in case you are intrested in your final exam topics, find enclosed copy of YES B1 book for further reference yes-b1.pdf.

DICTIONARY, please, feel free to consult it if you are not familiar with any words or phrases in your textbook, just click on the link below

SLOVNÍK K UČEBNICI:   EF_3e_Int_Slovak_WL-1.pdf 

in case you are interested in revising for your final exam, check the following sites (nahrávky a testy s kľúčom B1 aj B2)

matura: https://www.matura.sk/maturitne-testy/anglicky-jazyk

núcem: http://www.nucem.sk/sk/maturita#1144,o118

zmaturuj https://zmaturuj.zones.sk/maturitne-test

 

SLOVNÍK K UČEBNICI:   EF_3e_Int_Slovak_WL-1.pdf 

in case you need my email, pls use the following one katarina.privoznikova@gmail.com

narrative tenses in English - the use of past simple, past continuous and past perfect to tell a story https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hza_paZrYw0

before you start writing your essay, please, watch the video again https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9pFeMKZR1I

Nepriama reč (reported speech)

Nepriama reč (reported speech / indirect speech) v angličtine.

 

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PRIAMA REČ (DIRECT SPEECH)	NEPRIAMA REČ (INDIRECT SPEECH / REPORTED SPEECH)
PRIAMU REČ používame vtedy, ak podávame niekoho prejav v presne tom znení, ako bol hovoriacim podaný – presne opakujeme hovoriaceho slová. Na uvedenie priamej reči používame úvodzovky (” “) Výrok reprodukujeme bez akejkoľvek zmeny.	NEPRIAMU REČ používame vtedy, ak chceme reprodukovať (prerozprávať) obsahovo presne, čo hovoriaci povedal, no nie podaním doslovného výroku (za použitia presných slov hovoriaceho). V nepriamej reči dochádza k zmene zámen i slovesných časov. Sloveso vo vete, ktorá uvádza výrok je zvyčajne v minulom čase. Výrok z priamej reči posúvame v nepriamej reči o jeden čas “naspäť”. Navyše, na uvedenie nepriamej reči nepoužívame úvodzovky (” “)
“I am happy.”   “I am happy,” Fiona said. “I am happy,” said Fiona. Fiona said: “I am happy.”	“I am happy.”   She said (that) she was happy.

Stavba vety

1. Uvádzacia veta (so slovesami ako SAY / TELL / ASK apod. zvyčajne v minulom čase)
2. Veta, ktorá samotný reprodukovaný výrok obsahuje.

reporting clause	reported clause
He said,	“I need your love.”
He said	he’ll help me.

Slovesá SAY / TELL v uvádzacích vetách

Nepriamu reč načastejšie uvádzajú slovesá SAY / TELL. Nie sú však jediné, no robia najväčšie problémy. V akých štruktúrach / väzbách sa používajú sa viac dočítate v tomto článku: Kameň úrazu #3 – SAY, TELL, TALK, SPEAK. Pri nepriamej reči je znalosť tejto dvojice veľmi dôležitá, preto si tento článok rozhodne dôkladne preštudujte.

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Zmeny v nepriamej reči

Zmeny (slovesných) časov

Pri tvorbe nepriamej reči z priamej reči sa na sloveso po uvádzacej vete v minulom čase (napr. She told me that …) uplatní súslednosť časov. Výrok z priamej reči posúvame v nepriamej reči o jeden čas “naspäť”:

• prítomný čas jednoduchý → minulý čas jednoduchý
• prítomný čas priebehový → minulý čas priebehový
• predprítomný čas jednoduchý → predminulý čas jednoduchý
• predprítomný čas priebehový → predminulý čas priebehový
• minulý čas jednoduchý → predminulý čas jednoduchý
• minulý čas priebehový → predminulý čas priebehový
• budúci čas s “WILL” → would
• be going to → was / were going to

PRIAMA REČ	NEPRIAMA REČ
“I study hard,” he said.	He said (that) he studied hard.
“I am studying hard,” he said.	He said (that) he was studying hard.
“I have studied hard,” he said.	He said (that) he had studied hard.
“I have been studying hard,” he said.	He said (that) he had been studyinghard.
“I studied hard,” he said.	He said (that) he had studied hard.
“I was studying hard,” he said.	He said (that) he had been studyinghard.
“I will study hard,” he said.	He said (that) he would study hard.
“I am going to study,” he said.	He said (that) he was going to studyhard.

• He told me he had hated science at school. (= veta v priamej reči: “I hated science at school.“)

Minulý čas jednoduchý sa mení na predminulý, no často ho pri prevode z priamej do nepriamej reči môžeme vo vete ponechať bez zmeny, najmä vtedy, ak veta obsahuje príslovkové určenie času alebo čas je z kontextu logicky známy a jasný.

• All students knew (that) the war (had) started in 1939.

Predminulý čas sa nemení!

Minulý priebehový ostáva zvyčajne bez zmeny, ak ho prevádzame do nepriamej reči.

• “I was cooking the dinner while Peter was listening to the radio.” → He said he was cooking the dinner while Peter was listening to the radio.

Predminulý čas v nepriamej reči sa môže vzťahovať až k trom odlišných časom v priamej reči. Presný význam nám vždy naznačí kontext, z ktorého daná veta pochádza:

• “I‘ve done my homework.” → She said she‘d done her homework.
• “I did my homework last week.” → She said she‘d done her homework the week before.
• “I‘d done my homework before, but I did it again.” → She said she‘d done her homework before.

Zmeny pri modálnych slovesách

• WILL → WOULD
• CAN → COULD (ALEBO WOULD BE ABLE TO)
• SHALL → WOULD
• SHALL v ponukách a návrhoch → SHOULD
• MAY (ak vyjadruje “možnosť”) → MIGHT
• MAY (ak vyjadruje “povolenie”) → COULD
• MUST (ak vyjadruje “istotu”) → bez zmeny
• MUST (ak vyjadruje “povinnosť”) → HAD TO / MUST
• COULD / MIGHT / OUGHT TO / USED TO / WOULD → bez zmeny

PRIAMA REČ	NEPRIAMA REČ
“I will study hard,” he said.	He said (that) he would study hard.
“I can sing very well,” he said.	He said (that) he could sing very well.
“We shall help you,” he said.	They said (that) they would help me.
“”Shall I open the window,” he said.	He aked if he should open the window.
“I may be back later,” he said.	He said (that) he might be back later.
“You may do it,” he said.	He said (that) we could do it.
“He must have some problems,” she said.	She said (that) he must have some problems
“I must do it,” he said.	He said (that) he had to do it.

Zmeny pri príslovkách

Príslovky a príslovkové určenia z priamej reči do nepriamej meníme nasledovne:

PRIAMA REČ	NEPRIAMA REČ
here	there
now	then / at that moment
today, tonight, this morning / week …	that day, that night, that morning / week …
tomorrow	the next / following day
yesterday	the day before, the previous day
ago	before
last night / month	the night / month before, the previous month
next week / year	the next / following week / year

• ‘I’ll wait for you here tomorrow,’  I said. → I told her I would wait for her there the next / following day.

Keď zámena THIS / THESE používame v príslovkových určeniach času, meníme ich na THAT / THOSE.

• this month → that month
• these years → those years

Ak tieto zámena nie sú súčasťou príslovkových určení časov, postupujeme nasledovne. Porovnajte!

• “This book is interesting,” Fiona told me.
  →  Fiona told me (that) the book was interesting

Ak THIS / THESE / THAT / THOSE používame ako “prídavné meno” - nachádza sa pred podstatným menom, nahrádza ho v nepriamej reči “THE“.

• “This is an interesting book,” Fiona said.
  → Fiona said (that) it was an interesting book.

Ak THIS / THESE / THAT / THOSE používame ako “zámeno” - nenachádza sa pred podstatným menom, nahrádza ho vo v nepriamej reči “IT“, poprípade “THEY / THEM“.

Zmeny pri zámenách

Zámena sa v nepriamej reči pri reprodukovaní výroku z priamej reči menia podľa toho, kto reprodukuje koho priamu reč. Dôležitým faktorom je aj to, komu ju reprodukuje. Všetky tieto zmeny vychádzajú vždy z daného kontextu. Všimnite si!

• “I love you.” sa v nepriamej reči zmení na napr. She said she loved me.

V priamej reči máme zámeno “I”- je to človek, ktorý výrok hovorí. Ak vetu prevedieme na nepriamu reč, musíme i toto zámeno zmeniť. Ak nemáme kontext, je veľmi komplikované určiť kto – komu niečo hovorí, preto sa vždy riadime podľa kontextu.

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Kedy k zmene (slovesných) časov nedochádza?

Ak sloveso (said, told apod.) uvádzajúce nepriamu reč je v prítomnom čase.

Prítomný čas v uvádzajúcej vete vyjadruje, že výrok padol iba nedávno a je stále relevantný / aktuálny. V takýchto prípadoch nedochádza k zmene časov.

• “I‘m hungry.” → Peter says he‘s hungry.

Ak výrok obsahuje všeobecné pravdy, stále stavy apod.

• “Water boils at 100 °C.”  → She said that water boils at 100 °C.

Ak hovoriaci reprodukuje výrok hneď po tom ako bol vyslovený.

• “I will take a bus,” she said. → She said she will take a bus. (bezprostredné / okamžité reprodukovanie, ktoré je aktuálne)

• “I will take a bus,” she said. → She said she would take a bus. (neskoršie reprodukovanie, ktoré je už neaktuálne)

Ak niečo, čo hovoriaci povedal stále platí (je aktuálne). Toto použitie sa vzťahuje hlavne na situácie, kedy je v priamej reči budúci čas. V takom prípade ho bez zmeny ponechávame aj v nepriamej reči.

• She said that she will cook the dinner. – Povedala, že mi uvarí – stále na to čakám.
• She said that she would cook the dinner. –  Povedala, že mi uvarí – už na to nečakám (buď mi už navarila alebo nie)

Ak reprodukujeme vety, ktoré obsahujú druhý alebo tretí kondicionál.

• Druhý kondicionál: “If I won the lottery, I would travel the world,” she said.

→ She said (that) if she won the lottery, she would travel the world.

• Tretí kondicionál: “If I had taken a taxi, I wouldn’t have missed the plane,” she said. 

→ She said (that) if she had taken a taxi, she wouldn’t have missed the plane.

Ak reprodukujeme výrok, ktorý je v podstate citátom.

• Dalai Lama said that we can never obtain peace in the outer world until we make peace with ourselves.

Ak reprodukujeme nejaký príbeh / historku, nie je za potreby meniť minulý čas na predminulý.

• “I was waiting for my wife, and I saw what happened,” he said.

→ He said he was waiting for his wife and saw what happened.

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Ďalšie situácie

 Ak hovoriaci reprodukuje niečo, o čom sa vie, že je to pravda (niečo, čo je platné), časy môžeme buď zmeniť aleboponechať bez zmeny. Väčšinou sa uprednostňuje druhá možnosť.

• “I am interested in cooking,” he said. (= pravda) → He said that he is / was interested in cooking.
• “My sister works for the BBC,” he said.→ He told me his sister works for the BBC. (= Je to stále platné, že pre BBC pracuje.)

Naopak, ak však reprodukujeme niečo nepravdivé (niečo, čo je neplatné) (výrok hovoriaceho považujeme za nepravdivý), k zmene dôjsť musí.

• PRIAMA REČ: “I have had a serious accident,” he said to me.
• NEPRIAMA REČ: He said to me that he had had a serious accident, but he escaped without injury.

• He claimed the Earth was flat.

 Ak reprodukujeme vetu, ktorej obsah je už neaktuálny, časy zmeniť musíme.

Ak je obsah vety však aktuálny v čase jej reprodukovania, časy môžeme ponechať bez zmeny alebo ich zmeniť.

• “I am going abroad next year,” he said. → He said (that) he was going abroad the following year. (= táto veta je reprodukovaná po jeho odchode – je teda neaktuálna, k zmene dôjsť musí)

• “I am going abroad next year,” he said. → He said (that) he is going abroad next year. (= táto veta je reprodukovaná pred jeho odchodom – je teda ešte stále aktuálna, k zmene dôjsť nemusí)

• The forecast said it was going to snow, and it did.

• (Saturday 13 May) Fiona said: “I have got a terrible headache.”
  (Sunday 20 May) Fiona said (that) she had got a terrible headache.

Predstavte si situáciu, kde Nikola a Peter potrebujú nového zamestnanca do ich zabehnutej
firmy, ktorá sídli v ich rodinnom dome. Nikola volá uchádzačovi. 
Uchádzač odpovie: “I’ll be at your house at seven tomorrow morning.“

O chvíľu neskôr Nikola reprodukuje, čo povedal uchádzač Petrovi.
Nikola: “The applicant says he‘ll be here at nine tomorrow morning.“

V tomto prípade je hovoriaci odlišný, takže “I” sa zmení z pôvodnej vety na “the applicant” alebo “he“. Hovoriaci, ktorý reprodukuje je na odlišnom mieste, čiže “at your house” sa stáva “here” z pohľadu Nikoly.

Ďalší deň uchádzač nepríde. Nikol mu volá neskôr v ten istý deň.
Nikola vraví: “You said you would be here at seven this morning.“

Teraz je čas o jeden deň neskôr, teda “tomorrow morning” sa stáva “this morning“. A sľub je teraz neaktuálny, takže dochádza k posunu časov. WILL meníme na WOULD..

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Preklad nepriamej reči do slovenčiny

Pri preklade anglickej nepriamej reči do slovenčiny uplatňujeme posun „o jeden čas dopredu“. Napr.:

“I am happy,” he said.

• He said that he was happy. → Povedal, že je šťastný.
• He said that he was happy. → Povedal, že bol šťastný. (MINULÝ ČAS je v nepriamej reči vlastne chápaný ako prítomný. Tieto pravidlá o posune časov sme si spomínali vyššie.)

 

 

Téma: Fashion and Clothing 
A world-famous brand wants to find out the opinions of young people about fashion and clothing. Write an essay (200-250 words), in which you cover the following points:

• the importance of following fashion trends;
• elegance versus comfort;
• the description of young people’s fashion.

p. 322 YES books, argumentative essay - Is the Internet a must? - study the guidelines and principles of essay writing together with the ones we mentioned in the class today - read the essay at least three times and underline the linking phrases.

B2 testy (test A)

B1 - nižšia úroveň (test B)

link https://www.matura.sk/maturitne-testy/2007

Nepriama reč (reported speech)

Yes books p. 251-256

Nepriama reč (reported speech / indirect speech) v angličtine.

