, television and video, a bookcase and a coffee table (servírovací, nízky stolík). There is a carpet on the floor to make the room warm and comfortable (pohodlný). Most of the British houses have a fireplace (kozub) because of cold weather. The kitchen furniture includes the kitchen cupboards (linka), sink (výlevka, umývadlo v kuchyni), cooker (šporák) and fridge (chladnička) and freezer (mrazák). They are usually built‑in (vstavaný). There is also a table with chairs or stools (stolička bez operadla, stolček). The floor in the kitchen is often tiled (vykachličkovaná). Slovak families usually have their washing machine in the bathroom, the British in the kitchen. The bedroom has a double bed, built-in wardrobes (vstavané šatníkové skrine), dressing table (toaletný stolík) with a mirror on the wall and a stool in front of the table.

                In the USA an average American family lives in a large house with many rooms. In large American cities, many people live in downtown apartments (flats). Like the British, Americans do not usually stay in the same house their whole lives. Aome families like to move to other parts of the country and change houses every 10 years.

                As the standard of living (životná úroveň) is generally very high in the USA, the average (priemerný) American family can livecomfortably (pohodlne) and well. Many wealthy (zámožný) people have very large houses with many rooms, tennis courts and swimming pools. In the centre of big American cities, many people live in apartments (flats, byty) situated in (umiestnený v) large apartment buildings. The houses are well-furnished (dobre zariadený) and equipped (vybavený) with modern household appliances (domáce spotrebiče). Each child in the family has his/her own room. Like the British people, Americans do not usually stay (zostať) in the same house their whole lives. Some families like to move (sťahovať sa) to other parts of the country and change houses more than once in a decade (desaťročie).

                Both in Slovakia and Great Britain, it is not easy to buy one’s own flat or a house. In both countries, the prices of property(majetok, nehnuteľnosť) are extremely high. It is impossible for a young family to buy a flat without the help of parents or a mortgage(hypotéka). In order to buy a house, a family does not need to have all the money – there are many banks from which it is possible toborrow (požičať) up to 90 per cent of the value (hodnota) of the house as a mortgage. Almost half of all British families own (vlastniť) the houses in which they live. A lot of them pay off (splácať) the mortgage for many years after moving into a house. In Slovakia more and more people take advantage of (využiť niečo) the mortgage too. Some take out a loan (brať si pôžičku) for the reconstruction of their flats or houses.

                Homelessness (bezdomovstvo) is a big social problem in many countries. A lot of homeless people (bezdomovci) are alcoholics, mentally-ill (duševne chorí) or just unemployed people left (ponechaní) without means of living (prostriedky na živobytie). In our country more and more asylum houses (azylové domy) are built for them.

 

Answer these questions:

 

1. Is it necessary to have all the money to buy a house in Britain? Explain.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in towns?
3. What is the difference between a flat and a house?
4. What are the basic types of houses in Britain?
5. What does a typical British house look like?
6. What kinds of gardens do the houses in Slovakia normally have?
7. Where do the majority of American people live?
8. Do Americans stay in the same house all their lives?
9. Compare the household equipment an average American and Slovak family has.
10. Why is it complicated to buy a house or a flat?
11. Describe your house or flat. (I live in a four- room flat. It is on the fifth floor. I live in the housing estate called
12. What is your idea of a perfect home?
13. Translate these words into Slovak: armchair, bookcase, bedroom, carpet, bunk bed, double bed, single bed, en-suite bathroom, sauna, winter garden, garage, front door, back door, loo, rug, walls are painted white, dining room, hall, refrigerator, freezer, kettle, oven, cooker, hoover, lamp, wardrobe, chest of drawers, hanger, poster, picture, toilet, bathroom, living room, kitchen, bedroom, dishwasher, sink, coffee table, sofa, water tap, windowsill, curtains, bedside lamp, remote control, switch, to plug in, to turn the TV on, to turn off the computer, blinds, bedside/night table.
14. Describe your room. Use the phrases given: there is + jednotné číslo /there are + množné číslo

I have/don’t have my own room. I share my room with my brother. My room is painted green/bright orange/light green.

Opposite the door there is/are ….. On the right/left there are/is …. I have got pictures, posters, paintings on the walls. …is next to (je pri) my bed, …..is behind (za), under (pod) on (na), floating floor (plávajúca podlaha), cupboards/wardrobe, shelf/bookshelf (shelves). On the windowsill I have pots with flowers, I have/don’t have curtains, blinds. I like my room because….. I spend/don’t spend a lot of time in my room. In my room I….. (listen to music, watch TV, use computer, go on the Internet, play games, chat with friends, text/phone my friends, have a mess, make love, read books, do my homework, paint/draw pictures, talk to my friends, play with my sister, have a lot of toys, fluffy toys, pillows, electronic gadgets…… . If you opened my wardrobe/drawer, you would find a complete mess, lots of papers, pencils, clothes, shoes, t-shirts, tops, dresses, board games (spoločenské hry), earings, make-up staff, brushes, toiletries, love letters …….

 

Veľa -Lots of, a lot of (kladné vety, počítateľné aj nepočítateľné podstatné mená.

Veľa - Many + počítateľné podstatné mená v množnom čísle (zápor, otázka)

Veľa - Much + nepočítateľné podstatné čísla (zápor, otázka)

Nejaký, niektorý - Some + počítateľné podstatné mená v množnom čísle a nepočítateľné podstatné mená v kladných vetách

               + otázky keď niečo ponúkam: Would you like some tea? Would you like something to eat?

Nejaký, žiadny - Any + nepočítateľné  a počítateľné podstatné mená v množnom čísle v otázke a zápore!

Málo - Little + nepočítateľné podstatné mená (málo), a little (trošku)

Málo - Few + počítateľné podstatné mená v množnom čísle. (málo); a few - zopár

V jednotnom čísle počítateľných podstatných mien používame a/an!!!!!!

Some – something, somewhere, sometimes,

Any – anything, anywhere, anytime.

Doplň:

I’ve got …………………………….. good friends but I haven’t got …………….best friend.

There are …………………..nice pictures by my classmates on the wall. ……………..of them I like very much.

There are …………….flower pots on the windowsill. I don’t have ……………time.

Would you like …………sugar into your coffee? Yes, but just ………………. .

There isn’t ……………… I hate about my school. Well, maybe ………….things.

…………… Slovak people live in flats. There isn’t ……………milk in the fridge.

I’ve got ……………….news for you.

Have you heard ……………….. of Pete? I haven’t been in touch with him for …………… weeks.

Have you got ………….money on you? Yes, but just …………….

Just ……………….. of my subject I like but most of them I loathe.

In towns and cities there ……. ……………………….sports and cultural facilities, but just …………… places where you can be alone.

In Bratislava there ……  ………… museums, art galleries, theatres, concert halls and restaurants.

There …………… too ………….. pubs and cafés in villages, just a church and one local pub.

… friend in need is … friend indeed.

Homework, December 14th

for Monday - learn the topic Sports and Games, oral examination!

Homework, December 3rd

please, take notes concerning the final topic sports and games

Write about your attitute towards sport (cca 250 words) - submit by 20th December

learn the topic SPORTS and GAMES

sports and games - powerpoint presentation 03_SPORTS_AND_GAMES.ppt

sports and game - link to the topic to download 3.Sport.docx

MY_ATTITUDE_TO_SPORTS.docx

MY ATTITUDE TO SPORTS

video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGkbqEGIwpc

Sports and games have always played an important role in my life and even now they are  my number one hobby. Since my early childhood I was keen on such sports as running, tennis, table tennis, and badminton. I used to play just for the sake of playing and it was great fun. I also learned to swim when I was very young. Since then swimming is my most favourite sport. When I was six I received my first bike from my parents and up to now I go cycling for long distances at least once a week. I used to go with my parents almost every winter to the mountains where I soon got a good opportunity to ski. My parents also took me skating when the lake was frozen over.

