pls, find enclosed copy YES B1 book, just click on the following link yes-b1.pdf

my email: katarina.privoznikova@gmail.com

additional materials:

B2Foodw.pdf

B1Books_and_Literature_w.pdf

fB2Foodw(2).docx

B1Family_w.pdf

B1Foodw.pdf

Clothes_(1).pdf

e. e-books vs audo books vs paper books http://int.search.myway.com/search/video.jhtml?n=781bff25&p2=%5EY6%5Exdm269%5ETTAB02%5Esk&pg=video&pn=2&ptb=35BB7FE3-CF92-4130-A65C-4492DD7CAA73&qs=&searchfor=e-books+vs+audo+books+vs+paper+books&si=CNKF14Xnr8gCFaoEwwod8eINzA&ss=sub&st=tab&tpr=sbt&trs=wtt&pToken=CAoQAA&ots=1570559229075

audio books vs reading https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j2l0FRUcv54

video - maturitná téma opis obrázka https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOLzNo1pwlo

maturita video 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEZVo8ya6Dk

maturita video 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZX8F7xaenS8&t=650s

B1Foodw.pdf

HEALTHCARE

conventional/classical vs. alternative healthcare

Encyclopaedias offer a definition of medicine as any science or practice concerned with sickness and health.There are several types of medicine which can help us to beat illness. Classical (western or conventional) medicine offers treatment with painkillers. It fights against illness and disease with drugs and surgery by which doctors can save millions of people. On the other hand, taking a lot of medicine can destroy other organs of your body, e.g. liver or kidneys. That is why many people prefer other kinds of treatment which are sometimes called traditional, complementary or alternative medicine. The term traditional fits ancient arts such as herbalism but hardly applies to acupuncture or shiatsu. Alternative medicine looks at the whole person, not just the illness. This includes your age, your family background, eating habits, sleeping habits, regular exercises, job conditions, bad habits like drinking or smoking and problems you have to face in your everyday life.

There are different types of alternative medicine like acupuncture, homeopathy and osteopathy. Acupuncturists use needles to make a person's energy to flow in a more balanced way. The needles are rotated clockwise or anticlockwise, according to whether energy is to be stimulated or lessened.

Everything we need exists in nature which is why homeopathy uses natural plants and flowers to beat illness. Homeopathy is not concerned with the processes or causes of disease, but with its symptoms. Doctors regard their patients as unique individuals.

Osteopathy is a system of movements which correct problems with the bones and muscles. Osteopaths push, pull and twist the body with their hands which puts all the bones or muscles in the right place.

One of the reasons for the popularity of alternative medicine is that most alternative therapists give a patient more time than conventional doctors. In most European countries doctors see a new patient every ten or twenty minutes. Many symptoms are due to overwork or stress and an important part of a treatment is for patients to talk about their problems. Doctors themselves are tired and have very high stress levels. Both doctors and patients would benefit from more time for having consultation.

While alternative medicine treats the body without using chemicals, western medicine is very important in accidents and emergencies. The best solution is when western and alternative medicine work hand in hand.

1. Describe your illness (or your friend's if you are healthy). 

2. Complete the dialogues with suitable responses (use different ones):

1st dialogue

Doctor:   Hello. What's the problem?                                   

You:       Well,...............................................................        

D:            Does it hurt badly?                                                                                                                                                             

You:         ......................................................................   

D:      How long have you had this?                                    

You:    ..............................................................................   

D:      I'd like to examine you. Take off your shirt, please                                        

You:    .............................................................................

D:      No, it doesn't look too bad. It's just normal tonsilitis. Here's a prescription for some medicine. Take it               

three times daily. Come to see me next Tuesday.

You:    .............................................................................     

2nd dialogue 

D:        Good.........................     What's............................    

You:   I'm running a fever, coughing badly, I sneeze, feel tired and sleepy.

D:      OK. Open..............................................................

You:  "Ah." It hurts me to swallow and I ache all over.

D:      Strip.............................; take............................and now stop.......................................................

You:   Is it very serious, doctor?

D:        No, ....................; it's just ......................: get this medicine from..................and..................a day.

You:   Am I allowed to go to school?

D:      No,........................ .................... warm and drink ............................ You'll ...........................soon. In

a week you............................................again.