Kondicionály (conditionals) – podmienkové vety

watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=16&v=xsG-dz1drgQ

 

exercises 1st conditional https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_1_statements.htm

 1st conditional negations: https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_1_negation.htm

2nd conditional https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_2_statements.htm

negations https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_2_negation.htm

3rd conditional https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_3_statements.htm

negation https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_3_negation.htm

zero conditional https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/zero-conditional-exercise-1.html

mixed exercises https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/conditional-sentences-3

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-files/first-second-third-conditional-exercise.pdf

time clauses https://www.e-grammar.org/time-clauses/test1-exercise2/

https://www.e-grammar.org/time-clauses/test1-exercise2/

https://www.e-grammar.org/download/test-your-english-4.pdf

wish clauses https://www.englishguide.sk/test-wish-zelacie-vety-wish-clauses/

Kondicionály (conditionals) – podmienkové vety prehľadne a jasne vysvetlené pravidlá spojené s ich tvorbou a použitím.

 

WISH – želacie vety (wish clauses)

Článok o želacích vetách s WISH (wish clauses). Tvorba, použitie časov a ďalšie výnimky spojené s WISH / IF ONLY.

 

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Vedľajšie vety želacie tvoríme pomocou väzieb I WISH / IF ONLY.

Vyjadrujeme nimi hypotetické situácie, ktoré si hovoriaci predstavuje a následne želá.

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PRÍTOMNOSŤ / BUDÚCNOSŤ

WISH + past simple

WISH + past simple → používame v angličtine na vyjadrenie prítomných a budúcich želaní. Takými to vetami si prajeme odlišnú prítomnosť/budúcnosť. 

POZOR! Vo vetách síce používame minulý čas jednoduchý (past simple), no význam želania je však prítomný.

• I wish I was / were younger. (Kiežby som bol mladší. – ale nie som mladý)

• I wish I had a big house. (Kiežby som mal veľký dom. – ale nemám veľký dom)

• I wish she were / was here. (Kiežby tu bola. – ale nie je tu)

• I wish I knew what to do. (Kiežby som tak vedel, čo robiť. – ale neviem)

• His mother only speaks French. She wishes she spoke Spanish or German. (Jeho mama hovorí iba francúzky. Ona si želá, aby rozprávala španielsky alebo nemecky. – ale nerozpráva)

WISH + past continuous

WISH + past continuous → používame v angličtine na vyjadrenie prítomných a budúcich želaní. Minulý čas priebehový nám zdôrazňuje zmenu oproti práve prebiehajúcemu deju / naplánovanému deju.

• I wish I was studying German instead of English. (Kiežby som tak študoval nemčinu namiesto angličtiny.) – v skutočnosti: I am studying German.

• I wish they weren’t leaving this evening. (Kiežby tak neodišli dnes večer.) – v skutočnosti: They are leaving this evening.

WISH + past continuous

WISH + could → používame vtedy, ak hovoríme o schopnostiach, ktorými v súčasnosti nedisponujeme. Táto štruktúra sa často používa aj vtedy, ak hovoríme o činnostiach, na ktoré máme / nemáme v prítomnosti povolenie.

• I wish I could swim. (Keby som tak vedel plávať. – ale neviem plávať.)

• I wish I could turn back the clock. (Kiež by som mohol vrátiť späť čas. – ale nemôžeme to urobiť)

• Steve wishes he could go abroad with me, but his mother won’t let him. ( – nemá povolenie ísť …)

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MINULOSŤ

WISH + past perfect

WISH + past perfect → používame, ak hovoríme o želaniach týkajúcich sa minulosti. 

• I wish I had said it. (Kiežby som to bol povedal. – ale nepovedal som)

• If only I had woken up early. (Kiežby som vstal skôr. – ale nevstal som)

WISH + could have done

WISH + could have done → používame pre minulé želania a vyjadrujeme tým ľútosť nad niečim, čo sme nemohli urobiť.

• I wish I could have been there. (Kiežby som tam mohol byť. – ale nebol som tam)

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WOULD

WISH + would

WISH + would → používame vtedy, ak chceme vyjadriť, že nie sme sme s nejakou súčasnou situáciouspokojní. Vyjadrujeme ľútosť / sťažnosť / zlosť ohľadom niečoho, čo nie je tak ako by sme si to predstavovali. Zvyčajne hovoriaci ani neočakáva zmenu situácie.

• I wish it would stop raining. (Kiežby prestalo pršať.)

WISH + would

WISH + would → používame rovnako vtedy, ak vyjadrujeme nespokojnosť s niekoho konaním / správaním, ktoré neschvaľujeme. Takéto vety sú často v zápore. Tieto vety zvyčajne naznačujú, že hovoriaci niečo požaduje alebo niekomu dáva istý druh príkazu.

• I wish you wouldn’t drink. (Keby si tak prestal piť. / Prestaň piť!)
• I wish you wouldn’t throw rubbish on the ground!

WISH a WOULD musia mať odlišné podmety, aby bola veta správna. Vyhnite sa preto vetám ako:

• I wish I would …
• She wishes she would …
• We wish we would …

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WISH vs. HOPE

HOPE používame vtedy, ak niečo chceme a je možné, že sa nám to splní.

WISH naopak používame vtedy, ak niečo chceme a je nepravdepodobné / nemožné, že sa to naplní.

• I hope I can learn German well. (= je to možné napr. jazyky mi celkom idú)
• I wish I could speak German, English, French, Spanish. (= toto je nemožné, teda aspoň čo sa mňa týka napr. jazyky mi vôbec nejdú)
• I hope it’s rainy tomorrow. (! NIE I wish it was rainy tomorrow. = je to možné, že bude pršať)

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WISH VO VÝZNAME WANT

WISH + infinitive / WISH + object + infitive používame vo význame WANT. Tieto štruktúry sú však veľmi formálne. V bežných situáciách používajte namiesto WISH TO slovesá ako WANT TO / WOULD LIKE TO.

• I wish to speak to the financial manager, please. 

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 POZOR!

IF ONLY znamená to isté čo PODMET + WISH. Významovo je iba o čosi viac ráznejšie. Uplatňujú sa na neho všetky pravidlá spomínané pri WISH.

• If only I was/were taller. = I wish I was/were taller. 

Určite ste si všimli, že pri WISH / IF ONLY dochádza k posunu časov. To znamená, že MINULÝ ČAS vyjadruje PRÍTOMNOSŤ / PREDMINULÝ ČAS vyjadruje MINULOSŤ apod.

• She is angry. She wishes she weren’t angry. (= želanie ohľadom prítomnosti)
• She broke her leg yesterday. She wishes she hadn’t broken her leg yesterday. (= želanie ohľadom minulosti)

Pri týchto vetách môžeme WERE namiesto WAS použiť vo všetkých osobách. To znamená, že vety typu I wish I were, I wish she were nie sú chybné, práve naopak. Napr. americká angličtina častejšie pracuje s WERE ako WAS.

Po I WISH / IF ONLY nikdy nepoužívame budúci čas.

 

Modals of deduction - must/may/might/can't

exercises: https://www.examenglish.com/grammar/B1_present_modals_of_deduction.htm

https://elt.oup.com/student/result/engint/a_grammar/unit07/7c_1?cc=global&selLanguage=en

https://www.test-english.com/grammar-points/b1/modal-verbs-of-deduction/

MODALS OF DEDUCTION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWw8We_ElLo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1Lxrg6ceEg

SEKUNDÁRNE MODÁLNE SLOVESÁ

SEKUNDÁRNE (= vyjadrujú do akej miery si je hovoriaci istý tým čo hovorí – vyjadrujú teda mieru istoty / neistoty / pravdepodobnosti)

Ak vo vete vystupuje modálne sloveso v jeho sekundárnom význame, OPISY nepoužívame. Význam týchto modálnych slovies sa týka predovšetkým prítomnosti:

must  → určite (to tak je) can’t  → určite to tak nie je may  → možno to tak je might  → možno to tak je could  → možno to tak je couldn’t  → nie je možné (aby to tak bolo)

• The book must be very good. – Tá kniha je určite veľmi dobrá.
• This could be the right solution. – Možno to je správne riešenie.

Pokiaľ však tieto modálne slovesá hovoria o minulosti, nachádzajú sa vo vete v DOKONAVOM INFINITÍVE (modálne sloveso + have + minulé príčastie).

• That can’t be her sister. → That can’t have been her sister.

Sekundárne modálne slovesá v minulosti tvoríme teda pomocou tejto štruktúry:

MODÁLNE SLOVESO + HAVE + MINULÉ PRÍČASTIE

CAN’T / COULDN’T HAVE DONE

Pomocou modálneho slovesa „CAN’T / COULDN’T“ s tzv. minulým infinitívom vyjadrujeme, že sme si istí, že sa v minulosti niečo nestalo (že to tak určite nebolo).

• She’s gone to the wrong door – she can’t have seen the sign. (= …určite si nevšimla…)

MUST HAVE DONE

Pomocou modálneho slovesa „MUST“ s tzv. minulým infinitívom vyjadrujeme, že sme si istí, že sa vminulosti niečo stalo.

• I must have left my wallet in the car. (= …určite som ju nechal…)

COULD / MAY / MIGHT HAVE DONE

Pomocou modálneho slovesa „COULD / MAY / MIGHT“ s tzv. minulým infinitívom vyjadrujeme, ženiečo mohlo nejako byť (= je možné, že niečo nejako bolo).

• The train might have been delayed. (= …je možné, že vlak..)
• The letter could have got lost in the post. (= …je možné, že sa list stratil …)

Pomocou modálneho slovesa „COULD“ s tzv. minulým infinitívom navyše môžeme vyjadriť, že niečo sme mali šancu / schopnosť urobiť, no neurobili sme to. Tento význam v sebe skrýva istý druh výčitky.

• He could have walked there, but he decided to wait where he was.

SHOULD HAVE DONE

Pomocou modálneho slovesa „SHOULD“ s tzv. minulým infinitívom vyjadrujeme, že sme niečo mali urobiť, no neurobili sme to a teraz to ľutujeme.

• I should have posted this letter yesterday. (= …mal som ho poslať, no neposlal som a teraz to ľutujem)

SHOULDN’T HAVE DONE

Pomocou modálneho slovesa „SHOULDN’T“ s tzv. minulým infinitívom vyjadrujeme, že sme niečo urobili, no nemali sme to robiť a teraz to ľutujeme.

• You shouldn’t have told me the answer. (= …nemal som, no povedal som…)

NEEDN’T HAVE DONE

 

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Pomocou modálneho slovesa „NEEDN’T“ s tzv. minulým infinitívom vyjadrujeme, že sme niečo nemuseli robiť, urobili sme to zbytočne, no nebolo to potrebné.

 

• I needn’t have arrived at seven. (= …nemusel som prísť o siedmej, no prišiel som a nebolo to nutné…) 

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Opisy vs minulé modálne slovesá

WAS / WERE SUPPOSED TO DO vs SHOULD HAVE DONE

• He was supposed to come on time. → Mal prísť načas, očakávalo sa to od neho. Neriešime, či tam prišiel alebo nie. Touto vetou iba oznamuje, že v minulosti mal nejakú povinnosť.

• He should have come on time. → Mal prísť načas! Pravdou však je, že neprišiel a v súčastnosti to ľutuje.

WASN’T / WEREN’T SUPPOSED TO DO vs SHOULDN’T HAVE DONE

• He wasn’t supposed to do it. → Nemal to robiť. Niekto mu doporučil, aby to nerobil. My však nevieme ako sa nakoniec rozhodol, či to urobil alebo nie.

• He shouldn’t have done it. → Nemal to robiť! Faktom je, že to urobil a to sa nemalo stať.

HAD TO DO vs MUST HAVE DONE

• She had to do it. → Musela to urobiť, mala to prikázané. Neriešime, či to urobila alebo nie. Touto vetou iba oznamuje, že v minulosti mala nejakú povinnosť.

• She must have done it. → Určite to urobila! Pravdou však je, že žiadnu povinnosť mať nemusela. Nás však zaujíma fakt, že niečo sa určite odohralo.

 COULDN’T DO vs  CAN’T / COULDN’T HAVE DONE

• She couldn’t do it. → Nemohla to urobiť. Nemala možnosť to urobiť. Poprípade na to nemala povolenie / zvolenie.

• She can’t / couldn’t have done it. → Určite to neurobila! Vyjadrujeme, že sme si istí, že sa v minulosti niečo nestalo.

DIDN’T HAVE TO DO / DIDN’T NEED TO DO vs NEEDN’T HAVE DONE

• We didn’t need to make any sandwiches. We knew that people were bringing
  their own. → Nemuseli to robiť. K deju neprišlo. Vedeli sme vopred, že to nemusíme robiť (nemáme tú povinnosť).

• We needn’t have made these sandwiches. No one’s eaten any. → K deju prišlo, no zbytočne Nebolo to nutné, ale vopred sme to nevedeli, takže sme to urobili.

PYGMALION

watch the video first https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePlLyC7sWMI

a must see video before you see the play https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpxoLcp59Uo

read about Pygmalion by G.B.Shaw

written by G. B. Shaw/ directed by Paul Stebbings

PYGMALION is a masterpiece of English dramatic literature but it has suffered for many years by comparison with My Fair Lady and drawing room comedies such as those of Oscar Wilde.

Our aim is to look afresh at this play, to reveal its modern relevance and to entertain while challenging the idea that this powerful work is only a comedy.

Key themes: We are judged by how we communicate even more than how we look. Speech “betrays” our origin and education. Using the common English idiom : to betray our origin - is I think a starting point for Shaw. Betrayal, treason, traitor...our words are often beyond our control. Our words give us away, revealing who we are even if we wish to hide or protect our identity. Words can only be controlled, prevented from betraying us by education. How we communicate is perhaps as, or even more important than what we communicate. Another familiar idiom being: the medium is more important than the message. Or: “the medium is the message”. What Eliza says is not important to Professor Higgins. He only cares how she says it.

Shaw is identifying a very modern phenomenon: the superficial judgement of people based on their style of communication rather than the content of what they communicate. Perspective, especially historical perspective, allows us to understand our own time and place. For example, the internet often seems to be more concerned with presentation than content. Social media presents us as what we wish to be rather than what we are and usually the self we present is untroubled and positive ( beautiful or handsome too!) rather than how we really feel or indeed look.

Social mobility has slowed down in most modern societies since the 1980’s. A strong regional accent, especially one associated with industrial cities, remains a powerful social and economic handicap. It might be interesting to ask students if they can think of exceptions in public life, in politics, the arts or celebrities they know.

Shaw was always considered to be a great visionary, to be a man ahead of his time. His attitude to women is very positive. In the age of #Me Too PYGMALION is a relevant and exciting text. Higgins (and to an extent Pickering) believe they have the right to mould Eliza, to change her but not to take the responsibility for that change. They understand how powerful this change will be, Eliza does not, indeed cannot, because she has no idea of the social world she will be propelled into. Higgins and Pickering know they are making a type of monster, someone who will no longer be able to live with her old friends or family but only appear to fit in with “high” society. The only place Eliza will fit in is at the house of Higgins. But Higgins is a “confirmed bachelor”. Shaw is very clear that this is not a romantic comedy. Eliza is isolated by Higgins. She is treated as an experiment not a human. She rebels, she goes to the only sensitive and intelligent character in the play for support: Mrs Higgins, the professor’s mother. It is important to Shaw that our sympathy as an audience lies with the two main female characters, indeed we might say that Mrs Higgins represents us the audience- what she thinks is what we think, she voices our opinions and judgement.