Later I became more interested in various ball games. I started to play football in a club and kept playing for 5 more years. We had practices three times a week and it always meant a lot of running so I finally gave up. Then it was volleyball and basketball that attracted me as I was growing taller and taller. Every Friday my friends and I had a volleyball session in one of the local gyms. In everyday life, though, I only sometimes do morning exercises, sometimes a few push-ups, sit-ups or knee-bends and from time to time I go jogging around the pond in the evenings. Although I never really got any prize or award in sports, I still like to do them just for fun. I also tried body building which has become fashionable at present but I haven't the patience and persistence to go to the fitness centre regularly. I almost forgot one game which gives me a lot of pleasure - chess. Although the number of games I've lost and won are in balance, I don't consider myself an extremely good player.

As watching sports, I love to go to see the matches of our ice-hockey team and besides that there is always something on TV like tennis tournaments or world championships in all kinds of sports and games.

 

3. Sport

1. Types of sports and games and their characteristics
2. Sport I am interested in – reasons, equipment, sports facilities, rules, frequency
3. Why people do sports
4. Difference between amateur and professional sportsmen (diet, training,
5. Major sport events – championships, tournaments, grand slam, Cup Final, The Olympic games
6. Importance of sport for humans
7. Negative phenomena in sports

 

1. Sports – include physical activities in which people or teams play against each other (hrajú jeden proti druhému) and try to win (swimming, horse-racing, climbing, athletics)

 

Games – are those sports in which at least 2 players are involved. A game is played according to (podľa) a certain set of rules (určitého súboru pravidiel). There is always a referee (rozhodca) who decides who has won (ktorý rozhoduje, kto vyhral). The most popular games are football, rugby, ice hockey, basketball, volleyball, handball, baseball, tennis and golf.

 

Sports can be divided into: INDOOR sports (halové, tie čo sa hrajú niekde vnútri) that can be practiced all year round (gymnastics, snooker, squash, darts (šípky), table tennis (stolný tenis)) and OUTDOOR sports that are practiced outdoors. Many of them depend on weather (závisia od počasia) and therefore (preto) can be practiced mostly in summer (mountaineering (horolezectvo), hiking (turistika), cycling (cyklistika), most aquatic sports (väčšina vodných športov), athletics (atletika)…) or in winter (skiing (lyžovanie), giant slalom (obrovský slalom), ski jumping, sledding (sánkovanie) or biathlon).

 

Sports can also be divided into: - SUMMER sports – swimming (backstroke (znak), breaststroke (prsia), crawl, and butterfly), yachting, sailing (preteky na plachetniciach), horse-racing, cycling, tennis, badminton. Most of them can be practiced both (aj) indoors and outdoors.

• WINTER sports – skiing, downhill, ski jumping, sledding, figure skating, speed skating …

People in Slovakia and Britain are really sport loving people. Each of them is interested in at least one sport or a game. Games such as football, rugby, golf and tennis originated (vznikli) in Great Britain. The most popular game in Britain is football (but the Americans call it soccer) The Cup Final (finálový zápas) is the most important match of the year and it is played at Wembley Stadium near London. CRICKET – is a typical English game and the British love it. RUGBY -  old game, it is played with an oval ball, hands and feet can be used; Tennis – is played on grass court or hard court, it is played with a racket and a small elastic ball over the low net. The referee is called umpire. The most important tennis tournament is Wimbledon Grand Slam. It is watched by thousands of spectators (divákmi na štadióne) and TV spectators (televíznymi divákmi) all over the world.

2. Frázy: I am interested in ... (athletics), because I like running. I am fond of skiing, because I like mountains, winter and snow. I am fond of bodybuilding, because I want to have a perfect figure. I watch sport on TV. I like watching sport on TV or at the stadium. I watch world hockey championship (majstrovstvá sveta v hokeji) every year, because Slovakia has many good hockey players. I have never been to world championship but I would love to go. I am a great fan of Chára, Šatan and Višňovský who play in American NHL.

 

3.  You can do sport as an amateur (as a recreational activity) or a professional. Amateurs are people who love physical activity and they practise sport for their own enjoyment (potešenie) or interest. Most of them do their sport because they want to be fit and healthy (zdravý). There are lots of people who go jogging (chodia behať) or fishing (rybárčiť), play basketball, or go to fitness centres and sports clubs after work every day. Doing sport is relaxing for them. It makes them happy and feel good. Together with a healthy diet (spolu so zdravou stravou) it helps them keep fit, lose weight (schudnúť), keep in good mood.

 

4. The major sport events are the Olympic Games. They are held every four years. There are Summer Olympics, Winter Olympics and Paralympic Games (paraolympiáda). The Olympic Games are the major international sport event in which thousands of athletes participate (zúčastňujú sa) in a variety of competitions. Other important sport events are world hockey championship, football championship and tennis Grand Slam. 

Sport and money – bad things the sportsman can do in case the victory is well-paid: he can take steroids, banned substances or other drugs, but they are often tested for steroids, he can sell a match/game, in case of positive test, the jury can suspend him for one or more years or take his medal away from him. Many sportsmen take part in commercials (reklamné inzeráty) for products of international companies. 

 

         Sports can be generally divided into indoor and outdoor sports. Gymnastics is a typical indoor sport, athletics a typical outdoor sport. It includes track and field events (atletické disciplíny) – the marathon, long-distance run, cross-coutry run (cezpoľný beh), relay-race (štafetový závod) and sprinting events (preteky na krátku vzdialenosť) – the hundred metres, hurdles (beh cez prekážky). Jumping (high jump, long jump, triple jump, pole jump (skok o žrdi)) and throwing (hammer, discus, javelin (oštep), shot put (vrh guľou) are also athletic sports. Indoor sports can be practiced all the year round, but many oudoor sports, such as cycling, hiking and most aquatic sports, like sailing (plachtenie), regatta (veslárske preteky), water-skiing, diving, wind-surfing and others, depend on weather and so are mostly enjoyed during the summer. Swimming is also a typical summer sport, but it is possible to practice it all the year round in indoor pools. Swimming includes breaststroke, backstroke, crawl and butterfly.

         In winter, sportsmen practice winter sports, such as skiing, skating, snow-boarding and tobogganing. Skiers can practice the giant slalom, downhill racing (zjazd) or ski jumps in ski resorts where there are good snow conditions. Skating includes figure skating (krasokorčuľovanie) and speed skating, which are practiced on skating rinks. In Slovakia there are a lot of ski resorts and most winters the snow conditions are favourable (priaznivé). That’s why many Slovaks like this sport and go skiing almost every weekend. Polish, Hungarian and Czech tourists also come to the High and the Low Tatras to ski. Some skiers prefer Austrian ski resorts because of the high quality of services.

         Games are those sports in which at least two players are involved (sú zapojení). The most popular games are football, rugby, hockey, tennis, golf, cricket, basketball, volleyball, badminton, squash and handball.

         British are sport-loving people. Some of the games, such as football, rugby, golf and tennis, originated (vznikli) in Britain and spread all over the world (rozšírili sa po celom svete) from there. The most popular game is football. The Cup Final (finale pohára) is the most important football match of the year in England. It is played at Wembley Stadium near London, which has the seats for 100 000 spectators (divákov). The British like to say that one of the most important years in English history was 1966 because that was the year when England won the the World Cup Final in football.

         Slovaks are good at hockey. A lot of Slovak hockey players play in American and Canadian National Hockey League teams. The American, Russian, Canadian and Swedish hockey teams are considered to be the best. The Czechoslovak hockey team was considered one of the best, but after the split (rozdelenie) of Czechoslovakia, th Slovak and the Czech national hockey teams took part in the World Cups separately and even played against each other. The Slovak team lost in the final of the 200 World Cup against the Czech Republic. However, the Slovak team were the winners of the 2002 World Cup of Hockey. Hockey is not only played professionally in our country, but it is also enjoyed by many people of all generations (including girls and women) who like watching it in the stadiums or on TV. Becoming a professional hockey player is one of the most frequent drams of Slovak boys.

         Besides (okrem) team games, such as football and rugby, tennis is also very popular. Tennis can be played on a grass court or a hard court. The most famous tennis tournament is played at Wimbledon every year. The championship is watched by thousands of spectators and TV viewers all over the world.

         Americans also pay a lot of attention to sports and games. The most popular games are baseball, American football, basketball, tennis, boxing, wrestling (zápasenie) and ice-hockey. There is an increasing interest in football as well, although it is called soccer in America. There are many beautiful winter sport centres in the U.S.A. Typical winter sports, such as skiing, skating and snow-boarding, are very popular. Tennis and squash are leading summer sports in the US. Squash is a game for two players played in a four-walled court with a special racket and a soft rubber ball. There are also a lot of specific water sports, such as yachting, wind-surfing and surfing, which are loved by many young people.