3. What children's diseases have you had and what diseases have you been vaccinated against?

What common ailments do children have?

mumps [mamps], measles [mi:zlz], rubeola [rubiola], chicken-pox [t/ikan poks], scarlet fever [skarlet firve], be a scarlet fever carrier, otitis [au'taitis] (zapal ucha), vaccination certificat('veksi'neisnt sa:tifikit], tuberculosis [tju:,be:kju'lausis], tetanus [tetanas], polio [paulisu], smallpox [smo:lpoks], diphtheria [diftieria], whooping cough [hu:pii\ kofj, rabies [reibi:z]

have a cold, (the) flu, cough, a sore throat, to cough, bronchitis [bron'kaitis], tonsilitis [tonsi'Iaitis], pneumonia [nju:'mäuniä], be hoarse [ho:s], lack of appetite, vomit, have stomachache, heartburn, nausea [no:sjä], indigestion [indi'dzestfän], constipation [konsti´peifän], diarrhoea [daiä:riä], ulcer [alsa], bilious attack [biljäs ätäk], appendicitis [äpendi'saitis], jaundice [dzo:ndis], backache, slipped disc, rheumatism [ru:mätizm], earache, encephalitis [ensäfä'laitis], be dizzy [dizi], veneral disease [vi'niäriäl], typhoid fever [taifoid], plague [pleig], cholera [kolärä]

4.   What diseases are considered to be "civilization al diseases"? What causes them? How can they be avoided?

mental disorders:                                               -

nervous breakdown, stress, depression, a headache, insomnia [in'somnie], suffer from nerves

diseases of the blood system:            .

high blood pressure, a heart attack, anaemia [ä'ni;mjä], leukaemia [lju:'ki:miä], varicose veins [värrikäus veinz]

skin diseases:                                                          .

rash [räs], acne [äkni], eczema [eksimä], itch, scratch, pimple [pimpl], scurvy [skä:vi]

eating disorders:

anorexia, bulimia

others:

backache, defective hearing (poskodeny sluch), allergy, overweight, asthma [äsmä], diabetes [daiä'bi:tiz], malignant tumours [mä'lignänt tju:mäz], cancer [känsä], drug addiction [drag ä'dikfän], drug addict [ä'dikt] (narkoman) , be addicted to alcohol, die of an overdose (zomriet na predavkovanie), break the habit, veneral diseases (pohlavne choroby) , AIDS, hectic life style, lack of vitamins (nedostatok vitaminov), polluted environment, unhealthy daily routine, insufficient sleep (nedostatocny spanok)

BOOKBINDING

Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. It usually involves attaching a book cover to the resulting text-block. There are hardback books and paperback

books.

PARTS OF A CASE BOUND BOOK

GLOSSARY

PARTS OF A BOOK

What is a book's FRONT MATTER? Front matter is the information that appears up front and first in a book. The front matter contains the nuts and bolts of the book’s publication—information like title, author, publisher, ISBN and Library Congress data. The front matter pages generally aren’t visibly numbered; when they are, the numbers appear as Roman numerals.

Here are the typical parts of a book's front matter:

Half title, sometimes called bastard title — is just the title of the book (you can think of it as a kind of half the title page) Frontispice — is the piece of artwork on the left (“verso”) side of the page opposite the title page on the right (“recto”) side. Title page – this is a page which contains the title of the book, the author (or authors) and the publisher. Copyright page — includes:

the declaration of copyright (that is, who owns the copyright, generally the authors)

other types of credits, such as illustrators, editorial staff, indexer, etc., and sometimes notes from the publishers

copyright acknowledgments — for books that contain reprinted material that requires permissions, such as excerpts, song lyrics

edition number — this number represents the number of the edition and of the printing. Some books will specifically note “First Edition”; others don’t declare that they are first editions, and instead is represent their printings with a number. In those cases, a first edition would look like:

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

A second edition would be noted as: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data – which includes information such as title, authors, ISBN, Library of Congress number, subject matter, year of publication.

Dedication — where the author honors an individual or individuals by declaring that the labor of the book is “To” [name or names] Acknowledgements — the author’s thanks to those who contributed time and resources towards the effort of writing the book. Table of Contents — outlines what is in each chapter of the book. Foreword — is a “set up” for the book, typically written by someone other than the author. Preface or Introduction — is a “set up” for the book’s contents, generally by the author.

ISBN

ISBN – International Standard Book Number precisely identifies a book, there should be no two books with the same number. The following publishing of the same book has a new number ISBN.

The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers.

The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108.

Since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with "Bookland" European Article Number EAN-13s.

An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if assigned before 2007.

An International Standard Book Number consists of 4 parts (if it is a 10 digit ISBN) or 5 parts (for a 13 digit ISBN):

The parts of a 10-digit ISBN and the corresponding EAN-13 and barcode.

Note the different check digits in each. The part of the EAN-13 labeled "EAN" is the Bookland country code.