The other important male character in Eliza’s life is her father, Alfred Doolittle. Shaw is not sentimental. It is not only the rich and intelligent males who are criticised in this play. Alfred may have charm and the ability to communicate but he is a terrible parent. He treats his daughter as a commodity, a source of income and a nuisance to his self-indulgent life. As with Higgins, he refuses to take responsibility for Eliza. Women are seen as objects not equals by these powerful men. The men do not articulate this. The men think they are behaving fairly or naturally. They believe they are right, even moral. This is what Shaw is challenging: the assumption of superiority by those who have no right to be superior because their actions are deeply selfish. Both Higgins and Alfred are immature. They behave like the worst boys, boys who disdain girls. Alfred feels trapped by both fatherhood and marriage. Higgins and even Pickering want to live as bachelors with every luxury, served by their female housekeeper (who protects them from the adult practical world) and given comfort by their “pet”, a woman who they have trained to entertain them, to irritate other adults and throw their slippers (like a dog).

So why does not Eliza see this and simply leave? This is a good question to ask a class before suggesting answers as I do now. Eliza starts as a lonely figure. She lives a fragile existence selling flowers in the vegetable market of Convent Garden in the heart of London. We can see how tough she needs to be. Every half penny matters to her. She shamelessly pushes for a sale. We are uncomfortable because her selling is close to begging. We also see that she has a strong sense of herself. She is respectable. She may be close to being a beggar but she is not a beggar ( or worse). But she is frightened of the police. She knows that her poverty makes her suspect by the Law, especially as she sells to the rich. The poor do not buy flowers. Eliza is isolated before she meets Higgins. Shaw does not depict a jolly working class world of friendly traders. No one shows Eliza kindness until she meets Higgins housekeeper (although Pickering treats her better than Higgins). Above all her family either do not exist or treat her and each other with indifference or cruelty. We may laugh at the brilliant scene at Higgins’ mother’s tea party but behind the comedy lies a brutal cruelty; her aunt was probably murdered for her meagre possessions. A sick woman is killed by a drunk for a straw hat. This is grotesque comedy and dark satire. Eliza escapes from a lonely and terrifying world. But it was her world. She cannot return with her upper class speech patterns. When she tries to she fails. In our production we dramatise a key scene that Mrs Higgins only describes: after the argument with Higgins late at night when they return from the Ball, Eliza storms out of Wimpole Street and wanders through her old haunts in Convent Garden. No one recognizes her. This is not her true home. Her drunken father denies her any other home. Eliza is truly alone and in despair. Mrs Higgins says that at this moment poor Eliza is about to throw herself in the river to drown. At this point the play could almost be a tragedy. But Eliza is resilient, she’s is a natural survivor and indeed a strong woman. But the sad truth is that the only place she can go to, her only nest and refuge is Higgins and his house. He and she are bound together. This is no romance, it is perhaps a cruel mutual dependence.

Like Shakespeare, Shaw is able to take these serious and profound themes and explore them through comedy. It would be interesting to ask the class if they think the ending is a happy ending and if the play really is a comedy. We are too used to thinking of laughter as being something frivolous and light. Yet laughter, unlike crying, is unique to humans. English (and especially British) literature, understands the power and seriousness of comedy. Pygmalion is a supreme example of this special art, a work that speaks to us today even as we smile. 
 

príklady prezentácií o New Yorku https://www.slideshare.net/code65/presentation-english-4377447

- stačí 15 slidov, málo textu, veľa obrázkov, musíte vedieť o tom rozprávať, fakty môžu byť v slidoch

 

Towns and Places

To speak about your home town you can follow the instructions in this video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qb-m3tEW_as

You should speak for about 5 minutes.

Please, include:

1. Your hometown and region (Bratislava, Modra, ...)
2. Your school town if different
3. Place where you usually spend your school holiday
4. Place where you have spent your holiday and you will never forget
5. Place you would like to live in in the future
6. Holiday destination of your dreams

 

Wednesday: presentation 5 places worth visiting in Slovakia and worldwide

FRIDAY NEXT WEEK, i.e. October 12th prepare

1. a presentation about one of the following cities (BA, LONDON, N.Y.)plus
2. write about 5 places worth visiting. Pick 2 places here in Slovakia and three places abroad. Do not forget to write about their location and mention why you would recommend them to visit.

 

towns and places PPT presentation:22_TOWNS_AND_PLACES.ppt

towns and places topic: 20.Towns_and_places.docx

LONDON below

MY_CAPITAL_CITY.docx

 

LONDON

London lifestyle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EeUiZSj5aM

London sightseeing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFRR0zC70-0

visiting London - video for English classhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWJiuV5T5VQ

London tour (this is London) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2WQBD6nNY4

find some more info in MY_CAPITAL_CITY.docx

NEW YORK

basic info and landmarks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJbyBMHjIi8

top 10 tourist attractions https://www.esolcourses.com/content/topics/the-usa/new-york/new-york-tourist-

attractions-video-listening.html

Bratislava

tourist guide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BtFG8D8aos

sightseeing in Bratislava https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcHCthHzwTM

find some more info in 20.Towns_and_places.docx

The place definitely worth visiting

There are a lot of wonderful places I would like to visit and I would recommend anybody to go and see. However, most of all I would like to visit Hollywood which is part of Los Angeles situated on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. I tis situated in the state of California.

I am a keen cinema goer and a really want to see how the films are made, meet famous actors and actresses and just have a good time going for a walk on the beach. Why did i choose Hollywood? First of all, i tis a famous place for making films there. I like watching movies and spend a great amount of my free time watching new and old films, especially the ones made in studios and on locations in Hollywood. Hollywood is home to renowned (preslávených, renomovaných) film studios such as Universal Studios, Dreamworks, MGM, Paramount Pictures or 20th Century Fox.

And when the film attracts me I wish to know how the director made such wonderful and awesome films, what kind of technologies he used, and how the actors made all the stunts (kaskaderske kúsky). I find Hollywood the best place to satisfy my interests in films. A must see is the Hollywood sign which has been the symbol of the place for over 90 years. Another place nobody should miss is the Hollywood walk of fame with the names of best actors on those famous five-pointed stars. Walt Disney Concert Hall which is home to the Los Angeles Philharmonic is one of the most spectacular concert halls in the world both for the sound and the architectural design

As well as this, there are plenty of famous American actors and actresses who live in Hollywood. Therefore if you visit the place, you will probably have an opportunity to meet some of them and take pictures of them or be given a signature, have a talk with them and ask them about their feelings during the film and after watching themselves in already-made films.

Moreover, Los Angeles is one of the most beautiful places in the world. It has a lot of beaches Venice beach being the most famous and as it is always hot there; you can spend your time swimming. There are also a lot of parties organized every day, where you can have a drink and enjoy your time in the city.

 

 

Trpný rod (the passive voice)

passive voice exercises:https://www.englishguide.sk/test-1-trpny-rod-the-passive-voice/

https://www.englishguide.sk/test-2-trpny-rod-the-passive-voice/

continuous passive: https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?present-progressive

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?past-progressive

https://engelsklaslokaal.nl/en/english-grammar-exercises/passive/future-modal-passive/

have something done https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int/grammar/grammar_09_012e?cc=sk&selLanguage=sk

 

 

passive voice explanation - watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxbQ2U3Uuv0

Homework September 10th

Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468)

 

 

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press - the most important invention in modern times.

Without books and computers we wouldn't be able to learn, to pass on information, or to share scientific discoveries. Prior to(before) Gutenberg invented the printing press, making a book was a hard process. It wasn't that hard to write a letter to one person by hand, but to create thousands of books for many people to read was nearly impossible. Without the printing press we wouldn't have had the Scientific Revolution or the Rennaisance. Our world would be very different.

He was born in Mainz, Germany around the year 1398. He was the son of a goldsmith. We do not know much about his childhood. He moved a few times around Germany, but that's all we know for sure.

Inventions

Gutenberg took some existing technologies and some of his own inventions to invent the printing press in the year 1450. One key idea he came up with was moveable type. Rather than use wooden blocks to press ink onto paper, Gutenberg used moveable metal pieces to quickly create pages. He made innovations all the way through the printing process enabling pages to be printed faster. His presses could print thousands of pages per day vs. 40-50 with the old method. This was a dramatic improvement an allowed books to be acquired by the middle class and spread knowledge and education like never before. The invention of the printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe and soon thousands of books were being printed using printing presses.

Among his many contributions to printing are:

• The invention of a process for mass-producing movable type;
• The use of oil-based ink for printing books (farba na olejovom základe)
• Adjustable moulds (nastaviteľné formy)
• Mechanical movable type (mechanická pohyblivá sadzba)
• The use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses (skrutkový lis) of the period

Combination of these elements into a practical system allowed the mass production of printed books.

Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a type metal alloy (sadzba zhotovená zo zliatiny kovov) and a hand mould (ručná forma) for casting type (odlievanie sadzby). The alloy (zliatina) was a mixture of lead (olova), tin (cínu), and antimony  (antimónu) that melted (tavila sa) at a relatively low temperature for faster and more economical casting (odlievanie), cast well (dobre sa odlieval), and created a durable type (a vytvoril trvácnu sadzbu).

 

First printed books

It is thought that the first printed item using the press was a German poem. Other prints included Latin Grammars and indulgences for the Catholic Church. His real fame came from producing the Gutenberg Bible. It was the first time a Bible was mass-produced and available for anyone outside the church. Bibles were rare and could take up to a year for a priest to transcribe. Gutenberg printed around 200 of these in a relatively short time.

The original Bible was sold for 30 florins. This was a lot of money back then for a commoner, but much, much cheaper than a hand-written version.

There are about 21 complete copies of Gutenberg Bible existing today. One copy is worth about 30 million dollars.

 

Vocabulary:

Printing press – tlačiarenský stroj                                                   invention – vynález

Pass on information – postúpiť, poslať ďalej informáciu

Share scientific discoveries – zdieľať, podeliť sa o vedecké objavy

Prior to – pred, skôr ako                                                                    invent – vynájsť

Nearly – takmer                                                                                 Scientific Revolution – vedecko-technická revolúcia

Goldsmith – zlatník                                                                            move – sťahovať sa

For sure – naisto, s istotou                                                                 key idea –kľúčová/hlavná myšlienka (nápad)

come up with – prísť s čím, vymyslieť                             moveable type – pohyblivá sadzba

rather than – radšej ako, skôr ako                                  wooden blocks – drevené bloky/kvádre

ink – farba, atrament                                                     metal pieces – kovové kusy

all the way through – úplne, v celom                               enable – umožniť

improvement – zlepšenie                                               allow – dovoliť, povoliť

acquire – získať, dosiahnuť                                           spread – šíriť

knowledge – vedomosti, znalosti                                               education – vzdelanie

mass-produce – masovo vyrábať                                    oil-based ink – farba/atrament na olejovom základe

adjustable – nastaviteľný                                               mould – forma

wooden – drevený                                                         similar to – podobný ako

agricultural – poľnohospodársky                                                screw press – skrutkový lis

mass production – masová výroba                                 considered – považovaný

consider – považovať                                                    include – zahŕňať

type metal alloy – sadzba zhotovené zo zliatiny kovov    alloy – zliatina

hand mould – ručná forma                                                         casting type – odlievanie sadzby

type – sadzba                                                              mixture – zmes

lead – olovo                                                                 tin – cín

antimony – antimón                                                          melt – taviť sa

low temperature – nízka teplota                                     durable – odolný, trvácny

item – položka, kus                                                      German – nemecký

poem – báseň                                                              indulgences – odpustky

Catholic Church – katolícka cirkev                                 real – skutočný

Fame – sláva                                                               available – dostupný

Rare – vzácny, zriedkavý                                              take up to a year – trvať až rok

Priest – kňaz                                                                    transcribe – prepísať

Original – pôvodný                                                        commoner – bežný človek

Copy – výtlačok                                                      worth - hoden

 

copy this worksheet into your exercise books and fill it in plus learn parts of a book Parts_of_a_book_workshhet_filled_in.docx

watch the following videos:

Parts of a book:

1.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DM1_ON0wIE8

2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQyntYcGwik

for more info click on the following linkhttps://www.slideshare.net/emaness4/parts-of-a-book?next_slideshow=1

Acknowledgements/poďakovanie	Contents/obsah	Illustrations/ilustrácie
Appendix/dodatok	Cover(board)/kartónová obálka/ doska	Index/index
Bibliography/zoznam použitej literatúry	Footnote/poznámka pod čiarou	Jacket/prebal
Blurb/anotácia, vydavateľská poznámka	Foreword/predhovor, preddslov	Preface/úvod
Chapter/kapitola	Glossary/glosár(slovník)	Title/titul

4.  A __BIBLIOGRAPHY_______ is a list of the books and articles that were used in the preparation of a book. It usually appears at the end.
5. The _ILLUSTRATIONS_____ are the photographs or drawings that are found in a book.
6. The __ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS____ at the beginning or end of a book are where the author thanks everyone who has helped him or her, plus who supplied photographs, etc.
7. A ____PREFACE_____________ is an introduction at the beginning of a book, which explains what the book is about or why it was written and it is written by the author..
8. A ___CHAPTER______ is one of the parts that a book is divided into. It is sometimes given a number or a title.
9. An ___APPENDIX______ to a book is extra information (charts, tables or diagrams) that is placed after the end of the main text.
10. A _____ FOREWORD ____ is a preface in which someone who knows the writer and his or her work says something about them.
11. An___ INDEX ___ is an alphabetical list that is sometimes printed at the back of a book which has the names, subjects, etc. mentioned in the book and the pages where they can be found.
12. The ___CONTENTS ___ is a list at the beginning of a book saying what it contains.
13. The ____GLOSSARY_______ is an alphabetical list of the special or technical words used in a book, with explanations of their meanings.
14. A __FOOTNOTE____is a note at the bottom of a page in a book which gives the reader more information about something that is mentioned on the page.
15. The ____BLURB____ is a short description by the publisher of the contents of a book, printed on its paper cover or in advertisements.
16. 
17. páska na knihe - belly band
18. záložka prebalu - flap (front flap/back flap)
19. prebal - dust jacket (includes title, author, illustrator and the publisher on the front and ISBN on the back
20. knižný chrbát - spine (book back)
21. kapitálik - head band (horný kapitálik) tail band (spodný kapitálik)
22. oriezka - edging; horná oriezka - top edge, spodná oriezka - tail edge, fore edge -predná oriezka/okraj
23. záložková stužka - flag book mark
24. papierová záložka - paper book mark
25. chrbátnik - head cap 
26. polep - gluing
27. knižné dosky - boards, back board -  zadná doska, front board - predná doska
28. knižná drážka vonkajšia - joint
29. vnútorná knižná drážka - hinge
30. predsádka - endpaper, zadná p. - rear endpaper
31. vakát - fly leaf
32. knižný hárok - sheet
33. list - leaf
34. knižná zložka - signature
35. kníhviazačstvo - bookbinding
36. knižný blok - text blok
37. titulný list - title page
38. vydavateľský záznam - copyright page
39. protititulný obrázok - frontispice
40. patitul - half-title/bastard title
41. ľavá strana - verso, pravá strana - recto