         Most people do sports because they need to relax and they know that practicing a sport, suitable for them, can improve their health. Some sport activities, such as aerobics, jogging, swimming or body building (workout), are preferred by those who want to lose weight. Many parents want their children to do sports. Most of the children do it as a hobby, but some later become professional. The parents believe that doing a sport is a good way of spending free time for their children and it develops their character. Plenty of children and young people do a team sport. A lot of competitions are held both on national and international levels. Winning a game is a great motivation for the players to continue to improve, but it is also important to learn to accept defeat when the team loses.

         Professional sport is, unfortunately, connected with several negative phenomena. High competition (konkurencia) in sport forces (núti) the elite sportsmen and women to be the best this often leads to overtraining or doping, which has a very negative effect on their health. During important competitions the sportsmen and women are tested and may easily be disqualified. This may have a negative impact (dopad) on their career. Success in professional sport is nowadays connected with money and popularity. Some of the top sportsmen and sportswomen find it difficult to cope with (vyrovnať sa s niečím, zvládať) being rich and famous.

         Two of the most important sport events are the Summer and Winter Olympic Games which are held every four years in a different country. The Olympics first took place in ancient Greece. Pierre de Coubertin revived this idea and became the founder of the modern Olympic Games the Olympic Rings are a well-known symbol of the Olympic Games. They represent the unity of five continents, blue being the circle of Europe. They appear in five colours on the Olympic flag. Another symbol of the Olympics is the torch which is lit in Greece and then carried all the way to the place where the Olympics are held. The first part of the Olympic creed “The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part in…” is often used for all kinds of other competitions. Only the best sportsmen and sportswomen of each country are chosen to take part in the Olympics. For them it is a great honour (čsť) to represent their countries. People all over the world pay a lot of attention to these sports events and that is why the Olympic Games are often under the threat of terrorist attacks. Therefore, the countries which organize the games try to ensure (zaistiť) maximum security for everybody involved in the games. Two weeks after the Olympics have ended the Paralympics take place. Disabled and handicapped sportsmen compete in all sorts of disciplines accompanied by their coaches.

 

Homework, November 15th

1st HW

write about a cultural event you attended. Within the essay of at least 150 words please consider

- how you got the ticket, how long before the event, whether or not you were looking forward to it

- whom you went with, what time you arrived, what time it started, how the venue looked like, approximate number of the spectators

- what you liked most, highligts of the event (names of singers, bands, actors, musicians, conductor, etc.
- the overall atmosphere

- conclusion: whether it was worth or not and the reason

2nd HW

write about your favourite music album: mention:

the reasons for your choice

the title and the date of release, company which released it

number of tracks, the composers of the music, authors of the lyrics

what are the songs about, the title of your favourite one 

band - musicians, the instruments they play

the reasons for your choice

final exam topic ART and Culture

 

ART and Culture

ppt presentation02_CULTURE_AND_ART.ppt

topic2.culture_and_art.docx

vocab2_CULTURE_and_ART_Voc.doc

2. CULTURE AND ART

1. Cultural options in the city and in the country (museums, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, concerts, the circus, dance)
2. Popular forms of culture and art (genres, famous personalities)
3. Attending cultural events
4. Music, film, theatre and folk festivals, atmosphere
5. Other forms of art – folk music, dance, painting, sculpture, architecture – well-known artists/performers

 

A man should hear a little music, read a little poetry and see a fine Picture every day of his life. (J. W. Goethe)

 

                Culture and art are part of everyday life of people. They add aesthetic value to our lives, enrich our mind and please our senses. Various cultural events present an interesting way of spending the free time of individuals, couples and families. Both culture and art are parts of national heritage of every country – all of them do their best to develop and promote it. Cities offer many cultural attractions to citizens and tourists.

                Art is a way of communicating feelings. Artists express themselves in many forms – music, literature, architecture, painting, drawing, sculpture. Music, dance and theatre are performing arts. Painting, sculpture, architecture and photography are decorative arts.

                 Music has become a hobby, a profession and a part of the lifestyle of many people. Those who like classical music can enjoy a concert of philharmonic orchestra in a concert hall or attend a festival. Some of the festivals are held annually, such as the Bratislava Music Festival. Composers like Mozart, Beethoven and Bach have become the most important figures of the European musical heritage. Ode to Joy, a part of Beethoven’s masterpiece Ninth Symphony, became the anthem (hymna) of the European Union. Opera lovers can chose from a list of opera performances in one of the many opera houses, such as the Royal Opera House in London, where visitors can see both opera and ballet performances. A very famous concert venue in New York City is Carnegie Hall where concerts of classical as well as popular music are held. Spectators can enjoy it extraordinary acoustics.

                Fans of different music styles – pop, rock, jazz, blues or country can enjoy the music at music festivals of the different genres, go to see their favourite singers or groups live at concerts or simply listen to CDs, MP3 players or watch concerts on DVDs. Thanks to digital technology the music industry supplies the market with all possible music genres recorded on many different types of media.

                Slovakia is famous for its tradition of folklore music. Folklore groups dressed in traditional costumes dance at folklore festivals (the most famous is the one held in July in Východná). Young people prefer modern dance which includes many different types. Oriental dance is becoming very popular among women throughout the whole of Europe.

                Dramatic art has a very long tradition in countries like England and France. The famous English theatre company, the Royal Shakespeare Company Theatre, brings together famous actors and directors of the world to work on the greatest plays. Numerous London theatres are concentrated in the West End, the entertainment heart of London, which remained a fashionable place for theatre and opera throughout the years. One of the major cultural events in Scotland is the Edinburgh International Festival which is a festival of classical music, opera, theatre and dance. Slovak theatre-goers can also enjoy various types of theatre performances. Musicals, performed at the New Scene Theatre in Bratislava, have become very popular in the last few years. Other favourite theatres in this town include the Slovak National Theatre, the Small Scene of the Slovak National Theatre, the Hviezdoslav Theatre, the Arena Theatre and many others.

                Cinema generally enjoys great popularity. In Slovakia most films are of American productions; in the cinemas they are often shown with Slovak subtitles (titulky), on the TV they are dubbed (dabované). French, Spanish, and other foreign language film are quite rare, mostly presented at film festivals or in special film clubs. The most famous international film festivals are held in Cannes, Venice and Berlin. Ordinary small cinemas are now being replaced by large multi-screen air-conditioned complexes in shopping centres. Some of them have introduced three-dimensional (3D) films. In summer, people like to go to open-air cinemas. The number of cinema-goers has dropped throughout the years because films are now available on DVDs. They can be rented from DVD rental shops. Every year, actors, actresses, directors and screenplay writers are awarded a prize for their achievements in filmmaking. The Academy Award (Oscar) is the main national film award in the USA.

                There is a great variety of media in which an artist can work. Paintings (Fine Art) of famous painters and sculptors (sochári) like Picasso, Van Gogh, Rembrandt, Claude Monet or Michelangelo are immortal and their artworks can be seen in a number of museums around the world. The National Gallery in London houses on of the greatest collections of European paintings in the world. The Tate Gallery is the national gallery of British art, also located in London.

                Visitors to Bratislava can admire the colour paintings, landscapes, portraits and other works of arts in the Slovak National Gallery or the Bratislava City Gallery. The works of artists can be categorised into so called styles – Impressionism, Modernism, Surrealism, Naïve Art, Pop Art and others.

                Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings. It includes town planning, urban design, landscape architecture (development of gardens, parks) and interior design (furniture). Many architectural works may also be seen as cultural and political symbols and they are often works of art. They can have both a functional and aesthetic character. Some new architectonic structures were made possible only thanks to new materials and the development of technology. Famous architects of the Renaissance period were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, who were also artists and scientists. At that time there was no clear dividing line between an artist and an architect one of the most famous architects of the 20^th century was the controversial Austrian architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser, known for his revolutionary architectural designs.

                Cultural events in the countryside are not that frequent. People who live in villages all their lives prefer gardening, visiting friends or watching TV. Many inhabitants of Bratislava have recently moved to villages, trying to get away from the busy city life as they do not live too far from the city, they can still enjoy the cultural life the city offers.