For a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element - a GS1 prefix: so far 978 or 979 have been made available by GS1,

the registration group element, (language-sharing country group, individual country or territory)

the registrant element,

the publication element,and

a checksum character or check digit.

The 13-digit ISBN separates its parts (prefix element, registration group, registrant, publication and check digit) with either a hyphen or a space. Other than the prefix and the check digit, no part of the ISBN has a fixed number of digits.

The 10-digit ISBN also separated its parts (registration group, registrant, publication and check digit) with either a hyphen or a space.

 ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency. In Slovakia it is the National Agency ISBN in Martin.

What is a book's BODY MATTER?

Body matter is the core contents of the book— often divided into segments:

Parts

Sections

Chapters

The body matter is numbered with Arabic numerals beginning with the number “1” on the first page of the first chapter.

Art program — anything that isn’t text (photographs, illustrations, tables, graphs, etc.) is considered to be part of the book’s art program. The art program might be integrated into each page or appear all together within a separate “signature” somewhere in the book.

In non-fiction literature there there could be:

marginálie – marginalia

poznámky pod čiarou – footnotes

záhlavie- header, heading

What is a book's END MATTER? End matter is the materials at the back of the book, generally optional.

Glossary — Bibliography – most often seen in non-fiction like biography or in academic books,

a bibliography lists the reference sources used in researching the book. Index – the index is placed at the end of the book, and lists all the major references in the book (such as major topics, mentions of key people in the book, etc.) and their specific, corresponding page numbers. Publishing imprint: publishing and printing data: author(s), title, publisher, edition, printing house where a book was printed, circulation, number of publisher’s sheets, number of author’s sheets, production number

Errata (sg. erratum) – publishers issue an erratum for a production error

Printing

Printing was another Chinese invention in the ninth century AD. The first known book not written by hand was printed in what is now China, from engraved wooden blocks.

Because Chinese writing was in the form of a very large number of pictographs, moveable type was of little advantage. However such cast type did appear in Korea before developing quite independently in Europe.

Johannes Gutenberg's printing

A major advance in the West was Johannes Gutenberg's printing from cast metal type (c.1450 AD), still hand composed on a mostly wooden press.

The next great change was slow to arrive, being the metal printing press developed by Lord Charles Stanhope in 1803. This still relied on human power to operate, however.

A steam-powered press invented by the German Friedrich Koenig followed in 1810.

An American, Richard Hoe, invented the faster rotary press in 1846.

Printing raced further ahead when the mechanical composition of type was perfected in 1886 with the Linotype compositor.

Lithography was long used to print pictures for books.

From this method came the idea for offset printing, and the first offset press appeared in 1904.

In offset printing the method of "relief" printing from cast metal type, traditional since Gutenberg, is replaced by a smooth photographic plate. By 1980 offset printing was taking over from the older method in many countries.

That was only the beginning of the modern printing revolution. From 1968 computers became involved in printing (the Linotron). In 1983 the offset plate progressed to a format involving the laser-beam transference of stored digital information. Gradually, printing world-wide became a digital and computerized process, and mechanical printing began to disappear.

The Digital Revolution

It was only a matter of time that books could exist in a purely electronic form.

Digital books could be updated, be searchable electronically, include sounds & video and even a dictionary, and interact directly with the new Internet, and therefore contain instant links to further information.

E-Book

The electronic book or e-book (also spelt ebook and eBook) began in the last years of the twentieth century, existing as virtually stored in a digital file.

The book is one of humanity's most enduring cultural artifacts and treasures. The ability to read and write is our greatest tool in education, the most important medium for the transmission of ideas and the human culture.

Why should we continue to value, preserve, read and write books?

books record our past and progress

contain our experiments,  knowledge, and accumulated wisdom

proclaim our fears and ideas

champion our ideals, dreams, and hopes for the future

carry the heart and soul of our civilization forward, and keep it accessible. Long live the book.

CONVENTIONAL PRINTING TECHNOLOGY

All printing process are concerned with two kinds of areas on the final output:

Image of printing areas

Non-image or non-printing areas

THE FOUR MAIN CONVENTIONAL PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES (IN PRINCIPLE):

1. Planographics, in which the printing and non-printing areas are on the same plane surface and the difference between them is maintained chemically or by physical properties, the examples are: offset lithography, collotype, and screenless printing.

2. Relief, in which the printing areas are on a plane surface and the non printing areas are below the surface, examples: flexography and letterpress.

Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using the technique of offset lithography.

3. Intaglio, in which the non-printing areas are on a plane surface and the printing area are etched or engraved below the surface, examples: steel die engraving, gravure.