 

Homework, June 4th

next time - get ready for a massive test on Monday next week

revise and study past perfect simple vs past simple

exercises: https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/exercises

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/exercises?ex02

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/exercises?ex03

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/exercises?ex04

https://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/countries/usa/tour/orlando

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/exercises?ex05

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/exercises?ex06

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/tests?test1

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/tests?test2

 

 

Predminulý čas jednoduchý & Predminulý čas priebehový

Posted on 24. marec 2014 by Marek Karafa

Homework, May 31st

5 tips for a better sleep - retell the article - those who have not given their talks

similarities - me and my best friend! - those who have not read their stuff

 

still tired in the morning? wb p. 72 - talk about five tips for getting a better night's sleep + talk about night hawks and early birds (homework from the 4th May)

Predminulý čas jednoduchý & Predminulý čas priebehový

Posted on 24. marec 2014 by Marek Karafa

 

Homework, May 30th

for tomorrow - write a cover letter/job application for the job you chose in English class two weeks ago. if you do not have your homework done for tomorrow you will be PUNISHED. I have NO MERCY!!!!!!!!!!!

for those who skipped that lesson I will retype two job adverts:

Extras wanted nationwide for TV/film work, regardless of measurements age or looks, earn between 65 GPB and 200 GPB per day part/full time, no experience or training required, newcomers welcome. Send SAE (stamped addressed envelope) for free details to NEW TV ENERPRISES, Dept. 8, 37 Dockland Avenue, Birmingham

 

MANAGEMENT ASSISTANT

with interest in popular music/culture/the arts, for office based and general work, must be graduate with long-term availability. VIDEO AND MUSIC COMPANY, 47 Holbridge Road, 5 minutes from Notting Hill Gate tube, but telephone first 0171-8283537

Learn the rules of good manners! In case you skipped the lesson today, copy the notes.

Homework, May 16th

Thursday - KAJ

Please, check your KAJ tab for your homework for Thursday! Do not forget to bring your YES books. The best thing you can do is to print the topic and bring the copy with you.

Homework, May 14

Modern manners p 38-39

pripravte sa na ústne skúšanie

Homework, May 4th

pozor najbližšie skúšam success story of your choice, alex rawling, success stories workbook

12 Famous People Who Failed Before Succeeding

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“Success consists of going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm.” — Winston Churchill

Famous People that Failed

We all know the names. We’ve heard them time and time again. But what most people don’t know is just how they failed before they succeeded. The general consensus of success in the arts, entertainment, or business doesn’t take into account personal struggles. All we see are the personification of that success through whatever outlet we happen to come by it.

While you struggle day-in and day-out towards the fulfillment of your hopes and your dreams, know this: “If there is no struggle there is no progress.” Although Fredrick Douglas might have conveyed this statement more than 150 years ago, it’s a theme that has been evident since the dawn of time. Organisms, both small and large, have always fought for survival, struggling for progress across all spectrums of life.

Here’s a list of 12 famous people who failed before they succeeded – these were people who didn’t give up in the face of their struggles. They’re people that persevered. They pushed through their present-day limitations, had breakthroughs, and whose names have become synonymous with success in their respective fields of study and work:

 

#1 – Jim Carrey

PHOTO CREDIT: SHUTTERSTOCK

We all know Jim Carrey as a laugh-out-loud zany comic who’s brought us some of the highest-grossing comedies of all time such as The Mask, Dumb and Dumber, and Ace Ventura. But, we don’t all know the story of Carrey’s struggle. He grew up in a lower-income family with a father who struggled to keep jobs. They were so poor that he had to drop out of high school at the age of 15 and get a job as a janitor just to help support the family.

On his first comic stand-up at a club called Yuk Yuk’s in Toronto, he was booed off stage. Later, when he auditioned for Saturday Night Live for the 1980-81 season, he failed to land the part.

However, we all know about Carrey’s later success. In an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Carrey talks about how he used the Law of Attraction by writing himself a check for $10,000,000 million dollars for “Acting Services Rendered,” later placing the check in his wallet for 7 years until he received a $10,000,000 million dollar payment for his work in Dumb and Dumber.

 

#2 – Katy Perry

PHOTO CREDIT: WIKIPEDIA

Most people know the name Katy Perry, but they don’t the struggles that she went through to finally get that breakthrough she was after. Perry started her career early in her life, dropping out of high school after freshman year in 1999 to pursue singing. Originally, she was a gospel singer, taking cues from her parents who were Born Again Christians.

In 2001 Katy Perry released her first gospel album with Red Hill Records, which was commercially unsuccessful. After selling only 200 copies of her album, the record company ceased operations and subsequently went out of business. Afterward, Perry switched gears to popular music, moving to Los Angeles to record with producer Glen Ballard.

In 2003 she was signed to Island Def Jam, which was also a contract that was terminated. In 2004 she signed with Columbia Records who sought to make her the lead vocalist in a band called The Matrix. However, that deal also fell through when Columbia Records shelved the project at about 80% completion.

After being dropped from three labels, you would think that Perry would have given up. She didn’t. She continued to pursue her career, working odd jobs and doing back-up vocals until she was signed to the newly-formed Capitol Music Group in 2006. It was there that she worked on her first huge hit single, I Kissed a Girl, which started her career as a commercial success.

 

#3 – Oprah Winfrey

PHOTO CREDIT: HOMEBUNCH.COM

Oprah had a rocky start in life. As the daughter of a teenaged low-income mother, her start was anything but glamorous. In her early years, Oprah recounts that not only were her living conditions rough, but she was always sexually abused, starting at the age of 9, by her cousin, uncle, and a family friend. At the age of 14 Oprah got pregnant, but her son died shortly after birth.

However, at the age of 14, Oprah was sent to live with her father, Vernon, in Tennessee. He helped her focus on her schooling, and she was subsequently accepted on a full scholarship to Tennessee State University, majoring in communications. In high school, and in her first two years of college, Winfrey interned at a local radio station, helping to develop a foundation for a career in media.

But, even after Oprah was hired on to a local television station for the news, things didn’t go so easily. She was fired by the producer because she “unfit for television,” later taking a position with another station in Baltimore. Eventually, she hosted a local talk show named, People are Talking.

Later, in 1983, Winfrey re-located to Chicago, to host a station’s low-rated talk show called AM Chicago. Within a few months, the show went from last in the ratings, to higher than Donahue, which was the number one show at the time. This led to the show being renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show, which was syndicated across the country.

 

#4 – Jay-Z

PHOTO CREDIT: WIKIPEDIA

From an early age, Jay-Z had a knack for rhythm. But his meteoric rise to stardom didn’t happen overnight. He was faced with several roadblocks along the path to ultimate success. For example, in 1995 when Jay-Z tried tirelessly to strike a record deal, not a single label would sign him. It led him to establishing his own record company called Roc-a-fella Records with partners Damon Dash and Kareem Biggs.

After being turned down by so many labels, and eventually starting up his own record company, Jay-Z worked tirelessly to strike a distribution deal for his first album’s release. Eventually, he successfully negotiated a contract with Priority, later releasing his debut album entitled, Reasonable Doubt, which would eventually go on to hit platinum.

Jay-Z met with many failures along the road. Those failures weren’t just in the beginning of his career, but the beginning does highlight the tremendous amount of resistance he faced to achieve success. And, even at the prime of his career, Jay-Z was charged with allegedly stabbing someone at a record release party. He was tried, pleading not guilty, but later pleaded to a lesser criminal misdemeanor, resulting in three years of probation.

Considering that Jay-Z’s roots stemmed from the housing projects of Brooklyn, NY, and grew up in extreme poverty, he faced many failures and roadblocks in his life. But he never gave up. No matter what happened to him, no matter what failures he faced, he pushed through, growing as a person, and maturing to become a better individual.

 

#5 – J.K. Rowling

PHOTO CREDIT: TELEGRAPH.CO.UK

Rowling is one of the most inspirational success stories of our time. Many people simply know her as the woman who created Harry Potter. But, what most people don’t know is what she went through prior to reaching stardom. Rowling’s life was not peaches and cream. She struggled tremendously.

In 1990, Rowling first had the idea for Harry Potter. She stated that the idea came “fully formed” into her mind one day while she was on a train from Manchester to London. She began writing furiously. However, later that year, her mother died after 10 years of complications from Multiple Sclerosis.

In 1992 she moved to Portugal to teach English where she met a man, married, and had a daughter. In 1993, her marriage ended in divorce and she moved to Edinburgh, Scotland to be closer to her sister. At that time, she had three chapters of Harry Potter in her suitcase.

Rowling saw herself as a failure at this time. She was jobless, divorced, penniless, and with a dependent child. She suffered through bouts of depression, eventually signing up for government-assisted welfare. It was a difficult time in her life, but she pushed through the failures.

In 1995 all 12 major publishers rejected the Harry Potter script. But, it was a year later when a small publishing house, Bloomsbury, accepted it and extended a very small £1500 advance.  In 1997, the book was published with only 1000 copies, 500 of which were distributed to libraries.

In 1997 and 1998, the book won awards from Nestle Smarties Book Prize and the British Book Award for Children’s Book of the Year. After that, it was one wild ride for Rowling. Today, Rowling has sold more than 400 million copies of her books, and is considered to be the most successful woman author in the United Kingdom.

 

#6 – Stephen King

PHOTO CREDIT: BANGOR DAILY NEWS

Stephen King is famous for many critically-acclaimed novels, most of which have been made into movies. However, Stephen King’s first novel, Carrie, was rejected 30 times before it was published.

Not only that, but King actually threw the manuscript into the garbage, only later to be retrieved by his wife who wildly believed in his dream of becoming a published author.

Yet, King’s earlier years were also nothing to rave about. As a child, his family barely made ends meet, and in his later years as an English teacher, he supplemented his income by selling short stories to magazines.

Today, King has over 50 novels and has sold over 350 million copies of his work. Can you imagine what King’s life would be like had he given up? It’s difficult to imagine that such a successful author was once rejected so many times.

In his earlier years, King talks about submitting short stories to magazines beginning at the age of 16, and hanging the rejection slips on a nail until the slips were so heavy he had to change the nail to a spike.

 

#7 – Bill Gates

PHOTO CREDIT: WIKIPEDIA

Before Microsoft was born, Bill Gates suffered failure in business. Known today to be one of the wealthiest men in the world, Bill Gates’s upper middle-class family is a stark contrast from some of the other successful failures out there that didn’t have well-off parents.

However, Bill Gates didn’t rely on his family. His business acumen was second to none. But his first business was indeed a failure. Traf-O-Data was a partnership between Gates, Paul Gilbert, and Paul Allen. The goal of the business was to create reports for roadway engineers from raw traffic data.

The company did achieve a little bit of success by processing the raw traffic data to generate some income. But the machine that they had built to process the data flopped when they tried to present it to a Seattle County traffic employee. Yet, this business helped to set Gates and his partner Paul Allen up for major success with Microsoft.

Although Gates failed at his first business, it didn’t discourage him from trying again. He didn’t want to give up because the sheer notion of business intrigued him. He was cleverly able to put together a company that revolutionized the personal computing marketplace. And we all know just how successful that was for him.

 

 

#8 – Henry Ford

PHOTO CREDIT: WIKIPEDIA

Many people know Henry Ford for the Ford Motor Company, one of the most successful automotive companies of all time. However, what they don’t know is that Ford failed two times before that abruptly resulted in bankruptcies, prior to successfully launching the present incarnation of his company.

Ford is no stranger to failure, but he also didn’t give up. Yet, when we think about Ford, we don’t picture the failures because all it took was just succeeding one time. However, in 1899, at the age of 36 years old, Ford formed his first company, the Detroit Automobile Company with backing from the famed lumber baron, William H. Murphy. That company went bankrupt.

His second attempt was in 1901, when he formed the Henry Ford Company, which he ended up leaving with the rights to his name. That company was later renamed to the Cadillac Automobile Company. However, it was Ford’s third try, with the Ford Motor Company, that hit the proverbial nail on the head.

After that, we all know the story. Ford revolutionized the automobile industry, pioneering not only the Model T and the assembly line, but also the concept and notion of an automobile in every home. Driving became a “thing,” and subsequently, Ford’s Model T went on to sell over 17 million units.

 

#9 – Colonel Sanders

PHOTO CREDIT: KENTUCKY.COM

People know him because of his iconic white suit and bow tie. Colonel Sanders was the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC). Yet, the zany Sanders got off to a rocky start in life. In fact, it wasn’t until the age of 62 that he set out with a $105 social security check in hand to pitch his chicken recipe to restaurants. 1,009 folks told him he was crazy, but he didn’t give up.

Sanders worked many jobs including fireman, tire salesman, insurance salesman, and of course, a cook. He brewed up his secret chicken recipe between 1939-1940 when he figured out how to pressure fry the chicken in a faster and more consistent product all the time. He was at the age of 50 when that happened.

However, it wasn’t until 1952 that he hit the road and began trying to sell his franchise-model chicken restaurant. The first restaurant that he landed was based out of Salt Lake City, Utah, which became the first Kentucky Fried Chicken. The restaurant tripled its sales within a year where 75% of that revenue was from the colonel’s chicken.

The company grew and expanded faster than he could have ever imagined. In 1964, at the age of 74 years old, Sanders sold the company for $2 million dollars to a group of investors led by Jack C. Massey and John Y. Brown Jr. He retained the rights to the Canadian franchises and stayed on as a salaried goodwill ambassador to the company.

However, this just goes to show you that it doesn’t matter how old you are or just how much money you have to your name in order to accomplish something great.

 

#10 – Thomas Edison

PHOTO CREDIT: WIKIPEDIA

We’ve all heard the name before. This famous American is attributed with failing over 10,000 times to invent a commercially viable electric lightbulb, but he didn’t give up. When asked by a newspaper reporter if he felt like a failure and if he should give up, after having gone through over 9,000 failed attempts, Edison simply stated “Why would I feel like a failure? And why would I ever give up? I now know definitely over 9,000 ways an electric lightbulb will not work. Success is almost in my grasp.”

This is also the same person whose teachers said he was “too stupid to learn anything,” and fired from his first two employment positions for not being productive enough. However, Edison, through his failures, is also the greatest innovator of all time with 1,093 US patents to his name, along with several others in the UK, and Canada. This is someone who refused to ever give up no matter what.