 

Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist and architect. He lived from 1452-1519 and is a great figure of the Italian Renaissance. His painting of an Italian nobleman’s wife called Zanoki del Giocondo, has become the most famous painting in the world, either under the title La Giaconda or the Mona Lisa.

                Picasso was born in 1881 in Spain although he did most of his painting in France. He is generally recognised as one of the most inventive painters of the 20^th century. He was already an accomplished (vynikajúci, skvelý, majstrovský) artist at the age of 10, had his first exhibition aged 16 and continued painting well into his 80s. He is probably best known for his surrealist paintings.

                The Impressionist movement was named after Monet’s painting Impression, Sunrise. The movement (smer, hnutie) is particularly concerned with light effects and Monet often painted his subjects at different times of day to explore these effects. Born in Paris, I 1840, he began his Impressionist paintings in the 1860s. The First Impressionist exhibition was held in 1874. Monet produced many paintings which are still popular today, including Haystacks and Rouen Cathedral.

                Van Gogh is famous not only for his post-impressionist paintings but also for the wild temperament which led him to cutting off part of one ear and later committing suicide in 1890. The Dutch painter was born in 1853 and first worked as a schoolmaster in England before becoming a painter. Like Picasso, he did most of his work in France, including his most famous paintings, The Sunflowers and The Chair.

                As well as being an artist, Andy Warhol, was also an accomplished filmmaker. He was born in Pittsburgh in 1928, a son of Slovak immigrants. After studying at an art college, he became one of the leading commercial artists of the 1950s, with his Pop Art style – including pictures of soup cans and drinks bottles. He was shot by a radical feminist in 1968 but survived. He carried on painting until his death in 1987.

Modern art is not about any one thing in particular. It reflects many concerns of modern life. For instance, with its strange jumble (zmes, miešanica) of colours, lines and shapes, it may not appear to be anything recognisable. It may depict real objects but in an unusual or distorted (prekrútený, skreslený, skomolený) way. Modern art does not usually tell a story. Instead, it may evoke feelings, ideas, and impressions which are hard to put into words. At the beginning of the last century, many artists turned away from the traditional depiction of nature. Photography, which was developed in the 1830s, had freed artists from the need to copy what they saw. They instead began to explore ideas about art itself or tapping their own feelings. They were also trying to express their feelings about changes that they experienced in the world around them.

 

 

HOMEWORK, November 5th

1. as almost none of you have prepared for your talk, pls, do that for the next lesson - first watch the video, then start writing and learning about your family

on Monday after your autumn holidays you are presenting your 5-minute talks

watch the video - talking about your family https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXI2lRCnTKw

topic1.Family-NEW.docx

vocab 1_Family_pokr..docx

PPT presentation  01_FAMILY.ppt

2. - learn the Family topic as well

 

3.  Write an essay entitled

“I’m drawn to music that takes me to another place – a place I can escape to.”

It should include 220-250 words at least. Divide it into 3 paragraphs

1^st paragraph – introduction: Music as a performing art. How does music affect your life?

2^nd paragraph – Introduce your genre(s), when and where you listen to the music (when being blue, green, happy/unhappy, on your way to school/from school), where is the imaginary place you escape to and why?

3^rd paragraph – conclusion: In conclusion, I think, To sum up, All things considered, (sum up the main ideas using different words

the essay should be handed in next KAJ lesson

Homework, October 18th

Monday next week - test on food, learn the topic

for the next theory week - read the text about family in your YES books, answer the questions both above and below the test into your exercise books, do the tasks C, D p. 17, task 2 p. 18, learn vocabulary p. 18/19 and phrases related describing physical appearance

on Monday after your autumn holidays you are presenting your 5-minute talks

watch the video - talking about your family https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXI2lRCnTKw

topic1.Family-NEW.docx

vocab 1_Family_pokr..docx

PPT presentation  01_FAMILY.ppt

1. Family

• Name, age, date of birth, address, marital status, weekdays (daily routine) and weekends, important moments in your life
• Members of your family (appearance –výzor, character, hobbies), housework
• your perfect partner, your vision of your own family
• Family relations – which members of your family are you closest to (kto ti je najbližší, s kým si najviac rozumieš)? Why?

 

A family usually consists of (pozostáva z) a mother, father and their children (siblings (súrodenci) – brother, sister), and grandparents (grandfather and grandmother) who live together in one home. They are members of an immediate family (najbližšia rodina). But a family doesn’t consist just of our immediate family. We have cousins, uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, mothers-in-law, fathers-in-law, sisters-in-law, brothers-in-law, who are members of our extended family (širšie príbuzenstvo).

A functioning family should provide protection (ochrana), education, help and security (bezpečnosť) to all its members. Strong relationships (vzťahy) are often created between siblings (súrodenci), cousins, parents, aunts, uncles, grandparents and other relatives (príbuzní).

        All family members have some duties (povinnosti) and responsibilities (zodpovednosti). Parents should teach their children what is good and bad, how to solve problems (riešiť problem) in life, how to become an independent (nezávislý) person and care about (starať sa o koho) others. Democratic parents talk with their children and respect them. Strict parents (prísni rodičia) do not make compromises, which often creates a generation gap (generačná priepasť/rozdiel) between them and their own children. The main duty of children is learning and going to school. They should also help their parents with housework (domáce práce). (I do the shopping, I do the washing up, I tidy up my room, I take out the trash; my mum cooks, washes and dry dishes, hoovers the floor, clears the table, sets the table, does the washing/washes the clothes, takes the dog for a walk; my father is responsible for feeding the dog, washing the windows, shovelling the snow, washing the car, cleaning the toilet and bathroom; my sister’s duty is (povinnosťou mojej sestry je) to dust the furniture (utierať prach z nábytku), to hang out (vyvesiť) the clothes/washing, to put away books, to make her bed, to water the flowers, to watch my little brother (dávať pozor na malého brata) and sometimes she goes shopping with me and my mum.

        Modern European families are monogamous (monogamné) most of young people get married (sa vydáva/žení) in their late twenties or early thirties. Many young people live together in the same home but are not a husband and wife. This is called cohabitation (spolužitie “na divoko”). Older generations think this is not correct.

        The wedding (svadba) is a formal act and it takes place in a town hall (radnica) or in a church (kostol). The engaged couple (snúbenecký pár) exchange their wedding rings (obrúčky) and promise themselves (sľúbiť si navzájom) to live together in good and bad and in illness too. Nowadays, many couples are divorced (rozvedené). Their frequent reasons for a divorce are problems with trust (dôvera), money, living with parents and parents-in-law, alcohol, drugs, gambling (gamblerstvo) and unemployement (nezamestnanosť).

        When one of the parents dies, children stay with a single parent (jediný rodič). A woman who loses (stratí) her husband (manžel) is called a widow (vdova) and a man is called a widower (vdovec). When they get married again, the new parents are called step- parents (nevlastní rodičia) and their children are step-sisters and step-brothers. Sometimes, divorced parents get married once again. Bad relationships with new step-parents lead to (viesť k niečomu) problems and frequent arguments (časté hádky).

        Family life is different all around the world. In Slovakia many families meet together for special days, such as on birthdays, at weddings, feasts (hody/hostiny) and funerals (pohreby), graduation ceremonies (promócie). A family, a real home and relatives (príbuzní) are what we need for life. They always help us when we need them.