4. Porous, in which the printing areas are on fine mesh screens through which ink can penetrate, and the non-printing areas are a stencil over the screen to block the flow of ink in those areas, examples: screen printing.

OFFSET PRESS

Offset printing

   is a widely used printing technique where

- the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket,

- then to the printing surface.

  When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water,

- the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains

  ink from ink rollers,

- while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.

OTHER PRINTING TECHNIQUES:

flexography used for packaging, labels, newspapers

hot wax dye transfer

inkjet used typically to print a small number of books or packaging and also, to print a variety of materials from high quality papers simulating offset printing, to floor tiles; Inkjet is also used to apply mailing addresses to direct mail pieces

laser printing (Toner Printing) mainly used in offices and for transactional printing (bills, bank documents). Laser printing is commonly used by direct mail companies to create variable data letters or coupons.

pad printing popular for its unusual ability to print on complex three-dimensional surfaces

relief print mainly used for catalogues

rotogravure mainly used for magazines and packaging

screen-printing from T-shirts to floor tiles

Intaglio used mainly for high value documents such as currencies

Thermal printing popular in the 1990s for Fax printing, used today for airline baggage tags

GLOSSARY

ak chcete vedieť viac......

Obrázky

Odkazy

Describing pictures in English

http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/exams/speaking-exams/describe-photo-or-picture

1. Introduction

• The photo/picture shows ...
• It was taken by/in ...
• It's a black-and-white/coloured photo.

2. What is where?

• In the foreground/background you can see ...
• In the foreground/background there is ...
• In the middle/centre there are ...
• At the top/At the bottom there is ...
• On the left/right there are ...
• Behind/In front of ... you can see ...
• Between ... there is ...

3. Who is doing what?

Here you decribe the persons in the picture or you say what is happening just now. Use the Present Progressive.

4. What I think about the picture

• It seems as if ...
• The lady seems to ...
• Maybe ...
• I think ...
• ... might be a symbol of ...
• The atmosphere is peaceful/depressing ...
• I (don't) like the picture because ...
• It makes me think of ...

Homework, April 22nd

write 10 ways u can protect your environment

pls, for Monday lean Science and technology

Towns and places

Book plu a book I have read by an English speaking author

Fashion

Slovakia, my homeland

PEOPLE AND NATURE

PEOPLE AND NATURE

QUESTIONS AND POSSIBLE ANSWERS, DESCRIBING PICTURES

01_CARD_environment(1).pdf

VOCABULARY

141_NATURE_AND_ENVIRONMENT.pdf

SEASONS AND WEATHER

Spring begins on the 21^st March. The weather is clear and sunny but the temperature almost never arises to more than twenty degrees. Nature begins to awake from a long winter sleep, nights get shorter and days get longer. Woods and first flowers appear: snowdrops, dandelions, daffodils, forget-me-nots, violets and many more.

June 21^st is the date when summer begins. Schoolchildren have two months holidays and a lot of people set on journeys and take holidays. The temperature rises to 25 degrees and more, sky is clear and bright, there is a lot of sunshine, no wind blows and sometimes we suffer from a heat, which means the weather is sultry, hot and dry. Summer rains often come in the form of a storm. Then there is a crash of thunder and a flash of lighting and a heavy downpour. Occasionally it starts hailing or there is a cloudburst, but when the storm dies down, a rainbow may appear in the sky.

Autumn is usually colder than summer with foggy mornings. It starts on the 23^rd September. We can still enjoy a few fine days of Indian summer. It is the most rainy season and the nature is preparing for the winter. It is the time of harvest gathering fruit like apples and pears. The leaves of maples, beeches, birches, oaks and ashes are changing to red, yellow, orange or brown.

After autumn usually comes winter, the coldest season of the year on 21st December - winter. Everything is covered by snow and ice, animals and plants are hibernating, Children enjoy throwing snowballs, sledging, sliding and skating on frozen lakes. The temperature sometimes drops to 20 degrees Celsius below zero. The hands get numb and stiff, fingers tingle with cold and we sometimes suffer from frostbite. The roads become icy and slippery, which make driving hazardous.

There are three basic elements we need for our life: AIR, WATER and SOIL (pôda).

The main ecological problems

Now, at the beginning of the 21^st century, we are facing (čelíme) various ecological problems.

• climate changes-global warming, e.g. the polar icecaps are melting, so sea levels around the world are rising and scientists predict that some seaside areas will disappear under the sea in the future

• 
  weather-related disasters: floods, tsunami, earthquakes, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes, avalanches...