It’s said that in his early days, he attributed his success to his mother, who pulled him out of school and began to teach him herself. It’s because of his mother, and how wholeheartedly she believed in him, that he didn’t want to disappoint her. His early fascination for chemical experiments and mechanical engineering paved the way for a future that was incredible bright. His company, GE, is still one of the largest publicly-traded firms in the world, continually innovating across virtually every spectrum.

 

 

#11 – Walt Disney

PHOTO CREDIT: WIKIPEDIA

The man who has affected generations to come with his cartoon creations, was once considered a failure. Disney was fired by the editor in 1919 from his job at the Kansas City Star paper because he “lacked imagination and had no good ideas.” However, the man who brought us Mickey Mouse and a slew of other characters didn’t stop failing there.

Disney’s first go at business landed in bankruptcy when he acquired an animation studio by the name of Laugh-O-Gram. The company was acquired because, at the time, Disney’s cartoon creations had gained popularity in the Kansas City area. But, when he hired on salaried employees, he was unable to manage money and the business wound up heavily in debt. Subsequently, he filed for bankruptcy and moved to Hollywood, California.

The early failures in Disney’s life didn’t dissuade him from moving forward. Of course, like anyone else, Disney’s failures were a blow to the ego. Anyone that has to suffer through the torment of failure and bankruptcy knows how this feels. However, it also laid the foundation for a successful career. When he formed the Walt Disney Company, all of his past failures helped to pave the way for a successful business.

Disney and the Walt Disney Company have touched the lives of millions across the globe. From cartoons, to theme parks, and animated movies, both children and adults now enjoy the fruits of Disney’s labor. Had he given up, things would have been far different. But he persevered, even through bankruptcy.

 

#12 – Sir James Dyson

PHOTO CREDIT: GOV.UK

The Dyson Vacuum Cleaner is known around the world as the vacuum that doesn’t lose suction. But the idea for it was born long ago. Dyson first had the idea in his early 30’s when he became frustrated with his Hoover vacuum and its loss of suction. At the time, the disposable bag replacement market for vacuums was valued somewhere around the  £100 million per year.

His big idea was to use the concept of cyclonic separation to create the world’s first bagless vacuum cleaner. It took Dyson 5,126 failures to finally get it right. When he did, at the age of 36, he was faced with more resistance when no distributor in the UK would take on the revolutionary product. No one wanted to buck the trend.

So, Dyson hit the Japanese market in 1983, with a hot pink version of his vacuum cleaner. It won an industrial award in Japan, and in 1986, three years after its first introduction, he was awarded his first US Patent for it. However, manufacturers still didn’t want to take it on in other companies, so Dyson formed his own company, in 1993 at the age of 46, to market the product.

Today, Dyson is worth more than £3 billion all because of his refusal to give up. He struggled through times of failure, sorrow, and regret, but he persevered.

 

Vyjadrovanie povinnosti v angličtine - must/have to, should

cvičenia

https://www.oxfordonlineenglish.com/must-have-to-should

http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar-vocabulary/grammar-videos/have-must-should-obligation-advice

https://www.helpforenglish.cz/article/2009101801-cviceni-modalni-slovesa-1

Modals of ability and possesion
https://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-19600.php

MUST

POVINNOSŤ / ROZKAZ

Jedno z použití MUST je vtedy, ak hovoríme o tom, že je viac než potrebné, aby došlo k odohraniu deja. Niekto teda niečo musí urobiť. MUST teda vyjadruje rozkaz povinnosť. Prekladáme ho ako “musieť“.

• The show must go on.
• I must go home.

ODPORÚČANIE

Ak chceme dať niekomu dôraznejšiu radu vo forme odporúčanie, môžeme použiť rovnako MUST.

• You must visit London, it’s terrific!

MUST používame hlavne pre prítomnosť. Niekedy ho môžeme použiť i pre vyjadrenie budúcnosti (a to hlavne s časovým určením). V iných časoch používame opis HAVE TO (musieť).

• I had to do my homework last night.
• I will have to be more patient.

V prítomnosti môžeme použiť MUST, ale aj HAVE TO na vyjadrenie príkazu. Rozdiel je nasledovný:

• MUST povinnosť vytvára (povinnosť vychádza od hovoriaceho, ktorý má oprávnenie príkaz udeliť)
• HAVE TO povinnosť iba konštatuje (povinnosť prichádza z vonkajšieho prostredia a nariaďuje niekomu, aby niečo vykonal)

• • I must phone her. (= hovoriaci si to sám prikazuje (= hovoriaci sa rozhodne, že niečo je nevyhnutné) / príkaz vychádza od hovoriaceho / jemu samému o to ide)

• • I have to phone her. (= hovoriaci príkaz konštatuje (= niekto iný ako hovoriaci rozhodne, že je to dôležité, aby dej prebehol) / príkaz prichádza z vonku / konštatuje to, čo mu bolo prikázané)

• • You must do it. (= ja ti to prikazujem)

• • You have to do it. (= je to pravidlo, predpis, nariadenia)

MUST vs. HAVE TO v otázkach v prítomnosti:

• Must I try it on now? (= Trváš na tom, aby som to vyskúšal?) = MUST v otázkach prítomnosti používame predovšetkým vtedy, ak sa pýtame na to, čo si poslucháč myslí, že je nevyhnutné.
• Do I have to try it on now? (= Je to skutočne nutné, aby som to vyskúšal?)

HAVE GOT TO má rovnaký význam ako HAVE TO a používa sa predovšetkým v neformálnej angličtine.

• I‘ve got to go now. (= informal)
• I have to go now. (= formal / informal)

V iných časoch ako v prítomnom zvykneme používať iba samotné HAVE TO (nie HAVE GOT TO).

ZÁPOR od MUST (musieť) v prítomnosti , teda “nemusieť” nie je MUSTN’T, ale NOT HAVE TO (prípadne needn’t + sloveso (bez TO) alebo don’t need to + sloveso ). MUSTN’T znamená “nesmieť” a NIE “nemusieť“!!!.

• I must go now. – Ja musím ísť.
• I have to go now. - Ja musím ísť.
• I don’t have to go now. – Ja nemusím ísť.
• I needn’t go now. – Ja nemusím ísť.
• I don’t need to go now. – Ja nemusím ísť.
• I mustn’t go now. Ja nesmiem ísť.

POZOR! NESMIEŤ (mustn’t) sa nerovná NEMUSIEŤ (not have to / needn’t / don’t need to).

POZOR! Pomocou MUST vyjadrujeme silnú povinnosť a niekedy jeho použitie môže vyznieť nezdvorilo, nevhodne. Namiesto MUST sa preto často používa SHOULD / OUGHT TO, kedy sa vyjadrenie povinnosti stáva menej dôrazné než to s MUST.

Povinnosť môžeme vyjadriť aj pomocou iných lexikálnych prostriedkov:

• BE OBLIGED TO DO sth (= mať povinnosť urobiť niečo)
• BE OBLIGATED TO DO sth (typické pre americkú angličtinu) (= byť povinný niečo urobiť)
• BE LIABLE TO DO sth (typické pre právnické texty)

---

MUSTN’T

ZÁKAZ

MUSTN’T používame v situáciach, kedy chceme povedať, že niekto má zákaz niečo urobiť. Prekladáme ho teda ako “nesmieť“. MUSTN’T ≠ zápor od MUST. Modálne sloveso MUST prekladáme ako “musieť” a jeho zápor je “nemusieť” (vyjadrený not have to / needn’t / don’t need to). Avšak, MUSTN’T znamená “nesmieť“.

• I’m sorry, I mustn’t allow you to go inside.
• We mustn’t do it.
• You mustn’t drive over 30 mph. (= It’s against the law.)

V minulom čase MUSTN’T nepoužívame a namiesto neho nepoužívame COULDN’T, v iných časoch používame opis BE (NOT) ALLOWED TO (nemať dovolené).

• I couldn’t go to the party.
• We weren’t allowed to take a photo of his house.
• I have never been allowed to go the party.

V niektorých situáciach môže vyznieť MUSTN’T ako príliš striktné, preto ak hovoríme o nejakej vonkajšej autorite, ktorá zákaz vytvára, môžeme použiť iné modálne slovesá / iné lexikálne prostriedky. Napr. v nasledujúcich situáciach by MUST mohlo vetu príliš zosilnieť:

• You can’t use your calculator.
• You aren’t allowed to use you calculator.

Porovnajte:

• You can’t / musn’t attend the meeting. (= informal)
• You may not attend the meeting. (= formal, obyčajne písomný prejav)

Pozn. MAY NOT = be not allowed to

MUSTN’T vs. BE NOT ALLOWED TO v prítomnosti:

• MUSTN’T je v takej pozícii, že môže zákaz udeľovať. V takomto kontexte môžeme použiť MAY NOT.
• BE NOT ALLOWED TO zákaz iba konštatuje (iba hovorí o pravidlách udelených inými ľuďmi). Namiesto BE NOT ALLOWED TO v takomto kontexte môžeme použiť aj CAN’T.

• • Workers must not use their mobile phones in the workplace.
  • Workers may not use their mobile phone in the workplace.

V týchto vetách je rozprávač autoritou, teda osoba, ktorá pociťuje nutnosť udeliť zákaz používania mobilov.

• • We can’t use mobile phones in the workplace.
  • We are not allowed to use mobile phones in the workplace.

V týchto vetách sa iba konštatuje ohľadom pravidiel, ktoré zaviedli iní.

SHOULD / OUGHT TO

POVINNOSŤ

SHOULD / OUGHT TO prekladáme ako “mal by (si) niečo urobiť“. Tieto modálne slovesá nie sú tak silné ako MUST / HAVE TO.

• You should call her.
• You ought to call her.

POZOR! Za SHOUDL používame sloveso bez TO. Modálne sloveso OUGHT spájame s TO a až tak slovesom.

• • I should call the ambulance. (! NIE should to call)
  • I ought to call the ambulance. (! NIE ought call)

SHOULD / OUGHT TO používame v prítomnom čase / budúcom čase.

V minulom čase používame opis BE SUPPOSED TO.

• You were supposed to keep secrets. - Mal si …
• We weren’t supposed to talk to him. - Nemali sme …

SHOULD vs. BE SUPPOSED TO v prítomnosti:

• SHOULD – pomocou tohto modálneho slovesa niekomu dávame napr. radu, aby sme vyjadrili to, čo si o situácii skutočne myslíme

• BE SUPPOSED TO – pomocou tejto väzby vyjadrujeme, že niekto iný očakáva od nás, že niečo urobíme (vyjadruje iba konštatovanie, čo sa očakáva)

• • I should come on time. (= môj názor, moja rada)

• • I am supposed to come on time. (= môj názor to nie je, môj vedúci to odomňa očakáva, ja to iba konštatujem, ja iba viem, že sa to odomňa očakáva)

• • You should do it. = Mal by si to urobiť. (= pomáha nám vyjadriť príkaz / radu)

• • You are supposed to do it. = Máš to robiť. (= iba konštatujeme to, čo sa od človeka očakáva …niekto to povedal, aby to niekto iný urobil alebo môže ísť o všeobecnú zákonitosť)

---

Homework, May 3rd

prepare your two-minute talks - success stories of famous celebrities

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNUNrPyF-Rw

complete the exercises p. 139

learn have to, must, should

Homework, May 2nd

for tomorrow - get ready for your presentations!

I will check your notes in your exercise books

For Friday this week, May 4th - Pick one famous person who expecienced failure before he/she succeed - write and learn about him/her

May 14th - you will be examined - retelling - Alex Rawling, Failure: the first step towards success

take notes in bullets from the article He is English, but he can speak eleven languages, SB p. 36/37

WB p. 25 Reading - Failure: the first step towards success - prvé kroky k úspechu - urobiť a, b, c, d!!!!!! + in your exercise books write the name of the celebrity - write about his failure and the way he achieved success - you will be examined!

you will be examined from retelling the article according to the notes

 

Homework, April 16th

grammar can/could/be able to p. 138, SB articles I have never been able to - learn the vocabulary

WB - p.. 24 ex. b Read the CV and complete the sentences,

p. 25 Reading - Failure: the first step towards success - prvé kroky k úspechu - urobiť a, b, c, d!!!!!!!!

CAN

SCHOPNOSŤ / NESCHOPNOSŤ

Ak CAN vyjadrujeme “schopnosť“, prekladáme ho ako “vedieť“. V tomto význame CAN v zápore prekladáme ako “nevedieť“.

• I can speak perfect English.
• She can’t swim.
• John can lift that table.

MÁM MOŽNOSŤ / NEMÁM MOŽNOSŤ

Ak CAN vyjadrujeme “možnosť“, prekladáme ho ako “mám možnosť / môžem“. V tomto význame CAN v zápore prekladáme ako “nemôžem / nemám možnosť“.

• It can get very cold in December.
• I can give you a lift.

DOVOLENIE / ZÁKAZ

Ak CAN vyjadrujeme “dovolenie“, prekladáme ho ako “smieť / mať dovolené“. V tomto význame CAN v zápore prekladáme ako “nesmieť / nemať dovolené“.

• Can I use your bathroom?
• Can I have some water?
• You cannot go on holiday with me.

CAN sa nepoužíva vo všetkých časoch. Nedochádza tu k časovaniu tohto modálneho slovesa ako sme na to zvyknutý pri plnovýznamových slovesách. V niektorých časoch používame namiesto CAN jeho opisné tvary: Ak hovoríme o “SCHOPNOSTIACH / MOŽNOSTIACH“, v minulom čase používame namiesto CAN modálne sloveso COULD, v iných časoch a väzbách opisný tvar BE ABLE TO.

• I’ve never been able to ski. (= predprítomný čas)
• I’d love to be able to ski. (= infinitív)
• Being able to ski, I decided to go the mountains. (= -ing forma)
• You will be able to ski again soon. (= budúcnosť s will)

Opisný tvar BE ABLE TO (byť schopný) nie je v prítomnosti tak bežný. CAN je vo všeobecnosti pre prítomnosť oveľa častejšie. BE ABLE TO sa často nachádza v prítomnosti v prípadoch, kedy je schopnosť pre hovoriaceho prekvapujúca (nečakal by ju) alebo zahŕňa zdolanie istých ťažkostí.

• • John is deaf, but he is able to use sign language.

POZOR! Po BE ABLE nasleduje infinitív s TO, po CAN nasleduje infinitív bez TO.

 

Homework

I know what you did on Monday and I am truly sorry for that. I do apologize for not being clear. Instead, you were supposed to talk about languages and the ways how to improve your language skills. Never mind, we will do it next week. I am looking forward to seeing you.