• Biography, address, date of birth, marital status (single-slobodný, married- ženatý/vydatá, divorced-rozvedený/á, widow-vdova, widower, single mother – slobodná matka, single parent family, bachelor [bečlr](starý mládenec), spinster (stará dievka), boy/girlfriend, fiancé (snúbenec) [fionsei] – man you plan to marry/fiancée – woman you plan to marry, engagement – zásnuby, engagement ring, to be engaged – byť zasnúbený, wedding – svadba, bridegroom –ženích, bride – nevesta, wedding ceremony, honey moon – svadobná cesta, marriage – manželstvo, orphan – sirota, husband, wife, parents, mother, father); nuclear family – people you live with (najbližšia rodina, mother, father, siblings), step (nevlastná)- mother, brother, sister, mother-in-law (svokra) ; extended family – all your relatives (príbuzní) – cousin, uncle, aunt, grandparents,
• Important moments in your life (birth of your brother or sister, wedding anniversaries of your grandparents and parents, your birthday, family celebrations and holidays, moving from one place to another, the day when I went to school for the first time, the day when I learned that I had passed the talent exams and was accepted at the secondary school of arts, the day when I met my boyfriend/girlfriend, etc.)
• Members of your family – appearance (výzor), character (vlastnosti, charakter), hobbies. O najbližšej rodine vedieť a aspoň nejakého bratranca, prípadne uja, tetu), describe your family tree (rodostrom)
• Family relations – which members of your family are you closest to (kto ti je najbližší, s kým si najviac rozumieš)? Why?
• Family relations –celebrations (oslavy, sviatky, narodeniny, Vianoce, Veľká Noc when all members of your family get together), your daily routine – weekday, weekend (čo robíš cez deň, čo cez víkendy – pozor, prítomný jednoduchý čas, dej sa opakuje) (I wake up/get up at 6.oo o’clock, make my bed, clean my teeth, wash my face, have a shower, get dressed, comb my hair, have breakfast, put on my coat, leave home  at 7.00, I go to school by bus, my mum takes me to school, it takes me about 30 minutes to get to school, my lessons start at... and usually finish at, I have/do not have lunch at school canteen, I come back home/get home at..., I have a rest, have something for my lunch, do my homework, help my mother, watch TV, draw, paint, prepare for school, revise for my exams, go out with my friends, read a book, listen to the music, have a bath, go to bed.
• Generation gap (medzigeneračné rozdiely) – do your parents understand your problems, do they help you with them, do you talk to them about common things and about your relationships with your friends? Are they strict?
• How do you help your parents – house chores (domáce práce) ( I do the washing up, I go shopping, I walk my dog, take out the rubbish, I do the hoovering, every day I make my bed, on Sundays I usually tidy up my room / clear up the mess in my room, I play with my younger sister, etc.) Ako sú rozdelené domáce práce, kto čo robí
• Typical Slovak family, compare (porovnaj) your family life with family life in other countries (napr. In China  they have a single child policy; in less developed countries – all members of a family usually live together, in developed countries – when children grow up, they tend to move and live on their own.
• Slovakia - typical Slovak family is a complete family (úplná rodina) with 2 children, often one of the parents is unemployed (nezamestnaný). They live in a family house in a village together with grandparents or they live in a town in a three-room flat or four-room flat in a housing estate (na sídlisku). Mother works in an office or in a shop and father is a driver or worker. They go on holiday once a year, usually to Croatia. But the number (počet) of incomplete (neúplných) families has increased (vzrástol), there are a lot of single parent families – usually mother and one child. There are a lot of divorces. People get divorced because they have problems with money, trust (dôvera), one of the partners has a love affair, they don’t understand each other, they have different interests, a husband is drug addict or alcoholic or gambler (hazardný hráč), they don’t love each other anymore. Families in towns do not live together, in villages it is common that 3 generations live together – grandparents, parents and their children, in Slovakia you can get married when you are 18, but in case there is a serious reason (e.g. pregnancy – tehotenstvo) you might get permission to get married starting with the age of 16. You can have a civil or church wedding ceremony.
• Great Britain – children live with their parents until they finish their schools, but then they move and live on their own. A lot of families consist of one parent; there are lots of single-parent families. People often get divorced and get married again. Children often visit their parents at weekends, they go on holiday together and they spend Christmas together.
• The USA - children live with their parents until they finish their studies, but then they move and live on their own. They often live far away (veľmi ďaleko) from their parents, sometimes in a different state. Families usually get together on special days and occasions. They meet on Thanksgiving Day and eat roast turkey and vegetables. They have fun, they talk together and have family celebration. Families also meet at Christmas.
• Orphan – a child whose parents are dead, an orphan lives in an orphanage or a foster home, it is difficult to adopt children in our society, you have to fill in a lot of forms and they (the authorities) check your family, living conditions, income.

Otázky: 1. What does family mean to you?

2. What are the functions of a family?
3. What are the main roles of children and parents in a family?
4. What is cohabitation?
5. Why do people get divorced?
6. When does your family usually get together?
7. Describe your mother (appearance, character, hobbies)
8. Who are you closest to in your family and why? (kto ti je najbližší v rodine a prečo)
9. Make the pairs from the following words. Example: mother-father

Mother, brother, mother-in-law, aunt, niece, grandfather, daughter, sister-in-law, husband, father, sister, uncle, nephew, father-in-law, grandmother, wife, son, brother-in-law

10. What do you think, what are the qualities of an ideal father and mother? Use the phrases and vocabulary below to help you.

I think that an ideal father/mother should/shouldn’t be ……. (friendly, democratic, liberal, strict, helpful, reliable, emphatic, responsible)

In my opinion ideal parents should/shouldn’t…. (listen to their children, talk to their children, make compromises, solve their children’s problems, buy their children what they want, spend weekends with their children, punish their children)

Describing people – their appearance (opis ľudí – ich zovňajšok) How do they look like? 11. Describe 2 members of your family:

Age: young; middle-aged (v strednom veku); older; elderly (postarší), he is in his ealy 30s (má asi do 35 rokov), she is in her mid 30s (má asi 35 orkov); they are in their late 30s (majú takmer 40 rokov); he is retired (je na dôchodku)

Figure – build (postava): slim (štíhly); skinny (vychudnutý), thin (tenký, chuddy), he is of medium build (je strednej postavy- ani chudý, ani tučný); he is well-built (je urastený); plump (bacuľatý); fat (tučný); overweight (obézny)

Height (výška): small, tall, short; he is of medium height (je strednej výšky)

Face (tvár): thin, chubby (bucľatý), round (okrúhla; oval (oválna) square (štvorcová); sun-tanned (opálená); pale (bledý), full lips (plné pery); thin lips; long/straight/turned up (vyvrátený) nos. Skin (pleť): dark (snedý, tmavý), fair (svetlý).

Hair: long/short/straight (rovné)/curly (kučeravé) / wavy (vlnité); fringe (ofina), ponytail (vrkoč), spiky (na ježka), he is bald (on je plešatý), highlighted (melírované); dyed (farbené), blond, dark, fair (plavý, svetlý), grey, red, white.

Clothes: he/she usually wears casual (neformálne), smart (elegantné), fashionable (módne), old-fashioned (staromódne), conservative, elegant, comfortable (pohodlné), scruffy (rozgajdané) clothes, he/she is always neat (upravený);

Other features (iné znaky/črty): He wears glasses (nosí okuliare). He is scarred (je zjazvený). She has freckles (má pehy), he has a beard (bradu), moustache (fúzy), wrinkles (vrásky), he is unshaven (je neooholený).

 

 

1. FAMILY

FAMILY = the basic social group, present in all societies

- should provide companionship and security, love and emotional support
- different structures (vary from society to society):

NUCLEAR FAMILY (úplná rodina)
* 2 adults and their children = the main unit in many societies

EXTENDED FAMILY (široká rodina)
* nuclear family + granparents and other relatives

SINGLE PARENT FAMILY (jeden rodič)
* a result of divorce or unmarried mothers having children

STEP FAMILY (nevlastná rodina)
* created by the new marriage of a single parent
* there can be problems between the children and step parents (may not like each other, be jealous, etc.)

UNMARRIED COUPLES (slobodné páry)
* pretty common nowadays to co-habit without getting married (young people or elderly widowed couples ŕ find it economically practical to live together without marrying)

HOMOSEXUAL COUPLES
* also live together more openly today
* sometimes share their households with the children of one partner or with adopted children

The family composition in industrial societies has changed dramatically. Couples tend to have less children - averagely 2 (compared to 7 in 1800).
It is partly caused by the continuing changes in women´s roles:

* have joined the labour force
* increasing employment and education opportunities of women
* rising expectations of personal satisfaction through marriage and family

Some couples choose to postpone having children until their careers are well established or not to have any at all.
Childless families may also be the result of the availability of birth control measures (contraception, abortion).

The divorce trend: increasing, partly due to the fact that women are economically more self-supporting and legal grounds for divorce are eased, therefore it´s easier for partners to leave a dissatisfactory relationship.