• deforestation: destruction of/cutting down the tropical rainforests, especially in South and Central American countries like Brazil and Costa Rica

• pollution: air/soil/water pollution: the ozone hole, acid rain, greenhouse effect, chemicals and harmful emissions

• The air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil we plant our foods in are all polluted (air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution). We produce a large number of dangerous chemicals (chemikálií) that endanger (ohrozujú) all life. We produce huge  amounts (množstvá) of CARBON DIOXIDE (kysličník uhličitý – CO₂). Plastics technologies destroys the ozone layer (ozónovú vrstvu) which surrounds (obklopuje) and protect our planed from the dangerous UV (ultraviolet) sunrays/sunbeams (slnečnými lúčmi). The ultraviolet radiation (UV) of the sun can cause skin cancer. Acid rain is caused by (zapríčinený) chemical SO₂ (sulphur dioxide) from factories and exhaust fumes (výfukových plynov) which is mixed in the air with water from clouds and creates H₂SO₃ (sulphurous acid). It is dangerous and poisonous because it is an acid and it damages buildings, kills trees, plankton and pollutes the soil.

• All pollution is caused by chemicals which get into our water, soil and air. These chemicals are not just from factories but from products we use daily (denne), things such as laundry detergents/washing powders (pracie prášky), used to wash our clothes and pesticides and fertilizers (hnojivá) used to grow our food. The cars we use every day produce exhaust fumes which pollute our air, and the waste (odpad) and rubbish (smetie), for example packaging (obaly), paper, old bottles, plastic bottles and cans, we produce is either (buď) buried (zakopaný), polluting the soil, or (alebo) burned (spálený), polluting the air. All these chemicals get into the atmosphere or leak (preniknú, presiaknu) into the soil and pollute our water.

• the disappearance of many animal and plant species;

• many plant and animal species are in danger (endangered) of extinction and have to be protected

          in  national parks, zoos, botanical gardens and game reserves.

THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY

What can you personally do to protect the environment?

• save water - have a shower rather than a bath; make sure that the water isn't left dripping

• save energy - switch off the light when leaving, use LED lights, turn off your computer and other electrical equipment, when not in use and save on electricity

• eat less beef and rice, livestock farming (chov dobytka) and rice growing (pestovanie ryže) are both major sources of methane production

• bring your own bag or basket to the store

• leftover food (zvysky jedal) and vegetable and fruit peels (supky zo zeleniny a ovocia) should be recycled - composted if possible; compost kitchen garbage

• buy things that have less packaging and are recyclable

• not to buy products with phosphates (detergents, washing powder)

• not to use many fertilizers and pesticides in the garden

• throw your chewing gum in the waste bin, not in the street

• buy products CFCs free, e.g. deodorants without chlorofluorocarbons

• put litter only into litter bins

• not to be noisy in the woods, not to pick flowers and branches

• use public transport (cars are the main pollutants), ride a bike

• contact people who are "green", join them and help them with organising events aimed at protecting nature, e.g. plant trees, clean lakes and rivers

• REDUCE. Reduce your usage of disposable/one-time-use items (jednorazové výrobky) and reduce the amount of solid waste (množstvo tuhého odpadu).

• RECYCLE. Sort out waste - recycle glass; plastics: plastic bottles and plastic packaging; paper, metals.

• REUSE. Recycled materials can be reused, e.g. recycled material from plastic bottles is used for making door mats.

USEFUL VOCABULARY

waste - odpad

spread - rozširovať

groundwater- spodná voda

leak into - presakovať

seep into - vsakovať

trash - haraburdy, odpad

discharge into - vypustiť, vylievať

dispose of sth - likvidovať, zbaviť sa

landfill area - verejná skládka odpadu

sawage – kanalizačné splašky

FLORA AND FAUNA ADAPTATION TO THE CLIMATE

FLORA

Plants are adapted to the climate. Trees in rainforests have broad leaves so that the heavy rain run off the leaves easily. The large leaves help the plants not to overheat.

Cactuses due to tiny spines reduce transpiration to almost nothing so they store water and adapt to the dry climates.

Coniferous plants also have small spiky leaves so that they don't lose too much water during the frozen winters.

Plants affected by strong winds have thicker stems to streghten and prevent themselves from being blown over.

FAUNA

Many animals are adapted to the weather in the local climate. Animals living in the coldest parts of the world, such as seals and polar bears, have thick layers of fat under their skin to protect them from the cold. Polar bears have hair on their feet to help them keep footing on slippery ice.

Brown bears hibernate during the coldest part of the year, living off stored fat and water to survive.

Toads do the same during periods of drought, lying in the mud until the next rains.