Homework, March 20th

WB 31 ex 3 a, b, c, d  Stereotypes supported by science, WB 22 ex. 6a, b, and learn useful words and phrases

comando dad - learn vocabulary

claim - tvrdiť, vyhlasovať, reduce - znížiť, almost - takmer, slightly - nepatrne, whereas - zatiaľ čo/kým, according to - podľa, in fact - v skutočnosti, range from - byť v rozmedzí od.., tend to do  - zvyknúť niečo robiť/ mať sklon k, be sceptical of - byť skeptický/pochybovačný kvôli niečomu

on MONDAY next week - test unit 3, grammar - comparison of adjectives and adverbs, definite and indefinite articles, depended prepositions; preklad - Comando Dad SB 30, Stereotypes SB p28/29, Unusual ways of getting around WB 19, Stereotypes supported by science WB 21

Homework, April 4th

guys, I will miss you so much, so behave yourselves and be nice, do your homework and show off. 

Pls, in case you are given any homework, submit it by the time it is due.

Homework, March 19th

zajtra je angličtina, v stredu a vo štvrtok je KAJ

for tomorrow - Men and women - stereotypes or true, SB 31 ex.6

WRITING!

Pick three of the stereotypes you find in a green box and write a statement of the same lenght as you find in ex.6 31 expressing your own opinion, Use the 4 highlighted phrases in each of your statements, pls, submit tomorrow on a separate sheet of paper. Strictly follow the example given!

GRAMMAR - learn and revise the usage of definite and indefinite articles - grammar bank SB 137, WB p. 20

learn the vocabulary related to UNIT 3b SLOVNÍK K UČEBNICI:   EF_3e_Int_Slovak_WL-1.pdf 

Articles a/an, the

cvičenia online https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/nouns_articles/a_the.htm

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/nouns_articles/article_the.htm

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/nouns_articles/article_a.htm

Členy (articles) sú krátke gramatické slová, ktoré špecifikujú a určujú význam podstatného mena. V angličtine používame 3 hlavné členy:

1. určitý člen (definite article): the

2. neurčitý člen (indefinite article): a, an

3. nulový člen (zero article)

URČITÝ ČLEN (definite article)

● stojí pred podstatnými menami, ktoré už poznáme, o ktorých sme už hovorili.
● má rovnaký tvar „the“ pre jednotné aj pre množné číslo počítateľných podstatných mien aj pre nepočítateľné podstatné mená a má význam ako oslabené ukazovacie zámeno „ten“. Väčšinou sa do slovenčiny neprekladá.

● špecifikuje a určuje jedincov, takže je zrejmé, o ktorého jedinca daného názvu ide. Jeho úlohou je zdôrazniť, konkretizovať.

 

Výslovnosť

■ the (ðә) - pred vyslovovanou spoluhláskou (the girl, the desk, the red umbrella)

■ the (ði) - pred vyslovovanou samohláskou (the oranges, the elephant)

■ the (ði:) - pri zdôraznení výslovnosti, ak chceme zdôrazniť výnimočnosť danej

osoby alebo veci

 

Určitý člen používame:

 

• pred podstatnými menami, ktoré označujú jedinečnú bytosť alebo vec
(the Queen, the King, the sun, the moon, the President)

• pred podstatnými menami, o ktorých sme už hovorili

This is a pencil. The pencil is new. Toto je (nejaká) ceruzka. Tá ceruzka je

nová.

They have got a dog. The dog is brown. Oni majú (nejakého) psa. Ten pes je

hnedý.

 

• pred podstatnými menami, ktoré označujú celú triedu jedincov
the cow – krava ako živočích
the microscope – mikroskop ako technický nástroj

The dog is a domestic animal. – Pes je domáce zviera.

• pred podstatnými menami v množnom čísle, ktoré označujú celú skupinu osôb alebo rodinu

the Browns, the Smiths, . . .
the doctors, the teachers, . . .

 

• v treťom stupni (superlatíve) prídavných mien
the highest building
the most expensive thing

the most beautiful girl

 

• pred radovými číslovkami
the first, the second, the eleventh, . . .

 

• pred názvami svetových strán
the north, the south, the east, the west

 

• v ustálených slovných spojeniach
in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon, . . .
at the beginning, at the top, in the middle, on the right, on the left, . . .
at the station, at the cinema . . .
What is the time?
What is the date today?

 

• pred vlastnými podstatnými menami
- pred názvami oceánov, morí, riek, kanálov a vodopádov (the Elbe, the Pacific Ocean, the Black Sea, . . .

- pred názvami púští a polostrovov (the Sahara, the Gobi)

- pred názvami pohorí (the Alps, the Rocky Mountains)
- pred názvami súostroví (the Canaries)

- pred názvami lodí (the Titanic)

- pred názvami ulíc, námestí, staníc, letísk, ktoré v názve neobsahujú vlastné meno (the Central Station, the Red Square)

- pred názvami anglických novín a časopisov (the Times)

- pred názvami krajín v množnom čísle alebo pred zloženými názvami krajín, ktoré obsahujú slovo KINGDOM, REPUBLIC, STATE (the United Kingdom, the Slovak republic, the U.S.A.)

 

NEURČITÝ ČLEN (indefinite article)

● má tvar „a“ pred vyslovovanou spoluhláskou (a table, a chair) a tvar „an“ pred vyslovovanou samohláskou (an orange, an owl)
● jeho všeobecný význam je v klasifikácii: zaraďuje osobu a vec, na ktorú sa vzťahuje, do kategórie ako jedného z mnohých členov tejto kategórie. Neurčuje jedinca.
● používa sa iba pred počítateľnými podstatnými menami v jednotnom čísle a môžeme ho preložiť ako NEJAKÝ, JEDEN, AKÝSI. Pre podstatnými menami v množnom čísle sa neurčitý člen nepoužíva.

● pred podstatnými menami v množnom čísle môžeme neurčitý člen nahradiť zámenom „some“. I need a new pen. ALE I need some new pens.

 

Použite neurčitého člena

● označuje bytosť alebo vec, o ktorej sa ešte nehovorilo
It is an old book. – Je to (nejaká, akási) stará kniha.
● často sa vyskytuje vo väzbe „there is“
There is a station near my house.

● v tzv. distributívnej funkcii

once a year, twice a month, . . .

●v ustálených slovných spojeniach

- to have a smoke, to have a drink, Let´s have a look, Let´s have a rest, . . .

- it is a pity, to have a headache, to have a cold, to be in a hurry, . . .

NULOVÝ ČLEN (zero article)
Člen sa v angličtine obvykle nepoužíva v nasledujúcich prípadoch:

● vo všeobecných tvrdeniach: Children love Christmas.

 

● pri použití názov dní, mesiacov, ročných období, sviatkov, denných jedál, športov, hier, školských predmetov, abstraktných pojmov, látkových a nepočítateľných podstatných mien (I love mathematics, Life is short, It is Monday today, I was born in September)

 

● ak je pred podstatným menom privlastňovacie zámeno

This is my oldest brother.

 

● pred názvami farieb a jazykov odvodených od prídavných mien

She is studying Italian.

the girl in red

 

● vo frázach popisujúcich časti dňa
by day, by night, on Sunday night, all day, . . .

● pred vlastnými podstatnými menami
- osobnými: Peter, Lucy, Jane,. . .
- ktoré predchádza titul: King Henry VIII
- označujúcimi členov rodiny: mother, sister, son, aunt
- označujúcimi názvy svetadielov: Europe, Asia, America, . . .
- označujúcimi jednoslovný názov krajiny: Slovakia, Italy, Germany, . . .

- označujúcimi hory, zálivy, mysy a jazerá v jednotnom čísle: Mont Blanc
- popisujúcimi názvy miest a obcí: New York, Bratislava, Prague, . . .

- u názvov ulíc, námestí, parkov, verejných budov a inštitúcií, letísk, staníc, štadiónov, ak je prvým slovom vlastné meno: Oxford Street, Prague Castle, Buckingham Palace, London Airport,

 

● v ustálených slovných spojeniach
at home, at school, at work, in hospital, in love, in bed, to school, . . .

 

● v ustálených spojeniach dvojíc

face to face, hand in hand, day by day, father and son, husband and wife

 

ZOPAKUJME SI!

 

1. Aké členy poznáme v angličtine?
2. Aké tvary má určitý člen a kedy sa používa?

3. Aké tvary má neurčitý člen a kedy sa používa?
4. V ktorých prípadoch nepoužívame člen?

Homework, March 12th

UNIT 3B - Stereotypes - or are they

If you skipped the lesson - read both articles p. 28/29 and do the exercises 1a, b, c, d

learn new vocabulary

 

Homework, February 26th

WB 19, Reading and listening, ex, 5 and 6 and use the useful words and phrases

the very next lesson we see each other i.e. 21st March I am examining Shopping and Services and Transport! Bring your YES BOOKS on THE Monday!!!!!

Homework, February 19th

watch the video: going on holiday https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9pFeMKZR1I

Homework, February 9th

learn depended preposition after verbs and adjectives - vocabulary bank - 156 and revise transport vocab - short test on Monday!

apologize to sb for sth, arrive in a city or country, arrive at a building, belong to sb, argue with sb about sth, ask sb for sth, believe in sth, choose between two things, depend on, dream about, laugh at sb/sth, look forgard to sth, pay for sth, remind sb of sth, spend money on sth,

to be afraid/scared/frightened of sth, be angry with sb about sth, be good/bad/weak at sth,  be good for sb, to be close to sb, to be different from sb/sth, to be excited about, to be fed up with sth, to be famous for sth, to be interested in sth, to be fond of sth, to be keen on sth, to be kind to sb, to be married to sb, to be pleased with, to be proud of , to be rude to sb, to be worried about, to be tired of

Homework, February 8th

stále skúšam housing!

according to the sample we worked with in our lesson, write about advantages and disadvantages of travelling by train/plane. Pick one option, it is a homework for Friday, if you are planning to skip the lesson, pls, send by e-mail

for Monday next week - write an article about transport in Bratislava, following the sample one in your FILE books, writing section p. 115. ex 3d

Homework, February, 5th

Transport - vocabulary - learn the vocabulary p. 155 plus the stuff I put on the blackboard,

Do not forget about the verbs/phrasal verbs!

REVISE AND CHECK unit 1 and 2 p. 22/23

WB. 17 all the exercises

Homework, January 29th

amazon challenge - revise!

In case you skipped the class today, come on Wednesday to take the test!

the task for your essay writing can be found on your KAJ tab, submit by the next KAJ lesson, i.e. by Tuesday 6th February

Homework, January 24th

zajtra skúšam housing, dajte si tú námahu a prečítajte a naučte sa tému nielen z učebnice YES, ale aj zo svojich poznámok a zo súborov, ktoré máte k dispozícii na stránke školy v záložke III.GMB KAJ

SB p 20/21 AMAZON challenge - read the article and learn the vocabulary, do ex. 5a p. 20

Homework, January 22nd

tomorrow - essay - see Kaj tab!

learn vocabulary - housing - test 

 

strong adjectives! Read the article Amazon Challenge and learn new vocabulary - for Thursday

 

Homework, January 15th

revise the unit!

Homework, January 11th

tomorrow - short test - present perfect vs past simple, present perfectť simple vs present perfect continous

Homework, January 8th

for Wednesday this week - revise irregular verbs you find on the page 165 in your books plus the following ones - TEST

fight (biť sa, bojovať) - fought -fought

rise (rásť, stúpať) - rose - risen

lay (položiť) - laid -laid

deal (zaoberať sa niečím) - dealt -dealt

grammar p. 135 present perfect + for/since;

present perfect simple vs present perfect continous (I have had this PC for 10 years vs You have been having rows with your parence ever since.

WB p. 14 - all the exercises

Predprítomný čas (present perfect)

Posted on 24. apríl 2014 by Marek Karafa

Homework, December 18th

during your X-mas holiday pls enjoy at least one movie in original language with or without subtitles, listen to at least a couple of English songs and read at least 10 pages of a text in English.... and of course, revise the grammar stuff - past simple vs present perfect

Homework, December 14th

2 SB 17/ Retell the millionaire´s story.

Use the layout and the expressions:

James Pearce (James, his real name , he could never spell - Jeff was easier)

FAMILY BACKGROUND: his chilhood:

• he couldn´t read and write, not many people knew about dyslexia
• he was good at selling things, his first experience as a salesman, going door-to-door asking for..., selling in the market
• he could make money from anything
• he was successful and famous

Investments:

1. In 1983 - owned a small boutique, leather trousers went on sale
2. the nineties - he lost most of his money in the recession, was broke, even had to go back selling clothes in the markets

• he never gave up
• He set up a new business - a department store called Jeff´s made him a millionare again.
• Even his two daughters did not realize that his father couldn´t read (a bedtime story, he felt ashamed, Why?)

WORK

• he calculated figures
• his wife wrote cheques and read contracts

       

       3. In 1992 Pearce was awarded a Businessman of the YEAR prize for the best clothes store in Liverpool.

• he told his friends and colleagues the truth
• he decided to write a book about his experience
• first he had to learn to read and write - he went to evening classes and employed a private teacher - a difficulty
• then with the help of a ghost-writer, his autobiography A POCKET OF HOLES AND DREAMS was published  and became a bestseller.
• His family were proud of him.

Homework, December 13th

pozri tab KAJ - zajtra odpovede na otázky o Lanceovi Armstrongovi, maturitná téma Sports and Games, doniesť si normálne učebnice!!!!

Homework, December 12th

IN CASE you missed the class today:

SB p. 16 ex. 5b, c, e

the article The millionaire with a secret - p. 17/SB read, and do 6c

the article What is so good about Cash internet banking - wb p. 11 - learn the vocabulary

open a bank account with us - otvorte si u nás bankový účet

consult our online service 24/7 - obráťte sa na našu nepretržitú internetovú službu

take out  5Eur-note vybrať si 5-eurovú bankovku

coins are not available - mince nie sú dostupné

pay the salary directly into the bank - platiť výplatu priamo do banky

we will not charge you anything - nebudeme vám nič účtovať

pay bills - platiť účty

borrow money for sth - požičať si peniaze na niečo

give somebody a loan/mortgage - dať niekomu pôžičku/hypotéku

at one of the lowest interest rates - s jednou z najnižších úrokových sadzieb

pay tax - platiť daň

to pay the right amount - platiť správnu sumu

savings - úspory

services - služby

inherit money - zdediť peniaze

 

 

Homework, December 11th

present perfect vs past simple - grammar bank p. 134, do the exercises a,b, p. 134

WB p. 11 ex. 1 vocabulary - money - all parts, i.e. a, b, c!!!!

Tomorrow, pls bring your English File books, KAJ lesson will be on Wednesday this week!

Homework, November 28th

revise future tenses

Homework, November 27th

do not forget about your presentations for tomorrow and learn the topic Art and culture you will find on your KAJ tab

revise future tenses!

find the explanation of future continuous and future perfect below:

Budúci priebehový a predbudúci čas

 

cvičenia

future continous:http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/future-continuous-exercise-1.html

future perfect:http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/future-perfect-exercise-1.html

future continous vs future perfect: https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int/grammar/grammar_05_022e?cc=sk&selLanguage=sk

Všimnime si tento príklad:

These people are standing in a queue to get into the cinema.