Causes of split up: unfaithfulness, infertility, interefernce by in-laws, financial problems, jealousy...

Possible family problems: teenage mothers, abortion: Yes or No?, young couples, adoption, generation gap, housing...

OUTLET

- define family
- types of family units
- changes in family structure
- causes of the changes
- the divorce trend
- split up causes
- possible problems (name some and choose one for a longer talk)

QUESTIONS

1. What´s the right age to start a family?
2. Does having a baby mean one has to be married?
3. How long should people know each other before getting married?
4. Would you like to get married one day?
5. What kind of person should your potential spouse be?
6. What kind of wedding would you like to have? (Where) Would you like to go on your honeymoon?
7. Would you like to have children? How many?
8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having children?
9. What makes a good marriage? What leads to marriage problems and divorce?
10. Do you agree that lifelong marriage is no longer expected in society?

Homework, October 3rd

English food during the day https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKbIilKwJwg

British eating habits https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwUcoe_-GWg

watch the following videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAhX9Dlp0Ds

vocab food likes, dislikes, flavours https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50syDdhrVPc

at a restauranthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CcYEoAyArE

Food vocabulary

Kitchen utensils (náradie, náčinie)

Dishwasher, dishdryer, microwave, cooker, blender (mixér), toaster, grill pan, frying pan, pot, lid, casserole, cake pan (tortová forma), baking sheet (plech), rolling pin (valček), kettle (kanvica, thermo (termoska, kitchen tools (náčinie), ladle (naberačka, spatula, turning spatula (obracačka, beater/whisk – šľahač, scissors, grater (strúhadlo, bowl, garlic press, peeler, ice cream scoop, can, can opener, drainer – sitko, bootles, bottle opener, kitchen towel, chopping board, cork (korok, štupeľ), knife/knives, spoon (varecha, lyžica, fork, juicer (odšťavovač), timer, potato masher (pučidlo na zemiaky), tongs – kliešte, cake server (lopatka na tortu)

Verbs:

Pour water, steam vegetables, roll the dough (vaľkať cesto) break/beat the eggs (rozbiť/vyšľahať), knead the dough (miesiť cesto), measure the oil, sprinkle with herbs, season (dochutiť), stir – miešať, whisk – šľahať, strain/drain (odkvapkať, vysušiť), mash (popučiť, add salt, beat eggs, chop the bacon, bring to the boil, cook for five minutes, cut the meat, fry bacon, heat oil, grate cheese, melt sugar, peel onions, crush garlic, pre-heat the oven, sift flour, simmer gently, slice tomatoes, serve with brown bread, mix together, skin the fish, bake a cake, mince (pomlieť) the pork, thaw/defrost, marinate, dice – cut into cubes, spread with butter (natrieť, weigh out (odvážiť), squeeze (vytlačiť), overcook, fry until golden (opražte do zlatova), taste, smell, have lunch, dinner, breakfast, supper, snack, tea, tv dinner, be fussy about food, be undercooked, burnt (pripálený), complain, thank, ask for, Are you ready to order? Cause heart disease, be on decline (byť na ústupe), change eating habits,

Raw, ripe,rotten, flavoured, be rich in flavour, be bland (bez chuti, nedochutený), rich in calories, prefer, served, with no added sugar

food PowerPoint presentation: 05_FOOD.ppt

food topic: 17.food.docx

worksheet we used in the lesson: 05_CARD_food.pdf

 

17. FOOD

1. Food and drinks during a day, your favourite meal. How do you make it?
2. Places where people eat (restaurants, at home, at school canteen)
3. National cuisine – traditions, specialties, table manners
4. Eating habits, healthy food

People are different all over the world. People who live in colder countries need to eat more fatty (mastný) products and food which give them a lot of energy. People who live in hot countries need to eat a lot of fruit and vegetables to give their body enough energy and liquids. People who do physical work need a lot of energy and they also eat a lot of fatty products and food. In China people use chopsticks (paličky) when they eat, in Europe we use spoon (lyžica), knife (nôž) and fork (vidlička), in Africa they use their fingers or a piece of bread.

4. We have different eating habits (stravovacie návyky). Our eating habits depend on (závisia od) our lifestyle (životný štýl), our work, our mood (nálada) and feeling, our financial situation, our age and of course, the country we come from. Rich people usually eat healthier meals (jedlá) and poor people usually eat fast-food meals or junk food and they do not eat a lot of fruit and vegetables. Women usually eat healthier food than men. Those who want to eat healthy, eat a lot of low-fat products (yogurts, cheeses, skimmed milk), their food is rich in minerals, fibre (vláknina) and vitamins. They eat whole-grain (celozrnný) bread, they avoid (vyhýbajú sa) fatty meals. Women who want to lose weight eat as little as possible and kids are often fussy (vyberavý) about their food. Children often like fast-food meals such as (ako je) hamburgers, fish and chips, doughnuts, cakes, and also pasta, pizza and sausages. They love ketchup, but a lot of them hate healthy food. They like drinking fizzy drinks, lemonades and Coke is their favourite drink. They love sweet meals such as pancakes, cakes, puddings, jelly, ice-cream etc. (and so on).

 

1. Normally, we eat three times a day – we have breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Breakfast. Slovaks usually have bread or a bread roll (rohlík) with butter, jam, honey, ham, some cheese or salami for breakfast. Some prefer scrambled eggs (praženica) or sausages. Others have a bowl (miska) of cereals (cereálie) such as cornflakes or muesli with milk. We usually drink a cup of coffee or a cup of tea for breakfast. Children have a glass of milk or cocoa for breakfast. They like yogurts, toasts with chocolate spread, bread and butter with honey or jam. The English usually begin the day with a cup of tea or coffee. British people have for breakfast toasts with butter and cheese, a bowl of cereals with milk, a cup of tea or coffee or a glass of orange juice. They do not drink tea with lemon; they put milk in it instead. Then they have a cup of tea again and finish with toast and marmalade. But nowadays more and more people prefer lighter meal for breakfast. Later in the morning the English people have another cup of tea and some biscuits.

                The traditional English breakfast starts with cereals. It is often a bowl of cornflakes (ovsené vločky) with milk or porridge (ovsená kaša). This is sometimes followed by fried bacon and eggs or sausages (párky) and fried tomatoes, often at weekends. Children often eat toasts with beans in tomato sauce.

At about 10.00 o’clock in the morning we usually have a little snack, students at school eat their home-made (doma pripravené) snacks during their break after the third lesson.

The English lunch is a light meal consisting of warm dish (teplé jedlo) and a dessert, or ham and cheese sandwich, some fruit, pudding and ice cream. Lamb (jahňacina), beef or chicken is served with potatoes, vegetables and gravy (šťava z mäsa).

In the afternoon the English have teatime again. They meet friends and have a tea party. They eat thin slices of bread with cheese and some fish and vegetables.

Dinner is the main meal of the day in Great Britain (and also in the USA). It is served at about 6 o´clock when all the members of the family are at home. This meal is often eaten in front of the television. Most dinners during the week are simple, people often use pre-cooked (predvarené) food – CONVENIENT FOOD (tinned or frozen) with frozen (mrazené) vegetables, which can be heated (môže byť zohriate) quickly. A lot of supermarkets sell frozen “TV dinners” which can be quickly prepared in the oven or a microwave. During the week the meal consists of soup and fish and chips which is considered to be typically British. The British often have chicken and boiled vegetables with pasta or rice for dinner. Sometimes they eat pork or beef steaks with vegetables. Then later in the evening around 10 o´clock it is time for light supper.

A lot of Americans love to have lunch and dinner “out” – at snack bars, fast food restaurants or expensive hotels. They also use take-away services. You go to the take-away restaurant, you buy your food, take it home and you eat it at home. Typical take-away food includes pizza, Chinese food, Indian food and the traditional fish and chips.

In our country lunch is the main meal of the day. It usually has two courses (chody). The first course is a soup and the main course consists of some meat with the side dish (príloha). Sometimes we have dessert. For lunch, Slovaks have some meat (mäso), it is usually pork (bravčové), beef (hovädzie) or poultry (hydina) with potatoes or rice. But we also eat a lot of pasta (veľa cestovín) and sweet meals.