Many animals migrate to breeding areas to escape starvation during the winter season when food is harder to find, e.g. swallow.

In hot places, animals can often store water in their bodies such as camels. Nocturnal animals come out only at night to hunt and feet. Nights are a little bit colder.

VOCABULARY

Spike – pichliač, spiky leaves - ihličie

stem - stopka

hibernate – prezimovať

starvation – vyhladovanie

coniferous – ihličnatý

hair – srsť

drought – sucho

nocturnal - nočný

please find enclosed some important information about parts of a book

Write the missing words in the picture and sentences below. Choose from the following:

4.  A _________________________ is a list of the books and articles that were used in the preparation of a book. It usually appears at the end.
5. The ________________________ are the photographs or drawings that are found in a book.
6. The __________________________ at the beginning or end of a book are where the author thanks everyone who has helped him or her, plus who supplied photographs, etc.
7. A ___________________________ is an introduction at the beginning of a book, which explains what the book is about or why it was written.
8. A ___________________________ is one of the parts that a book is divided into. It is sometimes given a number or a title.
9. An __________________________ to a book is extra information that is placed after the end of the main text.
10. A ___________________________ is a preface in which someone who knows the writer and his or her work says something about them.
11. An___________________________ is an alphabetical list that is sometimes printed at the back of a book which has the names, subjects, etc. Mentioned in the book and the pages where they can be found.

12. The __________________________ is a list at the beginning of a book saying what it contains.
13. The __________________________ is an alphabetical list of the special or technical words used in a book, with explanations of their meanings.
14. A ____________________________is a note at the bottom of a page in a book which gives the reader more information about something that is mentioned on the page.
15. The __________________________ is a short description by the publisher of the contents of a book, printed on its paper cover or in advertisements.

Young people and their world

People from the age of thirteen to the age of nineteen are called “teenagers” because their age ends in “teen” in English. They are not children, but not yet adults. They live in their own world and their lifestyle depends on their parents, background, but mostly on their friends.

During puberty, most children go through dramatic physical changes. Teenagers also undergo mental developments. Their emotional life is more intensive than before. Love and friendship become the most important values. Teenagers prefer relationships with their peers to their parents.

Young people use many means to look different than other generations; they care a lot what they look like. Some of them follow the fashion trends closely and always want to be “in”, the others often wear strange clothes, for example old dirty and torn trousers, cheap shoes, an old T-shirt or other shirt. Teenagers also have strange hairstyles. Some prefer easy hairstyles, but some prefer “extreme” hairstyles. Nowadays it is normal even for boys to dye their hair. Tattoos and piercing are very popular with young people. It is very modern. They can have several parts of their body pierced, for example tongue, eyebrow, ear, nose and mouth.

It is widely known that teenagers spend a lot of their free time with their peers with whom they have similar interests, such as music, dance, sport, film or fashion. Sometimes they simply hang around together. Many of today’s youth work hard on their relationships because they value friendship so highly.

In the developed world, young people are usually well-educated, experienced and self-confident. They have access to all the modern inventions that make our lives easier, such as computer or mobile phone. They have a lot of opportunities to study or work abroad and often see those opportunities as chances to earn money and gain experience.

Many young people today start their own families later in life than their parents did. Many work on their career first and get married in their thirties. However, there are still many teenage pregnancies that often end girls’ education.

Young people often face many problems. They are in the age when they need someone who will listen to them talking about their problems, who will give them advice. It is good if this person is one of their parents but this doesn’t happen often. Parents want their children to be the best and the smartest. They often don’t understand them, criticise their hairstyle, clothes and friends, they think that their children don’t help enough at home, that they don’t study enough and that the music they listen to is terrible. On the other hand, young people think that their parents care too much and are overprotective. Children often have different ideas about their future, different life expectations and opinions than their parents do. All this creates tension between parents and children. Most teenagers would like to start their own independent lives but are still financially dependent on their parents. In this are, young people are under a lot of pressure.

The relationships between the old and the young generation are often talked about. Puberty, the age of revolt, often leads to conflicts between the generations, called a generation gap. It is natural that each generation of young people differs from the one before it. Our grandparents lived in totally different conditions which influenced their behaviour, attitude towards society and values.

The older people say that youngsters are irresponsible today. They often criticize the way the young people dress and behave. On the other hand many young people think that the older can’t understand them and they want to be absolutely different than their parents. Both groups should learn how to be more tolerant. The older should remember what they were like when they were young. The young should remember that the older have more experience and that one day they will be in the same situation.