 

Half an hour from now, the cinema will be full.

Everyone will be watching the film.

 

 

Three hours from now, the cinema will be empty.

The film will have finished.

Everybody will have gone home.

 

 

 

Budúci priebehový čas tvoríme pomocou will be + sloveso s príponou –ing (will be doing) a používame ho na vyjadrenie deja, ktorý bude prebiehať v budúcnosti. Doslova môžeme povedať, že budem uprostred robenia nejakej akcie.

 

kladná veta	otázka	záporná veta
I will be watching TV.	Will I be watching TV?	I won´t be watching TV.
You will be watching TV.	Will you be watching TV?	You won´t be watching TV.
He/she/it will be watching TV.	Will he/she/it be watching TV?	He/she/it won´t be watching TV.

 

This time next week I´ll be on holiday. I´ll be lying on the beach or swimming in the sea

 

(O tomto čase budúci týždeň budem na dovolenke. Budem ležať na pláži alebo plávať v mori.)

 

 

You have no chance of getting the job. You´ll be wasting your time if you apply for it.

 

(Nemáš žiadnu šancu získať tú prácu. Budeš strácať čas ak sa budeš o ňu uchádzať.)

 

 

 

Porovnajme jednoduchý budúci a budúci priebehový čas

 

 

Don´t phone between 7 and 8. We´ll be having dinner. (v tom čase budeme obedovať)

 

Let´s wait for Liz to arrive and then we´ll have dinner. (potom si dáme večeru)

 

 

 

Porovnajte budúci priebehový s inými priebehovými časmi:

 

 

At o´clock yesterday, Sally was in her office. She was working. (minulý čas)

It´s 10 o´clock now. She is in her office. She is working. (prítomný čas)

At 10 o´clock tomorrow, she will be in her office. She will be working. (budúci čas)

 

Predbudúci čas tvoríme pomocou will + have + past participle (will have done) a používame ho, keď chceme povedať, že niečo bude už hotové pred nejakým časom v budúcnosti.

 

kladná veta	otázka	záporná veta
I will have finished it.	Will I have finished it?	I won´t have finished it.
You will have finished it.	Will you have finished it?	You won´t have finished it.
He/she/it will have finished it.	Will he/she/it have finished it?	He/she/it won´t have finished it.

 

 

Sally always leaves fot work at 8:30 in the morning. She won´t be at home at 9 o´clock – she will have gone to work.

 

(Sally vždy odchádza do práce ráno o 8:30. Nebude doma o deviatej hodine – odíde do práce. – doslova by sme povedali bude odídená do práce

Pozor! Nezamieňať si to s pasívom, aj keď to tak doslova povieme, pretože v pasíve je dôležitá akcia a nie kto ju vykonal. Tu je dôležitá aj osoba.)

 

We´re late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.

(Meškáme. Pokým sa dostaneme do kina film začne. – takisto ako v prvom prípade film bude začatý )

 

Porovnajte predbudúci čas s predprítomným a predminulým časom:

 

Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years. (predprítomný čas)

Next year they will have been married for 25 years. (predbudúci čas)

When their son was born, they had been married for three years. (predminulý čas)

Homework, November 20th

write about your favourite music and entitle your essay:

"I am drawn to music that takes me to another place - a place I can escape to.."

layout of the essay: 3 paragraphs

1st paragraph - Introduction.

Music as a performing art. How does music affect your life?

2nd paragraph - Body (jadro)

Introduce your genre(s)

when and where you listen to music (when being blue, green, happy/unhappy, on your way to/from school, etc.)

How does music change your mood?

where is the imaginary place you escape to and why?

3rd paragraph

In conclusion/To sum up....

summarize the main ideas, but do not just copy what you have written, use synonyms or rephrase the facts.

Give your opinion

 

Homework, November 13th

learn to tell about personalities of people according to their birth order

Homework, November 6th

articles p. 10 SB Younger brother or only child? read the article and do ex. 5d if you missed the class

WB p. 7 ex 1 a, b,

WB p. 8. ex. 2 (each other)

READING - Extreme family ties (extrémne rodinné väzby) WB p. 9, read and do exercises 5a, b, c

copy into your exercise books and learn the following adjectives and the related nouns:

jealous - jealousy, anxious - anxiety, ambitious - ambition, generous - generousity,rebellious - rebelliousness (vzpurnosť, odbojnosť), sociable - sociability, reliable - reliability, responsible - responsibility, sensible - sensibility, competitive - competitiveness, talkative - talkativeness, agressive - aggression, sensitive - sensitivity, sense, unfriendly - unfriendliness, insecure - insecurity, impatient - impatience, immature - immaturity

 

Homework, November 2nd

tomorrow test - food - final exam topic + the paper you were given!

 

lear about expressing future in English

 

exercises 1. http://www.englishguide.sk/test-1-will-vs-be-going-to/

                2 http://www.englishguide.sk/test-1-will-vs-be-going-to/

Budúci čas – WILL / BE GOING TO / PRESENT SIMPLE, CONTINUOUS

PČlánok venovaný budúcim časom v angličtine – WILL / BE GOING TO / PRESENT CONTINUOUS / PRESENT SIMPLE.

 

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WILL (budúci čas jednoduchý)

ZÁKLADNÁ STAVBA

KLADNÁ VETA

Podmet + WILL + infinitív plnovýznamového slovesa bez TO (WILL vytvára skrátený tvar ‘ll)

I, you, he, she, it, we, they + will + help

She will help us.

ZÁPORNÁ VETA

Podmet + WILL + záporný výraz NOT + infinitív plnovýznamového slovesa bez TO (WILL NOT vytvára skrátený tvar WON’T)

I, you, he, she, it, we, they + will + not + help

She won’t help us.

OTÁZKA

WILL + podmet +  infinitív plnovýznamového slovesa bez TO

Will + I, you, he, she, it, we, they + help

Will she help us?

Budúci čas (pomocné sloveso WILL) má vo všetkých osobách rovnaký tvar!

Všimnite si skrátené tvary pomocného slovesa WILL v kladnej vete a zápore:

She will help us = She‘ll help us.

She will not help us = She won’t help us.

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ČISTÁ BUDÚCNOSŤ

Ak v angličtine informujeme ohľadom budúcnosti, bez vedľajších významových prvkov – len konštatujeme, čo sa udeje v budúcnosti – používame WILL. Najtypickejšie sú pre toto použitie “budúce fakty”. Tieto deje sa určite odohrajú a v silách hovoriaceho nie je ich zmeniť: Lepšie to pochopíte na nasledujúcich vetách:

• The sun will rise tomorrow.
• He will be thirty on Sunday.
• The baby will be born in August.

ROZHODNUTIE V MOMENTE ROZHOVORU

Ak sa hovoriaci rozhodol priamo v okamihu rozhovoru, jeho rozhodnutie nebolo vopred plánové, ale je to bezprostredná reakcia na aktuálne dianie – používame WILL. Takto sa WILL používa aj v baroch, reštauráciách, keď si objednávame jedlo, či pitie.

• A: ” What would you like to eat? “ ≈ B: ” I‘ll have the soup, please. “ - Hovoriaci “B” si vopred dať polievku neplánoval, rozhodol sa bezprostredne počas danej situácie

• A: “ I don’t know how to turn the TV on? ” ≈ B: ” Oh, it’s easy. I‘ll show you.“ - Nastal nepredvídateľný dej – hovoriaci “A” nevie zapnúť TV. Hovoriaci “B” sa preto v momente rozhovoru rozhoduje, že mu pomôže. Ide teda o okamžité rozhodnutie.

SUBJEKTÍVNA PREDPOVEĎ NEPODLOŽENÁ DÔKAZMI

Ak budúcnosť, o ktorej hovoriaci hovorí iba subjektívne predpovedá – sú to možno jeho očakávanie, nemá žiadne reálna dôkazy, ktoré by dokázali, že dej skutočne prebehne presne tak ako hovoriaci (subjektívne) predpovedá.

• I’m sure she will love teaching French in London.
• She hasn’t answered the phone today. I expect she will come this afternoon.
• I think it will rain on Sunday. 

Vety, ktoré o takýchto predpovediach nepodložených dôkazmi pojednávajú často uvádzajú tieto frázy:

• I expect - I expect she will come this afternoon.
• (be) afraid
• (be) sure
• surely – It will surely pay. – Určite sa to vyplatí
• (I) think
• (I) don’t think
• I suppose
• probably – She will probably be there.

OCHOTA

WILL často používame vo vetách, ktoré vyjadrujú ochotu pomôcť. Hovoriaci sa ponúka pomôcť.

• A: ” That TV looks heavy. ” ≈ B: ” I will help you with it. “ (= I am willing to help you)
• A: “ That TV looks heavy. “ ≈ B: “ I help you with it. “

NEOCHOTA

WON’T (zápor od WILL) používame vo význame neochoty, či dôrazného odmietnutia. Podmetom týchto odmietnutí je živá bytosť.

• • I won’t tolerate that. / I will not tolerate that. – To nestrpím. (= I am not willing to tolerate that.)

Takéto vety často prekladáme dvojitým záporom “nie a nie“, teda “nechce, odmieta” napr. naštartovať / povedať / počúvať apod.

• • I’d like to give him a hand but he won’t tell the truth. – Chcel by som mu pomôcť, ale on nie a nie a povedať pravdu. (nechce povedať pravdu)

WON’T (zápor od WILL) často používame aj vtedy, ak podmetom nie je osoba (napr. človek).

• • The bus won’t start. – Ten autobus nie a nie naštartovať. (nechce naštartovať)

Ďalšie typické situácie, kde používame WILL:

SĽUB   (I promise) I won’t tell anyone. ZDVORILÁ PROSBA Will you help us, please? / Will you open the window, please? POZVANIE Won’t you come in? ZDVORILÝ POKYN  Will you be quiet? (= Buďte ticho.) VYHRÁŽKA, UPOZORNENIE I will kill you if you tell her about it

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BE GOING TO

ZÁKLADNÁ STAVBA

 

 

 

 

ZÁPOR tvoríme pridaním záporu “NOT” k osobe – napr. I am not going to do, you are not going to do atd.

OTÁZKU tvoríme prehodením slovosledu osoby – napr. Are you going to do …?, is he going to do …?

 

ÚMYSLY – PLÁNOVANÁ BUDÚCNOSŤ

BE GOING TO používame pre také budúce deje, ktoré už v momente, keď hovor prebieha máme dávno premyslené, naplánované. V momente rozhovoru sú tieto deje už našimi plánmi, úmyslami apod.

• We are going to build our own hotel. – V momente, kedy o tejto udalosti hovoríme ju máme už dávno naplánovanú – oznamujeme iba, čo sa chystáme urobiť, čo máme v pláne urobiť.

• I am going to call her. – Mám v pláne jej zavolať.

V takýchto vetách nemusíme spomínať ani osobu, ktorá má v pláne niečo urobiť. Použijeme jednoducho trpný rod s BE GOING TO.

• • The hotel is going to be built.

Ak po BE GOING TO nasledujú slovesá GO / COME je vhodnejšie použiť prítomný priebehový čas namiesto BE GOING TO GO / BE GOING TO COME.

• • ” I am going to England …” je častejšie používaná verzia ako “ I am going to go to England “. Verzia s GOING TO nie je však nesprávna, iba menej používaná.

PREDPOVEĎ PODLOŽENÁ DÔKAZMI

BE GOING TO používame rovnako vtedy, ak hovoríme o predpovedi, ktorú máme podloženú dôkazmi. Hovoriaci ich má počas rozhovoru k dispozícií, aby sa na ne mohol odvolať (nap. niečo čo vidí, počuje, niečo vyplýva zo situácie apod.)

• Look at those clouds! It is going to snow. – Nie je to iba subjektívna predpoveď, ale predpoveď podložená dôkazmi – vidíme na oblohe strašne veľa napr. čiernych mrakov, je teda isté, že bude snežiť a možno už nejaká vločka aj spadla.

• It sounds like the plane’s going to take off. 

BE GOING TO väčšinou hovorí o dejoch, o ktorých už v momente rozhovoru máme nejakú predstavu, o ktorých sme premýšľali, ktoré chystáme, ale ešte sme ich úplne nezariadili. BE GOING TO vyjadruje teda nejaký “úmysel v budúcnosti“, alebo niečo, čo sme sa rozhodli urobiť, ale ešte nezariadili. Je to teda iba úmysel, ktorý sa môže zmeniť.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS väčšinou hovorí o dejoch, ktoré sa stanu 100%, pretože všetko máme už zariadené. V týchto vetách býva príslovkové určenie času častejšie ako pri BE GOING TO. PRESENT CONTINUOUS teda používame, keď už máme všetko naplánované na určitý čas / miesto v budúcnosti a nebudeme to meniť.

• They are going to ged married in two months. (= They have already decided to do it.)
• They are getting married next month. (= They have decided and arranged to do it.)

Často sa však stáva, že v tomto význame naplánovaných dejov tieto vyjadrenia budúcnosti môžeme zamieňať. Kedy PRESENT CONTINUOUS vo vyjadrení budúcnosti zameniť za BE GOING TO rozhodne nemôžeme?

Ak hovoríme o predpokladoch založený na dôkazoch, vtedy môžeme použiť iba BE GOING TO.

• Look at those clouds! It is going to snow.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS (prítomný čas priebehový)

ZÁKLADNÁ STAVBA

Základnú stavbu nájdete v článku venovanému PRESENT CONTINUOUS (viac TU)

 

PLÁNOVANÁ BUDÚCNOSŤ

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (čas prítomný priebehový) s budúcim významom používame pre také deje, ktoré sú naplánováné / zariadené. 

• What time are you leaving tomorrow?
• I am going to the party this evening.

---

PRESENT SIMPLE (prítomný čas jednoduchý)

ZÁKLADNÁ STAVBA

Základnú stavbu nájdete v článku venovanému PRESENT SIMPLE (viac TU)

 

ROZVRH, PROGRAM, KALENDÁR…

PRESENT SIMPLE (prítomný čas jednoduchý) s budúcim významom hovorí o dejoch, ktoré sa v budúcnosti majú odohrať podľa nejakého rozpisu, programu, kalendára, cestovného poriadku apod.

• The film starts at 11.
• The library closes at 6.30 p.m.
• When does the bus leave?

---

WILL vs. GOING TO 

NEPLÁNOVANÁ BUDÚCNOSŤ (= rozhodneme sa v momente rozhovoru)   Rozhodnutie padne ako reakcia na práve odohrávajúci sa dej v momente rozhovoru → WILL I like this coat. I think I‘ll buy it A: What would you like to eat? B: I‘llhave a pizza, please.     PLÁNOVANÁ BUDÚCNOSŤ (= rozhodli sme sa niečo urobiť už pred rozhovorom) V momente rozhovoru sme už rozhodnutí o tom, že niečo urobíme → BE GOING TO I am going to clean my room this afternoon. (= I decided to clean it this morning.)