The Slovaks prepare dinner themselves at home. It is either (buď) a warm meal or a sandwich. Sometimes they order pizza. Some people have light supper, often cheese and biscuits and a glass of milk or a mug of cocoa before they go to bed. Men usually have a glass of beer or a glass of wine in the evening.

 

2. People who are at work have their lunch at canteens (v jedálňach) or they go and buy something in fast-food restaurants (KFC or Mc Donald’s) or take-away restaurants. Pupils and students have lunch at school canteen or they eat their packed lunch (which their mums made for them the day before) at school. Businessmen often invite their business partners for lunch or dinner to a restaurant. There they can choose from daily menu which is usually cheaper and is usually offered during lunchtime. 

3. Each country has some traditional meals. Fish and chips are typically British. Pasta and pizza are considered typically Italian. Hamburger with chips is a typical American meal. In China they eat noodles and rice. Typical Slovak meal is “bryndzové halušky” (potato dumplings with sheep cheese). It is a kind of food prepared from potatoes and flour. Another traditional Slovak meal is “lokše” which are potato pancakes cooked on the stove (platni) or on a frying pan without oil. Another typical Slovak meal is cabbage soup (made of cabbage, pork, beef, plums, bacon and cream which we eat on Christmas Eve). For Christmas dinner the Slovaks usually have lentil soup (šošovicová polievka) or cabbage soup and potato salad with fried fish. We usually eat carp. The English and Americans have roast turkey with vegetables for their Christmas dinner. The British also eat Christmas pudding, which is a special cake and they eat it only on Christmas day. At Easter we usually eat smoked ham with potato salad and the English have hot cross buns on Easter Sunday.

Table manners – decide whether these manners are considered polite or impolite.

• Use your knife to cut and your fork to put the food in your mouth.
• Chew food with your mouth closed.
• Have a cigarette while other people eat.
• Sip your soup if it is too hot.
• Ask for things to be passed to you, don't lean over the table.
• If you have chewed the spice, spit it on the plate
• If you need to blow your nose, excuse yourself and go out of the room first.
• Answer your phone at the table and talk loudly and long enough.
• Don't grab everything you want first - help others to get their food and be prepared to share.
• Don't talk with your mouth full of food. It is not a good look!
• Eat with fingers if nobody tells you that you cannot do that.
• Put your elbows on the table, it is more comfortable.
• Do not pick anything out of your teeth. If it bothers you that bad, excuse yourself and go to the toilet to pick it.
• Always use a napkin to wipe your mouth, which should be on your lap when you do not use it.
• If you have a cold you can blow your nose with a napkin. You don’t have excuse yourself and go to the toilet.
• Lick your mouth when need it, do not have to use a napkin
• It is OK to put a knife into your mouth.
• You can start eating as soon as you are served. You do not have to wait for the others to be served
• You can make unpleasant noises when you are at home (belching - grganie, farting-prdenie, sipping, smacking)
• When you eat rolls, tear off a piece of it and then spread butter on it. Do not take a whole piece of a bread roll

Homework, September 

read the text in your YES books

Family 

watch the video - talking about your family https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXI2lRCnTKw

topic1.Family-NEW.docx

vocab 1_Family_pokr..docx

PPT presentation  01_FAMILY.ppt

1. Family

• Name, age, date of birth, address, marital status, weekdays (daily routine) and weekends, important moments in your life
• Members of your family (appearance –výzor, character, hobbies), housework
• your perfect partner, your vision of your own family
• Family relations – which members of your family are you closest to (kto ti je najbližší, s kým si najviac rozumieš)? Why?

 

A family usually consists of (pozostáva z) a mother, father and their children (siblings (súrodenci) – brother, sister), and grandparents (grandfather and grandmother) who live together in one home. They are members of an immediate family (najbližšia rodina). But a family doesn’t consist just of our immediate family. We have cousins, uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, mothers-in-law, fathers-in-law, sisters-in-law, brothers-in-law, who are members of our extended family (širšie príbuzenstvo).

A functioning family should provide protection (ochrana), education, help and security (bezpečnosť) to all its members. Strong relationships (vzťahy) are often created between siblings (súrodenci), cousins, parents, aunts, uncles, grandparents and other relatives (príbuzní).

        All family members have some duties (povinnosti) and responsibilities (zodpovednosti). Parents should teach their children what is good and bad, how to solve problems (riešiť problem) in life, how to become an independent (nezávislý) person and care about (starať sa o koho) others. Democratic parents talk with their children and respect them. Strict parents (prísni rodičia) do not make compromises, which often creates a generation gap (generačná priepasť/rozdiel) between them and their own children. The main duty of children is learning and going to school. They should also help their parents with housework (domáce práce). (I do the shopping, I do the washing up, I tidy up my room, I take out the trash; my mum cooks, washes and dry dishes, hoovers the floor, clears the table, sets the table, does the washing/washes the clothes, takes the dog for a walk; my father is responsible for feeding the dog, washing the windows, shovelling the snow, washing the car, cleaning the toilet and bathroom; my sister’s duty is (povinnosťou mojej sestry je) to dust the furniture (utierať prach z nábytku), to hang out (vyvesiť) the clothes/washing, to put away books, to make her bed, to water the flowers, to watch my little brother (dávať pozor na malého brata) and sometimes she goes shopping with me and my mum.

        Modern European families are monogamous (monogamné) most of young people get married (sa vydáva/žení) in their late twenties or early thirties. Many young people live together in the same home but are not a husband and wife. This is called cohabitation (spolužitie “na divoko”). Older generations think this is not correct.

        The wedding (svadba) is a formal act and it takes place in a town hall (radnica) or in a church (kostol). The engaged couple (snúbenecký pár) exchange their wedding rings (obrúčky) and promise themselves (sľúbiť si navzájom) to live together in good and bad and in illness too. Nowadays, many couples are divorced (rozvedené). Their frequent reasons for a divorce are problems with trust (dôvera), money, living with parents and parents-in-law, alcohol, drugs, gambling (gamblerstvo) and unemployement (nezamestnanosť).

        When one of the parents dies, children stay with a single parent (jediný rodič). A woman who loses (stratí) her husband (manžel) is called a widow (vdova) and a man is called a widower (vdovec). When they get married again, the new parents are called step- parents (nevlastní rodičia) and their children are step-sisters and step-brothers. Sometimes, divorced parents get married once again. Bad relationships with new step-parents lead to (viesť k niečomu) problems and frequent arguments (časté hádky).

        Family life is different all around the world. In Slovakia many families meet together for special days, such as on birthdays, at weddings, feasts (hody/hostiny) and funerals (pohreby), graduation ceremonies (promócie). A family, a real home and relatives (príbuzní) are what we need for life. They always help us when we need them.