Človek a spoločnosť - additional text

- morálka /správanie sa mladých a starších ľudí, etická výchova v rodine a v škole/
- spoločenská etiketa – stretnutia, pozdravy, blahoželania, etiketa návštev – dôvody, čas, témy rozhovorov, pohostenie
- normy a ich porušovanie /morálka a zákon, nedorozumenie a konflikt/
- prejavy záujmu a pomoci spoluobčanom v núdzi, sponzorstvo a sponzori /dôvody a podoby/
- vplyv spoločnosti na rodinu
 
A.
Humans, from the very beginning, were not able to live on their own and so started to form a bigger group. These organised groups created their system of laws and accepted behaviour which can be defined as a society. These laws and behaviour make it possible for people to live together.
Society takes care of its members. Many countries support the idea of government, money paid to people who are unemployed. While some people think that this social security is too low, others do not agree with somebody receiving money but not trying to find work and make a lot of claims for money of other taxpayers. The social work of government is aimed at improving bad social conditions and helping people in need.
According to modern anthropology, homosexuality has existed in all societies throughout human history and prehistory. Moreover, there is mounting evidence that homosexuality is widespread in the animal world. It must therefore be considered both ´normal´ and ´natural´. Indeed, most cultures have shown a reasonable level of tolerance towards homosexuals.
A number of controversial issues surround the debate about gay rights. One is the practice of outing. This is the revelation that a public figure is homosexual by gay activists. This practice goes totally against the idea that homosexuality should be discrete. Another issue that causes a lot of controversy in society is whether homosexual couples should be allowed to adopt children.
Ethics is the study of morals which deals with moral rules or principles of behaviour governing a person or group. Ethics refers to well based standards of right and wrong that set as rules what humans should do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness or specific virtues. Ethical standards also include those that encourage virtues of honesty, compassion and loyalty. And, ethical standards include standards relating to rights, such as the right to life, the right to freedom from injury, and the right to privacy.

B.
Etiquette can be defined as the formal rules of correct or polite behaviour in society or among members of a particular profession. There are certain rules how to be polite greeting each other. Younger people greet older, men greet women etc. 
There are some special conventions for how to behave in certain places, e.g. women covering their heads or shoulders when entering a church, men taking off hats in a church or women wearing knee-length skirts for business and diplomacy.  
Being respectful and considerate of others is the main idea behind rules of behaviour. Here are some etiquette tips for going to the theatre:
-  avoid being late, turn up at the theatre a couple of minutes early
-  if you arrive late, wait patiently until there is a break in the performance
-  turn off cell phones, pagers and other electronic devices
-  do not talk, whisper, drink or eat during the performance
-  use the restroom during the intermission
-  during curtain call, do not rush for the exits
Manners are taught as soon as your child understands what you are saying, but they will need coaching and reminders on manners throughout their childhood. When the child does something right let them know, when your child does something wrong, do not be negative about it, but gently tell them how to do it better and why. Here are some basic manners for young people:
-  wait your turn and do not interrupt other people when they are speaking
-  always greet someone when they come over to your house
-  say please and thank you often, it shows respect and appreciation
-  clean up after yourself
-  don’t stuff your mouth full of food, it looks disgusting and you could choke
-  don’t make any rude comments about any food being served

Etiquette at the table 
At  the  table  you  have to  behave  according  to  social  principles.  You shouldn’t start eating before other people have served and leave the table immediately after the dinner.
In some countries table manners are similar and in England and Slovakia too.  It’s considered rude to eat and  drink noisily, to wipe the plate  with bread, to pick at food  with hands, to read at the  table, to rest your elbows at the  table, to  reach  across  the  table  in  front of  people.  When we need something we have to ask another person to give it us. Also you have to ask permission if you want to smoke between courses or anywhere in other people’s home. In Slovakia people usually smoke in the balcony or in a room for smokers. Never clink glasses when drinks are served before meals. It will be considered impolite if you yourself are entertained and do not talk to your neighbours on your right and left. Make your food last till the other have nearly finished eating so that you all finish at the same time.
At the formal dinner the cutlery is placed in the order in which it will be used. The fork is laid on the left side of the plate with points up. On the right side of the plate are laid knife and spoon. The knife is first and with blade to the plate and then the spoon. The dessert spoon and fork are laid on the top of the place setting. The glass should be on the right and the bowl for stewed fruit on the left side above the fork. When you finish eating the knife and fork should be laid side by side in the middle of your plate and plate can be removed. If you leave them apart, it will show that you have not yet finished eating. You `re supposed to thank for the meal but it’s not so expected as in Britain.
Whenever a gentleman accompanies a lady along the street, he walks between her and the road full of traffic. A gentleman always raises his hat to a lady but seldom to a man.  People do not shake hands so often; they just say "Hello" without touching. But in our country when people meet together they always shake their hands, especially men.
Kissing is not common as a form of greeting unless know someone well. People usually kiss on both cheeks.
People wait in queues at bus stops or elsewhere in a quiet and discipline manner.  They do not speak loudly. In Slovakia in shops and at bus stops you have to go to the back of the queue and wait.  If you `jump the queue`, other people will angrily tell you to wait your turn.
When  you visit  Slovakia be  prepared to  meet friendly  and generous  people,  who  may  invite  you  into  their  homes. When you are invited to somebody’s home you don’t have to take present but you can. For  example: If you go  there for  the first  time or you haven’t  be there for a long time the  hostess will be pleased when she get a box of chocolate or a bunch of flowers.  When the host is a man a present suitable for him would be a bottle of wine or alcohol. 
In England people are invited to dinner by phone. It will be polite to ask them if you might come. If you arrange to meet someone, try not to be more than a few minutes late, because punctuality is important.
It`s impolite to ask someone how much they ear or how much they paid for something unless you know someone well.
When we are invited to dinner to a good restaurant or to home it is suitable for men to wear suit, jackets and ties and women should smartly dressed. If the woman is student and the man is working, the man should pay her share of the bill, but when they are not working, I think they should pay for each share by themselves.