PREDPOVEĎ V BUDÚCNOSTI NEPODLOŽENÁ DÔKAZMI (= subjektívna) → WILL   I’m sure you‘ll enjoy the film. I’m sure it won’t rain tomorrow. It‘ll be another beautiful, sunndy day. PREDPOVEĎ V BUDÚCNOSTI PODLOŽENÁ DÔKAZMI → BE GOING TO He’s running towards the goal, and he‘s going to score.

Homework, October 23rd

learn the text food and diet you find in your worksheet by heart, will be examining on Friday. I

submit your recipes

 

Dear Ladies and Gentlemen,

in case I send you a message via edupage, I do insist you do everything you have been asked to. None of you handed in the recipe to Mrs. Pastirikova on Friday! Those who will not submit the recipe on Monday, i.e. tomorrow, will be given minus score out of the total. For instructions, see messages on Edupage app. or read the text below. The message was sent to you on Thursday and I told you what to do for your hw at the end of the lesson as well.

for tomorrow: revise personality adjectives! think of 5 positive and 5 negative qualities of mine supporting them with the evidence

táto správa vám bola poslaná o 21.26

Neprídem zajtra, tak len odovzdajte pani Pastirikovej recept, nezabudnite slovenčina, prerobiť na rozkazovaci sposob a potom angličtina, drain - scediť, mix - zmiešať suroviny spolu, stir-pomiesat, a ešte until tender domäkka, until smooth dohladka, until golden dozlatova, Cook over medium, low, high temperature - varte na strednom, miernom, silnom ohni, ostatne si pozrite v učebnici yes a na tom malom papieri. Písomka z personality adjectives je v pondelok, skúste vymyslieť 5 mojich kladných a 5 záporných vlastnosti a odôvodnite ich. Napr. She is a bit disorganised, all her books and papers being on her desk all over the place and she regularly looks for something and is not able to find the thing.

Homework, October 19th

My Eating Habits - 250 words at least

Monday next week is the deadline, i.e. October 23rd - napísať povinne rukou a na A4, dvojhárok alebo decent sheet of paper

the essay should contain these points

1. evaluation of your eating habits and steps you should take to change your eating habits in order to improve them.

2. what you usually have for breakfast/snack/lunch/dinner/supper during the school week (drinks included) and at weekend and where

3. your favourite food/fruit/vegetable/drink and why

5. what you eat on special occasions when your family/friends get together - Christmas, Easter, your birthday.

4. Can you cook? If so, describe a meal you have recently cooked. If not, would you like to learn how to cook? Why? Why not? 

5. what is your opinion on healthy and junk food

6. what are the pros and cons of being a vegetarian/vegan

Pomôžte si nasledovnými, najmä 05_CARD_food.pdf

ood PowerPoint presentation: 05_FOOD.ppt

food topic: 17.food.docx

worksheet we used in the lesson: 05_CARD_food.pdf

Homework, October 16th

Mood food - learn vocab and retell

the truth about healthy eating - learn vocab and retell

vocab - food

on Thursday - test present simple, present continous, state vs active verbs

adjectives describing personality

 

Homework, October 4th

learn state verbs plus their translation

WB p.4 -all the page, p.6 all the page, both listening and speaking

tomorrow test - family

Homework, October 2nd

learn the vocabulary UNIT 1 - see the link above

Unit 1A vocabulary bank - food and ways of preparing food

read the article mood food, SB p. 5, do 4b, d, e into your exercise books

Homework, September 24th

in case you did not manage to complete your tests cos you were short of time on Monday, come on Wednesday or Thursday

Homework, September 20th

learn about psychology of colours and making a good layout! Test on Monday!

Business, Sales and the World Wide Web Are In Colour

Colours are also means of communication. They are fascinating, evocative and more successful in terms of psychology.

MAKING A GOOD LAYOUT

 

A Good Layout:

• works (helps a reader quickly and easily understand a message)
• is well-organized (shows what comes first, second, third, etc.)
• is attractive (grabs a reader’s attention) to effectively communicate a message.

 

The Elements of Design

Knowing what the basic elements of design are and how to use them will help you make the right choices to create a good layout:

1. LINE – any mark connecting any points
2. SHAPE – anything that has height and width
3. TEXTURE – the look or feel of a surface
4. SPACE – the distance or area between or around things
5. SIZE – how big or small something is
6. VALUE – the darkness or lightness of an area
7. COLOUR – the ultimate (neprekonateľný, vrcholný) tool for symbolic communication

 

Basic Principles of Design and Layout

 

How to organize:

 

1. Use different sizes of type. (e. g. headlines are bigger than subheads)
2. Put colours behind an important area of information.
3. Use rules to separate information into groups.
4. Change the weight of the type. (e. g. semi-bold stands out, but bold really stands out)
5. Leave white area around information.
6. Pick the best location. (e. g. the upper left corner is usually read first)
7. Put pictures next to important copy. (e. g. they attract the eye and reinforce(posilniť, support) the message)
8. Put type (písmo) in a box or give it an interesting shape.
9. Call out items by putting bullets on front of them.
10. Use different coloured or reversed type to separate and emphasize.

 

How to attract:

 

• Enlarge a photo of something small.
• Surround a very small picture with a lot of open space.
• Choose bright colour when the piece will be viewed in a grey environment, such as a text-heavy magazine.
• Use a solid black area or a large white area for a newspaper ad.
• Crop an image in an unusual way. (e. g. show an eye, not a whole face)
• Use very large type for a thought-provoking or humorous headline.
• Make the piece a different size and shape from other similar pieces.
• Choose a paper with an interesting, noticeable texture or colour.
• Set important information in an atypical way, e.g. set a headline on a curve or try a script font or face)

 

 

COLOUR MIXING

video we watched today dealing with rgb vs cmyk  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hirYMZ7PQc

 

Additive Colour Mixing RGB	Subtractive Colour Mixing CMYK
Red + Green = Yellow	Cyan + Magenta = Blue
Blue + Green = Cyan	Magenta + Yellow = Red
Red + Blue = Magenta	Cyan + Yellow = Green
Red + Green + Blue = White	Cyan + Magenta + Yellow = black (Key)

Used in: monitors, projectors, scanners                Used in: printers

 

 

COLOUR THEORY:

 

Whatever is used in the way of technical aids or colour classification systems must be aligned with

1. the colour perception of the eye of the human observer
2. and in the range of spectrum of electromagnetic waves visible to the human eye.

Both additive and substractive colour mixing processes occur in modern reproduction theory.

WATCH!!!!!!!

video explaining primary, secondary and tertiary and complimentary colours https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1CK9bE3H_s&t=2s

video about psychology of colours https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6ImJkv7F_Q

or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8n9BzzWy4zY

In additive colour mixing light is emitted by the source of its own.

 

Colour psychology

By using color psychology, you can send:

• a positive or negative message
• encourage sales
•  calm a crowd

 

The latest colour psychology is focused  on marketing, particularly:

• in logo design
• web site design
• the cover of a book
• the package of a product.
•  

 

NOTE:

This information will help you decided what colors to use in your marketing projects.

Also remember for the World Wide Web, that different cultures have differing views on the meaning of color.

 

 

Black

Black is the color of authority and power, stability and strength. It is also the color associated with intelligence (doctorate in black robe). Black clothes make people appear thinner. In the western hemisphere black is associated with grieving.

 

White

For most of the world this is the colour associated with purity (wedding dresses); cleanliness (doctors in white coats) and the safety of bright light. 

White is also associated with creativity (white boards, blank slates). It is a compression of all the colors in the color spectrum.

 

Gray

Gray is most associated with the practical things in life. Some shades of gray are associated with old age, death, taxes, depression or a lost sense of direction but gray is often associated with giving a helping hand, strong character

 

Red

Red is the colour of energy. It's associated with movement and excitement. 

Red is the symbol of life and, for this reason, it's the colour worn by brides in China. Red is used at holidays that are about love and giving (red roses, Valentines hearts, Christmas, etc.) 

 

 

Blue

Seeing the colour blue actually causes the body to produce chemicals that are calming; but that isn't true of all shades of blue. Over the ages blue has become associated with wisdom and loyalty (note how many uniforms are blue). People tend to be more productive in a blue room. 

 

Green

The colour of growth, nature, and money. A calming colour also that's very pleasing to the senses. It is also the colour associated with envy, good luck, generosity and fertility. 

 

Yellow

Cheerful yellow is the colour of the sun, associated with laughter, happiness and good times. It has the power to speed up our metabolism and bring out some creative thoughts. Some shades of yellow are associated with cowardice; but the more golden shades with the promise of better times.

 

Orange

 

It's the colour associated with funny times, happy and energetic days, warmth and organic products. It is also associated with ambition. 

 

Purple

 

most royal colour that is associated with wealth, prosperity, rich sophistication. This colour stimulates the brain activity used in problem solving.

 

Brown

This colour is most associated with reliability, stability, and friendship and  with things being natural or organic. In India it is the colour of mourning.

 

 

Homework, September 18th

learn the stuff

for Wednesday - pick three colours and write their characteristics and what they represent, go deep into the philosophy of colours

 

GRAPHICS

Graphics software or image editing software

is a program or collection of programs that enable a person to manipulate visual images on a computer.

Computer graphics can be classified into two distinct categories:

1. STATIC:

• raster graphics or pixel graphics (e. g. Adobe Photoshop)
• vector graphics (e. g. Adobe Illustrator)

Many graphics programs focus exclusively on either vector or raster graphics (bitmaps), but there are a few that combine them in interesting ways. It is simple to convert from vector graphics to raster graphics, but going the other way is harder. Some software attempts to do this.

2. DYNAMIC:

In addition to static graphics, there are:

• animation software
• video editing software

Most graphics programs have the ability to import and export one or more graphics file formats. It also can export files to one or more files.

SOFTWARE

Computer graphics also can be used by other editing software such as Adobe Photoshop, CorelDraw, Adobe Illustrator, Pizap, Microsoft Publisher, Picasa, etc.

Other software that can be used is animation software,

and video editor software, such as Windows Movie Maker, etc.

There is a basic difference between pixel and vector graphics.

     Pixel graphics use a grid or screen of small square picture elements (pixels) for displaying graphics (bitmaps). Each pixel has a particular position and a particular colour value. Because the total number of pixels is always the same, the resolution is reduced if  the image is enlarged and the image then often looks jagged, not so sharp. Pixel graphics are created in drawing programs such as Microsoft Paint, MacPaint, Photoshop.

     Vector graphics are created from mathematically defined lines (vectors) and curves (exclusively Bézier curves that can be processed in PostScript). Vectors draw pictures on the basis of their geometrical characteristics. Vector graphics are always suitable for showing sharp contour and details.

Well known vector graphic programmes are Macromedia Freehand, Adobe Illustrator, and CorelDraw.

Exchanged formats for vector graphics are, for example, EPS (Encapsulated PostScript), WMF (Windows MetaFile) and MacPICT. These formats are metafiles, that is, they can contain vectors as well as bitmaps.

Note: HTML does not support vector data, so that all vector graphics must be changed into pixel format.

JPEG is preferred on the Internet for contone images (photos.)

2D computer graphics

are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as typography, cartography, technical drawing, advertising, etc. The two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a real/world object. The 2D computer graphics give more direct control of the image than 3D computer graphics.

2D graphics models may combine:

·        geometric models (also called vector graphics),

·        digital images (also called raster graphics),

·        text to be typeset ( defined by content, font style and size, colour, position, and orientation)

·        mathematical functions and equations, and more.

These components can be modified and manipulated by two-dimensional geometric transformation such as translation,

rotation, scaling.

2D graphics software

MacDraw(Macintosh), Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, free editors or drawing programs are e.g. xfig or Inkscape.

 There are also many 2D graphics editors specialized for certain types of drawings such as electrical, electronic diagrams, topographic maps, computer fonts, etc.

3D computer graphics

use a three dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images.

In computer graphics software, the difference between 2D and 3D is blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and 3D may use 2D rendering techniques. (Rendering means the generation of pictures from digitally available scenes.)
 

Difference between 2D and 3D Animations

 

 Firstly, both 2D and 3D graphics can be animated, used to tell a story. The difference between them is not about the graphics, artwork or drawings. What makes the difference is how they are animated, the tools, techniques and processes available to do it.

Animation is about creating a series of pictures or drawings that are taken through a simulation process in order to create movement.

In 2D computer animation the process used to create movement entails such things as twining, morphing, onion skinning, rotoscoping and others. All this allows however is a two dimensional view of the object or character and the background. It does not allow for contouring which gives it visual depth. 3D animation on the other hand uses digital modelling that allows acomplete 360 degree view as well as a high degree of realistic features. 2D drawings are based on two geometric co-ordinates, 'x' for horizontal and 'y' for vertical. If you turn these drawings to the side you see nothing but a straight line. 2D is based on 'x' which allows characters to move left and right and a 'y' co-ordinate which allows up and down movements. 3D animation includes an additional co-ordinate, known as 'z'. Known as the 'Cartesian Co-ordinate System', the additional'z' factor adds another level of movement that lets the character to both not only forward and backwards, up and down but also from side to side.

 

Apart from movement, 3D also offers techniques that give characters and object greater levels of detail and depending on the software being used, allows them to appear as realistic as possible. 2D is limited in this regard and characters often look and move quite primitively in comparison.

 

Vocabulary:

graphics – grafika

artwork – umelecké dielo/model

drawings – kresby

tools – nástroje

entail – vyžadovať si

techniques – techniky, metódy

simulation – napodobňovanie

onion skinning – priesvitky

 

ANIMATION

ANIMATION concerns the artificial generation by computer of objects in scenes.

The chronological course of the scene is  determined by:

·        the sequence of movements

·        the viewer position

·        the line of vision

The sequence is predetermined and cannot be changed by the viewer.

Animation uses 3D visualizing technology and proceeds via extensive rendering processes back to series of halftone images, which, depending on quality, can achieve displays almost in photographic quality. FLASH is used frequently for animation.

Rendering means the generation of pictures from digitally available scenes.

 

VIDEO

By VIDEO we mean the recording of chronologically arranged sequences of pixel images.

You are learning the program for producing videos – PremiérPRO.

 

VIRTUAL REALITY

If one combines data of animations and adds an interactive component, e.g. joystick, 3D mouse, headset, or data glove, then one enters into virtual reality.

On hardware side, it requires sophisticated projection or display technologies as well as the possibility to change the position and the viewing angle using a suitable tracking system.

The variety of projecton technologies ranges from data helmets to projection rooms called CAVEs (CAVE = Cave Automated Virtual Environment).

The basis for the necessary software is 3D visualization technology.

The calculations for VR must be carried out in real time, that is, at the same time as it is displayed.

 

 

Homework, September 5th

 

Hi, my dearest sweethearts, looking forward to teaching you. Just to remind you, do NOT forget to bring me 30 eur for your English File intermediate textbooks!!!!!