• Biography, address, date of birth, marital status (single-slobodný, married- ženatý/vydatá, divorced-rozvedený/á, widow-vdova, widower, single mother – slobodná matka, single parent family, bachelor [bečlr](starý mládenec), spinster (stará dievka), boy/girlfriend, fiancé (snúbenec) [fionsei] – man you plan to marry/fiancée – woman you plan to marry, engagement – zásnuby, engagement ring, to be engaged – byť zasnúbený, wedding – svadba, bridegroom –ženích, bride – nevesta, wedding ceremony, honey moon – svadobná cesta, marriage – manželstvo, orphan – sirota, husband, wife, parents, mother, father); nuclear family – people you live with (najbližšia rodina, mother, father, siblings), step (nevlastná)- mother, brother, sister, mother-in-law (svokra) ; extended family – all your relatives (príbuzní) – cousin, uncle, aunt, grandparents,
• Important moments in your life (birth of your brother or sister, wedding anniversaries of your grandparents and parents, your birthday, family celebrations and holidays, moving from one place to another, the day when I went to school for the first time, the day when I learned that I had passed the talent exams and was accepted at the secondary school of arts, the day when I met my boyfriend/girlfriend, etc.)
• Members of your family – appearance (výzor), character (vlastnosti, charakter), hobbies. O najbližšej rodine vedieť a aspoň nejakého bratranca, prípadne uja, tetu), describe your family tree (rodostrom)
• Family relations – which members of your family are you closest to (kto ti je najbližší, s kým si najviac rozumieš)? Why?
• Family relations –celebrations (oslavy, sviatky, narodeniny, Vianoce, Veľká Noc when all members of your family get together), your daily routine – weekday, weekend (čo robíš cez deň, čo cez víkendy – pozor, prítomný jednoduchý čas, dej sa opakuje) (I wake up/get up at 6.oo o’clock, make my bed, clean my teeth, wash my face, have a shower, get dressed, comb my hair, have breakfast, put on my coat, leave home  at 7.00, I go to school by bus, my mum takes me to school, it takes me about 30 minutes to get to school, my lessons start at... and usually finish at, I have/do not have lunch at school canteen, I come back home/get home at..., I have a rest, have something for my lunch, do my homework, help my mother, watch TV, draw, paint, prepare for school, revise for my exams, go out with my friends, read a book, listen to the music, have a bath, go to bed.
• Generation gap (medzigeneračné rozdiely) – do your parents understand your problems, do they help you with them, do you talk to them about common things and about your relationships with your friends? Are they strict?
• How do you help your parents – house chores (domáce práce) ( I do the washing up, I go shopping, I walk my dog, take out the rubbish, I do the hoovering, every day I make my bed, on Sundays I usually tidy up my room / clear up the mess in my room, I play with my younger sister, etc.) Ako sú rozdelené domáce práce, kto čo robí
• Typical Slovak family, compare (porovnaj) your family life with family life in other countries (napr. In China  they have a single child policy; in less developed countries – all members of a family usually live together, in developed countries – when children grow up, they tend to move and live on their own.
• Slovakia - typical Slovak family is a complete family (úplná rodina) with 2 children, often one of the parents is unemployed (nezamestnaný). They live in a family house in a village together with grandparents or they live in a town in a three-room flat or four-room flat in a housing estate (na sídlisku). Mother works in an office or in a shop and father is a driver or worker. They go on holiday once a year, usually to Croatia. But the number (počet) of incomplete (neúplných) families has increased (vzrástol), there are a lot of single parent families – usually mother and one child. There are a lot of divorces. People get divorced because they have problems with money, trust (dôvera), one of the partners has a love affair, they don’t understand each other, they have different interests, a husband is drug addict or alcoholic or gambler (hazardný hráč), they don’t love each other anymore. Families in towns do not live together, in villages it is common that 3 generations live together – grandparents, parents and their children, in Slovakia you can get married when you are 18, but in case there is a serious reason (e.g. pregnancy – tehotenstvo) you might get permission to get married starting with the age of 16. You can have a civil or church wedding ceremony.
• Great Britain – children live with their parents until they finish their schools, but then they move and live on their own. A lot of families consist of one parent; there are lots of single-parent families. People often get divorced and get married again. Children often visit their parents at weekends, they go on holiday together and they spend Christmas together.
• The USA - children live with their parents until they finish their studies, but then they move and live on their own. They often live far away (veľmi ďaleko) from their parents, sometimes in a different state. Families usually get together on special days and occasions. They meet on Thanksgiving Day and eat roast turkey and vegetables. They have fun, they talk together and have family celebration. Families also meet at Christmas.
• Orphan – a child whose parents are dead, an orphan lives in an orphanage or a foster home, it is difficult to adopt children in our society, you have to fill in a lot of forms and they (the authorities) check your family, living conditions, income.

Otázky: 1. What does family mean to you?

2. What are the functions of a family?
3. What are the main roles of children and parents in a family?
4. What is cohabitation?
5. Why do people get divorced?
6. When does your family usually get together?
7. Describe your mother (appearance, character, hobbies)
8. Who are you closest to in your family and why? (kto ti je najbližší v rodine a prečo)
9. Make the pairs from the following words. Example: mother-father

Mother, brother, mother-in-law, aunt, niece, grandfather, daughter, sister-in-law, husband, father, sister, uncle, nephew, father-in-law, grandmother, wife, son, brother-in-law

10. What do you think, what are the qualities of an ideal father and mother? Use the phrases and vocabulary below to help you.

I think that an ideal father/mother should/shouldn’t be ……. (friendly, democratic, liberal, strict, helpful, reliable, emphatic, responsible)

In my opinion ideal parents should/shouldn’t…. (listen to their children, talk to their children, make compromises, solve their children’s problems, buy their children what they want, spend weekends with their children, punish their children)

Describing people – their appearance (opis ľudí – ich zovňajšok) How do they look like? 11. Describe 2 members of your family:

Age: young; middle-aged (v strednom veku); older; elderly (postarší), he is in his ealy 30s (má asi do 35 rokov), she is in her mid 30s (má asi 35 orkov); they are in their late 30s (majú takmer 40 rokov); he is retired (je na dôchodku)

Figure – build (postava): slim (štíhly); skinny (vychudnutý), thin (tenký, chuddy), he is of medium build (je strednej postavy- ani chudý, ani tučný); he is well-built (je urastený); plump (bacuľatý); fat (tučný); overweight (obézny)

Height (výška): small, tall, short; he is of medium height (je strednej výšky)

Face (tvár): thin, chubby (bucľatý), round (okrúhla; oval (oválna) square (štvorcová); sun-tanned (opálená); pale (bledý), full lips (plné pery); thin lips; long/straight/turned up (vyvrátený) nos. Skin (pleť): dark (snedý, tmavý), fair (svetlý).

Hair: long/short/straight (rovné)/curly (kučeravé) / wavy (vlnité); fringe (ofina), ponytail (vrkoč), spiky (na ježka), he is bald (on je plešatý), highlighted (melírované); dyed (farbené), blond, dark, fair (plavý, svetlý), grey, red, white.

Clothes: he/she usually wears casual (neformálne), smart (elegantné), fashionable (módne), old-fashioned (staromódne), conservative, elegant, comfortable (pohodlné), scruffy (rozgajdané) clothes, he/she is always neat (upravený);

Other features (iné znaky/črty): He wears glasses (nosí okuliare). He is scarred (je zjazvený). She has freckles (má pehy), he has a beard (bradu), moustache (fúzy), wrinkles (vrásky), he is unshaven (je neooholený).

 

 

1. FAMILY

FAMILY = the basic social group, present in all societies

- should provide companionship and security, love and emotional support
- different structures (vary from society to society):

NUCLEAR FAMILY (úplná rodina)
* 2 adults and their children = the main unit in many societies

EXTENDED FAMILY (široká rodina)
* nuclear family + granparents and other relatives

SINGLE PARENT FAMILY (jeden rodič)
* a result of divorce or unmarried mothers having children

STEP FAMILY (nevlastná rodina)
* created by the new marriage of a single parent
* there can be problems between the children and step parents (may not like each other, be jealous, etc.)

UNMARRIED COUPLES (slobodné páry)
* pretty common nowadays to co-habit without getting married (young people or elderly widowed couples ŕ find it economically practical to live together without marrying)

HOMOSEXUAL COUPLES
* also live together more openly today
* sometimes share their households with the children of one partner or with adopted children

The family composition in industrial societies has changed dramatically. Couples tend to have less children - averagely 2 (compared to 7 in 1800).
It is partly caused by the continuing changes in women´s roles:

* have joined the labour force
* increasing employment and education opportunities of women
* rising expectations of personal satisfaction through marriage and family

Some couples choose to postpone having children until their careers are well established or not to have any at all.
Childless families may also be the result of the availability of birth control measures (contraception, abortion).

The divorce trend: increasing, partly due to the fact that women are economically more self-supporting and legal grounds for divorce are eased, therefore it´s easier for partners to leave a dissatisfactory relationship.

Causes of split up: unfaithfulness, infertility, interefernce by in-laws, financial problems, jealousy...

Possible family problems: teenage mothers, abortion: Yes or No?, young couples, adoption, generation gap, housing...

OUTLET

- define family
- types of family units
- changes in family structure
- causes of the changes
- the divorce trend
- split up causes
- possible problems (name some and choose one for a longer talk)

QUESTIONS

1. What´s the right age to start a family?
2. Does having a baby mean one has to be married?
3. How long should people know each other before getting married?
4. Would you like to get married one day?
5. What kind of person should your potential spouse be?
6. What kind of wedding would you like to have? (Where) Would you like to go on your honeymoon?
7. Would you like to have children? How many?
8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having children?
9. What makes a good marriage? What leads to marriage problems and divorce?
10. Do you agree that lifelong marriage is no longer expected in society?