C.
Society has a right to obey the law. If anybody does not and they are a danger to society, they can be locked up. Most people support the idea that the punishment should fit the crime which means that a person should be punished very severely for a serious crime and less severely for a lesser crime. During the trial, lawyers question witnesses to discover the truth. Witnesses take an oath to tell the truth by putting their right hand on a Bible. While some crimes are not so serious, like stealing, shoplifting, others threaten human life – robbery, burglary, mugging, kidnapping, hijack, murder etc.

Towns and Places

To speak about your home town you can follow the instructions in this video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qb-m3tEW_as

You should speak for about 5 minutes.

Please, include:

1. Your hometown and region (Bratislava, Modra, ...)
2. Your school town if different
3. Place where you usually spend your school holiday
4. Place where you have spent your holiday and you will never forget
5. Place you would like to live in in the future
6. Holiday destination of your dreams

Vocabulary

Expressions for city centre – downtown (U.S.) – Midtown (close to the centre U:S:) – uptown (prímestský, na okraji U.S.) – CBD – central business district (a part of the city in the centre with businesses shops, very busy, used in Australia)

Inner city – centrum mesta, (vnútorná časť)

Outskirts - predmestie

Inner ring vnútorný okruh, centrum

outer ring - vonkajší okruh, mimo centra

residential area – obytná zóna/oblasť

industrial area – priemyselná zóna/oblasť, lots of factories, businesses, lorries and trucks, activities, very busy and noisy

built up area – zástavba, vybudovaná oblasť, with a lot of infrastructure like shops, kindergartens, schools, banks, postoffices, etc, with housing activities where traffic can be also a problem.

suburban area – prímestská oblasť

neighbourhood – susedný, v susedstve, neighbourhood shops/friends

suburb - predmesstie

district – obvod – vhen we talk about a city

borough – samosprávna štvrť/obvod (U.K.)

quarter – štvrť

Words with negative meaning

wasteland – pustatina, opustená štvrť - an unused area of land that has become barren or overgrown.

Slum -- chudobná mestská štvrť

Ghetto – an area where a certain ethnic group live

no-go area – a dangerous or abandon area with a lot of crime and drug use

Shanty town - chudobná štvrť bez vody a elektriny, prístrešky postavené z odpadu

Suburbia – nudná švrť mimo diania (“Tu skapal pes”)

Another expressions

Housing estates - sídlisko

Council estates – mestské byty, sociálne byty

Gated community – in some of the more dangerous cities in the world people live in closed communities for security purposes (za účelom bezpečnosti). To get into the area you have to pass a security control, uzatvorená komunita

Dormitory town – internátne/ubytovacie mestečko pre študentov alebo ľudí dochádzajúcich do zamestnania

Adjectives to describe towns and places

Ancient-  historic, having a long history – historický

Attractive – beautiful, lovely, atraktívny, príťažlivý

Bustling – very crowded, very busy, cities that never sleep, rušný

Contemporary – very modern, new, up to date,  súčasný, moderný

Lively – vibrant, alive, never sleep (New York, London, Paris), živé mesto, rušné

Dull – a place which is pretty boring, sleepy, without any life

Picturesque – absolutely charming, beautiful, malebný

Touristic – place very busy with tourists, very crowded during the holiday seasons